A recent study followed 900,000 US adults from 1982 to 1998. At baseline, all participants were screened and determined to be cancer free and their body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Body mass index is a measure of obesity that is calculated using a person’s height and weight. Subjects were separated into the following groups according to their BMI: (a) normal weight, (b) slightly overweight, (c) moderately overweight and (d) greatly overweight. 57,145 deaths from cancer occurred in the population during the follow-up period. using this data, Yummy and Curtis obtained the following results for men and women when the heaviest members of the cohort were compared to those with normal weight: Men: Relative risk ratio of cancer death = 1.5 95% confidence interval = 1.1-2.1; Women: Relative risk ratio of cancer death = 1.6 95% confidence interval = 1.4-1.9 Which of the following best represents the interpretation of the risk ratio given for the men? Read the options carefully.
Answers
Answer:
Explanation: see attachment
Final answer:
The relative risk ratio of 1.5 for men in the study indicates that greatly overweight men had a 50% higher risk of dying from cancer than men with normal BMI. The 95% confidence interval of 1.1-2.1 suggests this finding is statistically significant and not due to chance.
Explanation:
The question pertains to the interpretation of the relative risk ratio for cancer death among men, as found in a study comparing men with a greatly overweight BMI to those with a normal BMI. The relative risk ratio given for the men is 1.5 with a 95% confidence interval of 1.1-2.1. This indicates that men in the study who were greatly overweight had a 1.5 times higher risk of dying from cancer compared to men with a normal BMI. The confidence interval suggests that we can be 95% confident that the true relative risk ratio falls within the range specified, meaning it is significantly higher than 1 and not likely due to chance.
Body mass index (BMI) is a measure used to define obesity, with a range from underweight to morbid obesity based on a person's height and weight. Higher BMI values are associated with increased risks of chronic diseases, including cancer. As BMI increases, particularly into the overweight and obese ranges, the risk for diseases such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers also increases.
Related Questions
Which of the following is NOT a functional classification for joints? Which of the following is NOT a functional classification for joints? synarthrosis amphiarthrosis diarthrosis cartilaginous
Answers
Answer:
Cartilaginous
Final answer:
The term 'cartilaginous' is not a functional classification for joints, but a structural one. Functional classifications are synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses.
Explanation:
The option that is NOT a functional classification for joints is cartilaginous. Cartilaginous is a structural classification, not a functional one. The functional classification of joints divides them into three categories: synarthroses (immovable joint), amphiarthroses (slightly movable joint), and diarthroses (freely movable joint). Synarthroses include joints like sutures, gomphoses, and synchondroses. Amphiarthroses include joints such as syndesmoses and symphyses. Lastly, diarthroses encompass all synovial joints, which are characterized by a synovial cavity that allows free movement.
g A family has a history of a rare genetic disorder. Four individuals in the family have been determined to be homozygous for the gene responsible for the disorder. Only three of these four individuals have the disorder. Considering the information provided (i.e. making no additional assumptions), this disorder is an example of ____________________ .
Answers
Answer:When a genetic disorder is diagnosed in a family, family members often want to ... The chance that a child will not inherit the mutated gene is also 50 percent. ... Autosomal recessive inheritance: Two unaffected people who each carry one copy of the mutated gene for an autosomal recessive disorder (carriers) have a 25 ...
Explanation:
Russell is 72 years old and is still working part-time as a professor. He has noticed some arm and hand shaking in the past year, but assumed it must be related to low or high blood sugar levels because he has had some issues with that in the past. However, the shaking/twitching has become more consistent lately and does not seem to be correlated with his diet. Russell's doctor said that the stress of his job could be the problem, so he took the entire summer off from teaching.
When he returned to work in the fall, Russell and his students noticed that his handwriting has become nearly illegible. Drinking a cup of coffee without spilling had also become a challenge. Russell returned to his doctor, who performed a physical exam and a few tests. Here are the notable results: shuffling gait, mild bradykinesia, mild voice tremor, intermittent rigidity of the limbs, and normal EEG.
If Russell is having symptoms in his upper extremities, lower extremities, and his speech is slurred, which of the following body regions is most likely experiencing a pathology?
a. Brain and spinal cord
b. Cranial nerves
c. Peripheral nerves
d. Spinal nerves
Answers
Answer:
threeway joe on the book fwm
Explanation:
Manuel is 12 months old and is showing signs of autism. Manuel's mother ingested various illegal drugs fairly frequently during her pregnancy. This might be an example of the effects of which of the following?
A. infant drug withdrawal
B. vaccination side effects
C. behavioral teratogens
D. functional teratogens
Answers
Answer:
A. infant drug withdraw
Explanation:
not 100% sure but here i know a little about this since my mother is in the medical field. Good Luck
Final answer:
Manuel's signs of autism and his mother's ingestion of illegal drugs during pregnancy suggest the effects of behavioral teratogens, environmental agents causing developmental harm.
