To calculate the mass of glucose in 100 mL of the final solution, we can use the equation C1V1 = C2V2.
Explanation:To determine the number of grams of glucose in 100 mL of the final solution, we need to use the concept of dilution. The initial solution was prepared by dissolving 11.0 g of glucose in enough water to reach the 100 mL mark. Then, a 55.0 mL sample of this solution was diluted to 0.500 L. We can use the equation:
C1V1 = C2V2
Where C1 and V1 represent the concentration and volume of the initial solution, and C2 and V2 represent the concentration and volume of the final solution.
From this, we can calculate the concentration of the initial solution, and then use it to find the mass of glucose in 100 mL of the final solution.
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Heavy metal ions like lead(II) can be precipitated from laboratory wastewater by adding sodium sulfide, Na2S. Will all the lead be removed from 14.0 mL of 6.30×10-3 M Pb(NO3)2 upon addition of 13.1 mL of 0.0121 M Na2S? If all the lead is removed, how many moles of lead is this? If not, how many moles of Pb remain?
Answer:
All the 8.82*10^-5 moles of lead present is removed.
Explanation:
The total amount of lead II ion present is less than the amount of sulphide ion present and they react in 1:1 ratio so all the lead II ions are removed from the solution. See attached image.
The use of fertilizers in agriculture has significantly altered several nutrient cycles including:
Answer:
potassium, nitrogen and phosphorous cycle
Explanation:
A fertilizer is a substance which is applied on the plants by farmers to increase the supply of nutrients for the plants. Fertilizers have known to be toxic in many ways such as they alter the potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles. Nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus are present in abundant amounts in the fertilizers. Draining of these fertilizers into rivers and ponds is toxic for the aquatic life. Hence, the use of fertilizers disrupts the natural cycles and is toxic for many aquatic plants and animals.
Which of the following sequences ranks the structures below in order of increasing acidity?
A) 1 < 2 < 3
B) 2 < 3 < 1
C) 3 < 1 < 2
D) 2 < 1 < 3
Answer:
Hi, no structure in the question was given to the answer the question.
Explanation:
Certain molecules or groups, when attached to an organic compound can make it become more acidic or less acidic. These groups are classified into 2
Electron withdrawing groups e.g the halogens F, Cl, Br and I. Fluorine is the best withdrawing group, next to chlorine and the least Iodine. Electron donating groups e.g Alkyls and Phenyl groupsElectron withdrawing groups makes the carboxylic more acidic. Also, the closer the electron withdrawing groups to the proton in the acid also makes the acid more acidic. This electron withdrawing group allows the electron density around the oxygen atom to be decreased.
Electron donating group makes the carboxylic acid less acidic. The more alkyl groups in a carboxylic acid, the less acidic the acid becomes. This allows the electron density around the oxygen atom in to be increased.
In the development of atomic models, it was realized that the atom is mostly empty. Consider a model for the hydrogen atom where its nucleus is a sphere with a radius of roughly 10−15 m, and assume the electron orbits in a circle with a radius of roughly 10−10 m. In order to get a better sense for the emptiness of the atom, choose an object and estimate its width. This object will be your "nucleus". How far away would the "electron" be located away from your "nucleus"?
Answer:
See below
Explanation:
Lets choose a baseball ball which has to have a minimum of diameter of 1.43 inches ( 1.43 in x 2.54 cm/in = 3.63 cm )
ratio electron/nucleus = 10−10 m / 10−15 m = 100000
distance "e" = 3.63 cm x 100000 = 363000 cm ( 3630 m or 3.630 km )
Imagine to bat a baseball 3.6 km away !
The catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide yields oxygen gas and water, according to the reaction given below. In an experiment, the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide yielded 75.3 mL of gas collected over water at 25°C and 0.976 atm. (Water = 0.032 atm at 25°C) 2 H2O2(aq) → 2 H2O(l) + O2(g) If the original H2O2 solution had a volume on 500 mL, what was the molar concentration of hydrogen peroxide prior to decomposition?
Answer:
The molar concentration of hydrogen peroxide is 0.01164 M
Explanation:
Step 1: Data given
Volume of gas yielded = 75.3 mL = 0.0753 L
Temperature = 25.0 °C
Atmosphere = 0.976 atm
(Water = 0.032 atm at 25°C)
The original volume of H2O2 is 500 mL
Molar mass of O2 =32 g/mol
Step 2: The balanced equation
2H2O2(aq) → 2 H2O(l) + O2(g)
Step 3: Calculate pressure of O2
P = P(02) + P(water)
P(O2) = P - P(water)
P(O2) = 0.976 atm - 0.032 atm
P(O2) = 0.944 atm
Step 4: Calculate moles O2
p*V=n*R*T
⇒ with p = the pressure of O2 gas = 0.944 atm
⇒ with V= the volume of O2 = 0.0753 L
⇒ with n = the number of moles of O2
⇒ with R = the gas constant = 0.08206 L*atm/K*mol
⇒ with T = the temperature = 25°C = 298 Kelvin
n = (p*V)/(R*T)
n = (0.944 * 0.0753)/(0.08206*298K)
n = 0.00291 moles O2
Step 5: Calculate moles of H2O2
For 1 mole of O2 produced, we need 2 moles of H2O2
For 0.00291 moles O2 we need 2*0.00291 = 0.00582 moles H2O2
Step 6: Calculate molar concentration of H2O2
Molar concentration = moles / volume
Molar concentration = 0.00582 moles / 0.500L
Molar concentration = 0.01164 M
The molar concentration of hydrogen peroxide is 0.01164 M
What were the concentrations of the solutions (zinc solution, copper solution, and salt bridge)? Were the concentrations consistent with those of standard state conditions? Explain your answer.
Answer:
1. 1M for zinc and copper solutions. No concentration was needed for the salt bridge.
2. See explanation.
Explanation:
Hello,
1. In this case, and considering the experiment you performed, the concentration of both copper solution and zinc solution were measured as 1 M, while the concentration of salt bridge was not taken into account.
2. However, as the reaction proceeded, the transfer of anions allowed the total charges in solution to remain neutral until the end, thus, the net movement of anions produced a concentration gradient between the solutions. It means that, after a while the net concentration of both anions and cations in the zinc oxidation section became greater than in the copper reduction section, making the concentration gradient opposite to the movement of anions. In such a way, as anions moved, cations moved to the right as well.
Best regards.
The concentrations of the zinc, copper, and salt bridge solutions are dependent on the amount of solute dissolved in the solvent. Standard state conditions, used as a reference point, include specific constant values for pressure, temperature, and concentration. Factors such as temperature and ion product of water can significantly affect a solution's properties and how they align to these standard conditions.
Explanation:The question asked about the concentrations of different solutions in standard state conditions. Based on the information provided, it's difficult to conclusively determine the concentration of each solution as the specific concentrations are not detailed. However, you can generally understand that a solution's concentration describes the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent. For example, for Zn(OH)₂(s) in a solution buffered at a pH of 11.45, this suggests a certain quantity of Zn (zinc) ions in the solution.
The standard state condition refers to a specific set of conditions including pressure (1 bar), temperature (298.15 K), and concentration (1M). For example, Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl₂ (aq) + H₂(g) details a reaction involving zinc and hydrochloric acid producing zinc chloride and hydrogen gas. This standardized condition forms the basis for the determination of properties such as enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy. Therefore, whether the solution is consistent with the standard state condition would be based on if the pressure, temperature, and concentration are adhering to these standard parameters.
Many factors such as temperature, ion product of water, solutes in the solutions can affect a solution's properties and its alignment to standard state conditions. Thus, it's important that these factors are closely monitored and regulated in a reaction setup.
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Rose bengal is a chromophore used in biological staining that has an absorption maximum at 559.1 nm and several other shorter wavelength absorption bands in the ultraviolet and visible regions of the spectrum when dissolved in ethanol. What is the energy difference, in kilojoules per mole, between the absorption maximum at 559.1 nm and a band at 263.5nm?
the energy difference is negative, it means that the band at 263.5 nm has a lower energy than the absorption maximum at 559.1 nm.