Explanation:
The question regarding Manuel, who is 12 months old and showing signs of autism, where his mother ingested various illegal drugs during her pregnancy, points to the effects of behavioral teratogens. A teratogen is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus. Illegal drugs such as heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, and even prescribed or over-the-counter medications ingested during pregnancy can have significant detrimental effects on the development of the fetus, including the risk of autism as observed in Manuel's case. These substances can cross the placenta and affect the fetus, leading to a range of developmental problems and delays. Therefore, the correct answer to this question is C. behavioral teratogens.
Describe the clinical manifestations present in Mr. M. Based on the information presented in the case scenario, discuss what primary and secondary medical diagnoses should be considered for Mr. M. Explain why these should be considered and what data is provided for support.
Answers
Answer: alzheimers disease
Explanation:
after seeing his full clinical history, manifestation and some diagnosis online, i strongly think mr. M is suffering from alzheimers disease, this disease makes it victims to forget people,place they have been to due to the fact that it affect the part of the brain responsible for memory. Such patients are not able to take decisions easily, they forget almost everything and are agitated or restless, agitation can make them aggresive sometimes.
A close look at his blood pressure showed that he had high blood pressure with a value of 123/78 which is higher than normal value of 120/80. His heart rate is also high at a value of 22. With a decreased wbc value and computed tomography (head CT) being similar to previous scan image, all these values and ct image showed that mr. M has alzheimer disease, further investigation may require PET brain scan.
Identify a theory that uses a concept of interest to you that might be applied in research and nursing practice (clinical, education, or administration). This is a professional paper in which headings, full sentences, paragraphs, correct grammar and punctuation, and correct citation of sources are required.
Answers
Answer:
The theory is "Theory of Umpleasant Syptoms. By lenz et all."
Explanation:
Introduction
Every human being regardless of age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status or physical ability will experience pain or unpleasant symptoms at some point in their lives. Pain can be defined as an unpleasant, subjective sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage (International Association for the Study of Pain, Subcommittee on Taxonomy, 2008). This definition acknowledges not only the physical nature of the pain experience, but also recognizes the psychological aspect. Pain is a highly subjective experience and can only be accurately described by the person experiencing it. According to the Registered Nurses Association of Ontario (2013), nurses have an ethical responsibility for assessing and alleviating pain using appropriate, evidence informed pain management. It also states that nurses are also obligated to advocate for change in the care plan when pain relief is inadequate.
Description of Theory
According to Smith & Parker (2010), theories help guide our actions, help us reach desired results and give evidence to what has been previously achieved. Specifically, middle-range theories are abstract, yet are concrete enough that it provides a link between nursing research and practice. The middle-range theory of unpleasant symptoms was introduced in 1995 as a means for incorporating existing information about a variety of symptoms (Lenz, Pugh, Milligan, Gift, & Suppe, 1997).
The TOUS incorporates three major components: the symptoms that a patient is undergoing, the factors that influence symptoms and that give rise to the nature of the symptoms, and the effects of the symptom experience. Each individual symptom is considered a multidimensional experience that can be measured together with other symptoms or measured independently (Lopes- Junior, de Omena Bomfim, Nascimento, Pereira-da-Silva, & Garcia de Lima, 2015). Although symptoms differ from one another, they share four common domains including: duration, intensity, quality and distress.
Application to Clinical Practice
The assessment and management of pain or unpleasant symptoms are essential skills while dealing with the pediatric population. With children, especially infants and toddlers who are unable to communicate, it can be extremely challenging to identify the presence of pain, which in turn makes it difficult to treat. Therefore, it is important to assess pain by receiving input from the child and their parents or care givers. In the case when a child is unable to communicate, their family and caregivers should be able to advocate for suitable interventions to manage pain based on what they know about their child and the current situation (RNAO, 2013).
The Nursing Process Theory by Ida Jean Orlando can be effectively applied in research and various aspects of nursing practice such as clinical, education, and administration to address patient's immediate needs.
Explanation:One theory that can be applied in both research and nursing practice is the Nursing Process Theory by Ida Jean Orlando. This theory uses the patient's immediate need for help as the main interest.
In the Clinical setting, this theory can be valuable in identifying the patient's immediate needs and reactions to distressing health situations. It can also be useful in developing appropriate nurse responses.
In Nursing Education, this theory can be used to teach students how to identify patient needs and formulate effective nursing interventions.
Finally, in Nursing Administration, Orlando's theory can be applied to establish quality care standards and ensure nurses are adequately addressing patient needs.
Learn more about Nursing Process Theory here:https://brainly.com/question/33899707
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Too Mature, Too Fast? Some researchers believe that early maturation might make girls susceptible to premature sexual activity and unwanted pregnancies. Do you agree? What are some of the possible consequences of the body maturing more rapidly than the mind for both girls and boys? Support your reasoning with information from the text and other course materials.