To calculate the energy difference between two absorption bands, we can use the equation:
[tex]\[ \Delta E = \frac{hc}{\lambda} \][/tex]
Where:
- [tex]\( \Delta E \)[/tex] is the energy difference in joules (J)
- [tex]\( h \)[/tex] is Planck's constant [tex](\(6.62607015 \times 10^{-34} \, \text{J} \cdot \text{s}\))[/tex]
- c is the speed of light in a vacuum [tex](\(3.00 \times 10^8 \, \text{m/s}\))[/tex]
- [tex]\( \lambda \)[/tex] is the wavelength in meters (m)
First, we need to convert the wavelengths from nanometers (nm) to meters (m):
[tex]\[ \lambda_1 = 559.1 \, \text{nm} \times \frac{1 \, \text{m}}{10^9 \, \text{nm}} = 5.591 \times 10^{-7} \, \text{m} \][/tex]
[tex]\[ \lambda_2 = 263.5 \, \text{nm} \times \frac{1 \, \text{m}}{10^9 \, \text{nm}} = 2.635 \times 10^{-7} \, \text{m} \][/tex]
Now, we can calculate the energy difference (\( \Delta E \)):
[tex]\[ \Delta E = \frac{(6.62607015 \times 10^{-34} \, \text{J} \cdot \text{s})(3.00 \times 10^8 \, \text{m/s})}{5.591 \times 10^{-7} \, \text{m}} - \frac{(6.62607015 \times 10^{-34} \, \text{J} \cdot \text{s})(3.00 \times 10^8 \, \text{m/s})}{2.635 \times 10^{-7} \, \text{m}} \][/tex]
[tex]\[ \Delta E = (3.00 \times 10^8 \, \text{m/s})\left(\frac{6.62607015 \times 10^{-34} \, \text{J} \cdot \text{s}}{5.591 \times 10^{-7} \, \text{m}} - \frac{6.62607015 \times 10^{-34} \, \text{J} \cdot \text{s}}{2.635 \times 10^{-7} \, \text{m}}\right) \][/tex]
[tex]\[ \Delta E = (3.00 \times 10^8 \, \text{m/s})(2.3723 \times 10^{-19} \, \text{J} - 2.5161 \times 10^{-19} \, \text{J}) \][/tex]
[tex]\[ \Delta E \approx (3.00 \times 10^8 \, \text{m/s})(-0.1438 \times 10^{-19} \, \text{J}) \][/tex]
[tex]\[ \Delta E \approx -4.314 \times 10^{-12} \, \text{J} \][/tex]
[tex]\[ \Delta E \approx -4314 \, \text{pJ} \][/tex]
Since the energy difference is negative, it means that the band at 263.5 nm has a lower energy than the absorption maximum at 559.1 nm.
The energy difference between the absorption maximum at 559.1 nm and the band at 263.5 nm is 240 kJ/mol.
To calculate the energy difference between the absorption maximum at 559.1 nm and a band at 263.5 nm in kilojoules per mole, follow these steps:
Step 1. Convert Wavelengths to Energy:
Use the equation [tex]\( E = \frac{hc}{\lambda} \)[/tex], where:
(E) is the photon's energy.
Planck's constant [tex](\(6.626 \times 10^{-34}\) J.s)[/tex] is represented as (h).
The speed of light is represented as (c) = [tex](3.00 \times 10^8\)[/tex] m/s.
The wavelength in meters is [tex](\lambda \))[/tex].
Step 2. Calculate Energy for 559.1 nm:
[tex]\[ \lambda_1 = 559.1 \text{ nm} = 559.1 \times 10^{-9} \text{ m} \][/tex]
[tex]\[ E_1 = \frac{6.626 \times 10^{-34} \times 3.00 \times 10^8}{559.1 \times 10^{-9}} = 3.556 \times 10^{-19} \text{ J} \][/tex]
Step 3. Calculate Energy for 263.5 nm:
[tex]\[ \lambda_2 = 263.5 \text{ nm} = 263.5 \times 10^{-9} \text{ m} \][/tex]
[tex]\[ E_2 = \frac{6.626 \times 10^{-34} \times 3.00 \times 10^8}{263.5 \times 10^{-9}} = 7.552 \times 10^{-19} \text{ J} \][/tex]
Step 4. Find the Energy Difference:
[tex]\[ \Delta E = E_2 - E_1 = 7.552 \times 10^{-19} \text{ J} - 3.556 \times 10^{-19} \text{ J} = 3.996 \times 10^{-19} \text{ J} \][/tex]
Step 5. Convert to Kilojoules per Mole:
[tex]\[ 1 \text{ photon} = 3.996 \times 10^{-19} \text{ J} \][/tex]
[tex]\[ 1 \text{ mole of photons} = 3.996 \times 10^{-19} \text{ J} \times 6.022 \times 10^{23} \text{ photons/mol} \][/tex]
[tex]\[ \Delta E_{\text{mol}} = 2.406 \times 10^{5} \text{ J/mol} = 240.6 \text{ kJ/mol} \][/tex]
So, the energy difference between the absorption maximum at 559.1 nm and the band at 263.5 nm is 240.6 kJ/mol.
A closed vessel system of volume 2.5 L contains a mixture of neon and fluorine. The total pressure is 3.32 atm at 0.0°C. When the mixture is heated to 15°C, the entropy of the mixture increases by 0.345 J/K. What amount (in moles) of each substance (Ne and F2) is present in the mixture? (heat capacity of monoatomic gas = 3/2R and that for a diatomic gas = 5/2R)
Answer: moles of Ne = 0.149 moles
moles of F₂ = 0.221 moles
Explanation:
The process occurs at costant volume.
Neon is a monoatomic gas, Cv =3/2R, Flourine is a diatomic gas, Cv = 5/2R
n = PV/RT ; where n is total = number of moles, P is total pressure = 3.32atm, V is volume = 2.5L, R is molar gas constant = 0.08206 L-atm/mol/K = 8.314 J/mol/K, T is temperature = 0.0°C = 273.15K
n(total) = (3.32 atm)(2.5 L)/(0.08206 L-atm/mol/K)(273.15) = 0.3703 mol
For one mole heated at constant volume,
Change in entropy, ∆S = ∫dq/T = ∫(Cv/T)dT
From T1 to T2, Cvln(T2/T2) = Cvln(288.15/273.15) = 0.05346•Cv
So, for 0.3703 moles,
∆S = (0.3703 mol)(0.05346)Cv = 0.345 J/K
⇒ Cv = 17.43 J/mol/K for the Ne/F₂ mixture.
For pure Ne, Cv = (3/2)R = 1.5 • 8.314 J/mol/K = 12.471 J/mol/K
For pure F₂, Cv = (5/2)R = 2.5 • 8.314 J/mol/K = 20.785 J/mol/K
If Y is the mole fraction of Ne, Y can be determined by setting the observed entropy change (∆S) to the weighted average of the entropy changes expected for the two different gases in the mixture:
17.43 J/mol/K = Y * 12.471 J/mol/K + (1 – Y) * 20.785 J/mol/K
⇒ 20.785 J/mol/K – 8.314 J/mol/K * Y = 17.43J/mol/K
Y = 0.403 ; 1 – Y = 0.597
moles of Ne = (0.403)(0.3703 mol) = 0.149 moles
moles of F₂ = (0.597)(0.3703 mol) = 0.221 moles
Electricity is the flow of electrons. The following questions relate to how electricity is quantified.1. Electrons are charged particles. The amount of charge that passes per unit time is calleda. potentialb. currentc. voltage2. The driving force for the electrons (i.e., the reason they are flowing in the first place) is measured bya. chargeb. currentc. potential3. Charge is measured ina. amperes (A)b. coulombs (C)c. joules (J)d. volts (V)4. Current is measured ina. amperes (A)b. coulombs (C)c. joules (J)d. volts (V)5. Potential is measured ina. amperes (A)b. coulombs (C)c. joules (J)d. volts (V)
Answer:
The correct option are:
1. (b) current
2. (c) potential
3. (b) coulombs (C)
4. (a) amperes (A)
5. (d) volts (V)
Explanation:
Electric charge is a property of a particle, like electron and proton. The subatomic particles, electrons and protons are negatively and positively charged particles, respectively.