Answers
Answer:
yes. i agree. early puberty leads to early stress, depression and early sexual behavior.
Explanation:
For young people who begin puberty earlier than their peers, the transformation appears to be particularly fraught, especially for girls. Early-maturing girls are at increased risk of a range of psycho social problems including depression and early sexual behavior.The average age of a girl's first period in the United States and Europe was about 16 a century ago. Today, it's closer to 13.In boys, puberty begins between ages 9 and 14, on average, starting with growth of the sexual organs and wrapping up with facial hair and a deepened voice.
Karen Rudolph, PhD, at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, and colleagues, followed more than 160 boys and girls for three years. They found that girls who matured earlier than their peers had increased rates of depression that persisted over the course of the study. They also found that while early-maturing boys initially had lower levels of depression than later-maturing boys, over time they showed signs of increased anxiety, negative self-image and interpersonal stress. By the end of the three-year study period, the boys' rates of depression were almost as high as those of the early-maturing girls (Development and Psychopathology, 2014).
A 15-year-old girl is taking primaquine for a parasitic infection and notices her urine is a brownish color. A CBC shows mild anemia. The laboratorian performing the reticulocyte count notices numerous irregular shaped granules near the periphery of the RBC. These cellular inclusions are most likely:
A. Howell-Jolly bodies
B. basophilic stippling
C. Heinz bodies
D. Pappenheimer bodies
Answers
Answer:
Heinz bodies
Explanation:
Heinz bodies are also known as Heinz-Ehrlich bodies, they are inclusions which are made up of denatured hemoglobin within the red blood cells. They can be seen through supravital training but not by routine blood staining techniques. Heinz bodies is the destruction of the red blood cells, they can be formed due to oxidant damage done by medications to the haemoglobin.
Which of the statements about muscle contraction is correct?A) During muscle contraction the sarcomere becomes shorter.B) During muscle contraction the I band becomes shorter.C) During muscle contraction the H zone becomes shorter.D) During muscle contraction the distance between the Z disk and the M disk becomes shorter.E) All of the answers above are correct.2.During muscle contractionA) myosin pulls actin filaments toward the M disk.B) myosin pushes actin filaments toward the Z disk.C) actin pulls myosin toward the Z disk.D) actin pushes myosin toward the M disk.E) All of the answers above are correct.
Answers
Answer:
1. E) During muscle contraction all of the answers above are correct.
2. A) Myosin pulls actin filaments toward the M disk.
Explanation:
The mechanism of muscle contraction is also known as the sliding filament theory. It explains the activities which occur during contraction of muscles.
Muscles are made up of functional units called sarcomeres and these sarcomeres made up of myofibrils which are long and thin strands of protein. Myofibrils contain thin filaments called actin and thick filaments called myosin. Interactions between the thin and thick filaments results in contraction.
The I band contains thin filaments. The H band is the area of no thin filaments. The M line is the midline of the thick filaments. The Z line is the boundary between adjacent sarcomeres and the A band is the area of thick filaments.
Contraction occurs when muscle fibres are activated by neurons through the release of calcium ion. On stimulation, the H and I band get smaller, the zone of overlap gets larger and the Z lines move closer together and the A band remains constant. This the thin filaments slide towards the center resulting in the shortening of the sarcomeres and the muscle fibres as a whole.
Coumadin is an anticoagulant that is administered to prevent blood clots from forming or growing larger. True or false
Answers
Answer: True
Explanation:
The coumadin or warfin is an anticoagulant drug which can be used to prevent the clots in the blood. The blood thinner can be used to treat the heart disease.
This will help in preventing the clotting of blood in the blood vessels. The conditions like atrial fibrillation, pulmonary embolism and hip replacement treatment requires the use of coumadin to prevent the blood clotting.
Answer:
True.
Explanation:
Anti coagulants may be defined as the chemicals that has the ability to prevent the clotting of the blood. Some natural anti coagulant factors are present in the blood.
The coumadin also known as warfarin that can acts as anti caogulant and can be used in the treatment heart diseases. The blood clooting is prevented in the blood vessels and used in the treatment of diseases like pulmonary embolism.
Thus, the answer is true.
shoulders are not equal height. List your differential diagnosis. What assessments would you perform? The differential diagnosis includes scoliosis, shoulder dislocation, trauma, and congenital abnormality
Answers
The given question is incomplete however the correct question is as follows:
Tina's 12-year-old cousin mentions that her peers tease her because her shoulders are not equal height. List your differential diagnosis. What assessments would you perform?
Answer:
The correct answer would be - The differential diagnosis.
Explanation:
The advised assessment for the given case would be the differential diagnosis. It includes several assessments includes shoulder dislocation, trauma and scoliosis.
She should be asked about the history of injury, pain, onset of height. X-ray is also advised to know the degree of abnormality. More preferably visiting to an orthopedist.
Thus, the correct answer is - the differential diagnosis.