The electric charge of a particle can be measured in coulomb, denoted by C.
Current or electric current is defined as the net flow of the electric charges through a given region, per unit time. Electric current can be measured in ampere, denoted by A.
Potential or Electric potential is described as the work done to displace the electric charges from one point to another. Potential is the driving force for the movement of charges and can be calculated in volt, denoted by V.
The flow of charge per unit time is current, measured in amperes (A), while the driving force for electron flow is electric potential, measured in volts (V), and charge itself is quantified in coulombs (C).
Understanding Electrical Quantities
The amount of charge that passes per unit time is called current, and is measured in amperes (A). The driving force that causes electrons to flow, known as the electric potential, is measured in volts (V). Charge itself is measured in coulombs (C).
Answering the questions provided:
The amount of charge that passes per unit time is called current.
The driving force for the electrons is measured by potential.
Charge is measured in coulombs (C).
Current is measured in amperes (A).
Potential is measured in volts (V).
• Which of the following elements are most likely to act as 9 acceptor impurities in germanium? (a) bromine, (b) gallium, (c) sil- icon, (d) phosphorus, (e) magnesium • Which of the following elements are most likely to serve 10 as donor impurities in germanium? (a) bromine, (b) gallium, (c) sil- icon, (d) phosphorus, (e) magnesium
Answer:
Phosphorus can act as an acceptor while galium can act as a donor
Explanation:
In electronics, pentavalent atoms are used as acceptors while trivalent atoms are used donors. Hence the answers provided above.
A meter of polyaramide fiber has a diameter of 710.μm , a mass of 0.059g , and takes 0.13s to produce on an industrial spinneret. How would you calculate the mass of fiber that can be spun in 55.min ?
Answer:
t = 55 min ⇒ m = 1497.692 g
Explanation:
polyaramide fiber:
∴ L = 1 m
∴ d = 710 μm
∴ m = 0.059 g
∴ t = 0.13 s
mass flow:
∴ mf = 0.059 g / 0.13 s = (0.454 g/s)×(60s/min) = 27.23 g/min
If t = 55 min:
⇒ m = mf×t = (27.23 g/min)×(55 min) = 1497.692 g
Answer:
[tex]m_{fiber}=1497.7g[/tex]
Explanation:
Hello,
In this case, as both the diameter and the length of the fiber is the same for the second case, one applies a simple rule of three to compute the mass of fiber that can be spun in 55 min as shown below:
[tex]m_{fiber}=\frac{55min*0.059g}{0.13s*\frac{1min}{60s} }\\m_{fiber}=1497.7g[/tex]
Best regards.
Nitroglycerin is a dangerous powerful explosive that violently decomposes when it is shaken or dropped. The Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel (1833-1896) founded the Nobel Prizes with a fortune he made by inventing dynamite, a mixture of nitroglycerin and inert ingredients that was safe to handle. (1) Write a balanced chemical equation, including physical state symbols, for the decomposition of liquid nitroglycerin ( C3H5NO33 ) into gaseous dinitrogen, gaseous dioxygen, gaseous water and gaseous carbon dioxide. (2) Suppose 41.0L of carbon dioxide gas are produced by this reaction, at a temperature of −14.0°C and pressure of exactly 1atm . Calculate the mass of nitroglycerin that must have reacted. Round your answer to 3 significant digits.
Answer:
a. [tex]4 C_3H_5N_3O_9 (l)\rightarrow 6N_2 (g) + O_2 (g) + 10 H_2O (g) + 12 CO_2 (g)[/tex]
b. 146.0 g
Explanation:
Question 1 (a). Just as the problem states, liquid nitroglycerin decomposes into nitrogen gas [tex]N_2[/tex], oxygen gas [tex]O_2[/tex], water vapor [tex]H_2O[/tex] and carbon dioxide [tex]CO_2[/tex]. Let's write the decomposition of nitroglycerin into these 4 components:
[tex]C_3H_5N_3O_9 (l)\rightarrow N_2 (g) + O_2 (g) + H_2O (g) + CO_2 (g)[/tex]
Now we need to balance the equation. Firstly, notice we have 3 carbon atoms on the left and 1 on the right, so let's multiply carbon dioxide by 3:
[tex]C_3H_5N_3O_9 (l)\rightarrow N_2 (g) + O_2 (g) + H_2O (g) + 3 CO_2 (g)[/tex]
Now, we have 3 nitrogen atoms on the left and 2 on the right, so let's multiply nitrogen on the right by [tex]\frac{3}{2}[/tex]:
[tex]C_3H_5N_3O_9 (l)\rightarrow \frac{3}{2}N_2 (g) + O_2 (g) + H_2O (g) + 3 CO_2 (g)[/tex]
We have 5 hydrogen atoms on the left, 2 on the right, so let's multiply the right-hand side by [tex]\frac{5}{2}[/tex]:
[tex]C_3H_5N_3O_9 (l)\rightarrow \frac{3}{2}N_2 (g) + O_2 (g) + \frac{5}{2} H_2O (g) + 3 CO_2 (g)[/tex]
Finally, count the oxygen atoms. We have a total of 9 on the left. On the right we have (excluding oxygen molecule):
[tex]\frac{5}{2} + 6 = 8.5[/tex]
This leaves [tex]9 - 8.5 = 0.5 = \frac{1}{2}[/tex] of oxygen. Since oxygen is diatomic, we need to take one fourth of it to get one half in total:
[tex]C_3H_5N_3O_9 (l)\rightarrow \frac{3}{2}N_2 (g) + \frac{1}{4} O_2 (g) + \frac{5}{2} H_2O (g) + 3 CO_2 (g)[/tex]
To make it look neater without fractional coefficients, multiply both sides by 4:
[tex]4 C_3H_5N_3O_9 (l)\rightarrow 6N_2 (g) + O_2 (g) + 10 H_2O (g) + 12 CO_2 (g)[/tex]
Question 2 (b). Now we can make use of the balanced chemical equation and apply it for the context of this separate problem. We're given the following variables:
[tex]V_{CO_2} = 41.0 L[/tex]
[tex]T = -14.0^oC + 273.15 K = 259.15 K[/tex]
[tex]p = 1 atm[/tex]
Firstly, we may find moles of carbon dioxide produced using the ideal gas law [tex]pV = nRT[/tex].
Rearranging for moles, that is, dividing both sides by RT (here R is the ideal gas law constant):
[tex]n_{CO_2} = \frac{pV_{CO_2}}{RT} = \frac{1 atm\cdot 41.0 L}{0.08206 \frac{L atm}{mol K}\cdot 259.15 K} = 1.928 mol[/tex]
According to the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation:
[tex]4 C_3H_5N_3O_9 (l)\rightarrow 6N_2 (g) + O_2 (g) + 10 H_2O (g) + 12 CO_2 (g)[/tex]
4 moles of nitroglycerin (ng) produce 12 moles of carbon dioxide. From here we can find moles o nitroglycerin knowing that:
[tex]\frac{n_{ng}}{4} = \frac{n_{CO_2}}{12} \therefore n_{ng} = \frac{4}{12}n_{CO_2} = \frac{1}{3}\cdot 1.928 mol = 0.6427 mol[/tex]
Multiplying the number of moles of nitroglycerin by its molar mass will yield the mass of nitroglycerin decomposed:
[tex]m_{ng} = n_{ng}\cdot M_{ng} = 0.6427 mol\cdot 227.09 g/mol = 146.0 g[/tex]
A Mercury(II) chloride dissolves in water to give poorly conducting solutions, indicating that the compound is largely nonionized in solution—it dissolves as HgCl2 molecules. Describe the bonding of the HgCl2 molecule, using valence bond theory. b Phosphorus trichloride, PCl3, is a colorless liquid with a highly irritating vapor. Describe the bonding in the PCl3 molecule, using valence bond theory. Use hybrid orbitals.
Answer:
Using valence bond theory, HgCl2 is sp hybridized while PCl3 is sp3 hybridized.
Explanation:
sp hybridized molecules are largely covalent and cannot conduct electricity hence the nonconducting nature of HgCl2. PCl3 contains a lone pair and three unpaired electrons in sp3 hybridized orbitals.
A voltaic cell is constructed with two silver-silver chloride electrodes, where the halfreaction is AgCl (s) + e- → Ag (s) + Cl- (aq) E° = +0.222 V
The concentrations of chloride ion in the two compartments are 0.0222 M and 2.22 M, respectively. The cell emf is __________ V.
A) 0.212
B) 0.118
C) 0.00222
D) 22.2
E) 0.232
Answer: The cell potential of the cell is +0.118 V
Explanation:
The half reactions for the cell is:
Oxidation half reaction (anode): [tex]Ag(s)+Cl^-(aq.)\rightarrow AgCl(s)+e^-[/tex]
Reduction half reaction (cathode): [tex]AgCl(s)+e^-\rightarrow Ag(s)+Cl^-(aq.)[/tex]
In this case, the cathode and anode both are same. So, [tex]E^o_{cell}[/tex] will be equal to zero.
To calculate cell potential of the cell, we use the equation given by Nernst, which is:
[tex]E_{cell}=E^o_{cell}-\frac{0.0592}{n}\log \frac{[Cl^{-}]_{diluted}}{[Cl^{-}]_{concentrated}}[/tex]
where,
n = number of electrons in oxidation-reduction reaction = 1
[tex]E_{cell}[/tex] = ?
[tex][Cl^{-}]_{diluted}[/tex] = 0.0222 M
[tex][Cl^{-}]_{concentrated}[/tex] = 2.22 M
Putting values in above equation, we get:
[tex]E_{cell}=0-\frac{0.0592}{1}\log \frac{0.0222M}{2.22M}[/tex]
[tex]E_{cell}=0.118V[/tex]
Hence, the cell potential of the cell is +0.118 V
The degradation of CF3CH2F (an HFC) by OH radicals in the troposphere is first order in each reactant and has a rate constant of k = 1.6 x 10^8 M^-1s^-1 at 4°C.
Part A) If the tropospheric concentrations of OH and CF3CH2F are 8.1 x 10^5 and 6.3 x 10^8 molecules/cm^3, respectively, what is the rate of reaction at this temperature in M/s?
Answer:
2.1 × 10⁻¹⁹ M/s
Explanation:
Let's consider the degradation of CF₃CH₂F by OH radicals.
CF₃CH₂F + OH → CF₃CHF + H₂O
Considering the order of reaction for each reactant is 1 and the rate constant is 1.6 × 10⁸ M⁻¹s⁻¹, the rate law is:
r = 1.6 × 10⁸ M⁻¹s⁻¹.[CF₃CH₂F].[OH]
where,
r is the rate of the reaction
If the tropospheric concentrations of OH and CF₃CH₂F are 8.1 × 10⁵ and 6.3 × 10⁸ molecules/cm³, respectively, what is the rate of reaction at this temperature in M/s?
The Avogadro's number is 6.02 × 10²³ molecules/mole.
The molar concentration of OH is:
[tex]\frac{8.1 \times 10^{5}molecules}{cm^{3}}.\frac{1mol}{6.02 \times 10^{23}molecules }.\frac{1000cm^{3} }{1L} =1.3 \times 10^{-15} M[/tex]
The molar concentration of CF₃CH₂F is:
[tex]\frac{6.3 \times 10^{8}molecules}{cm^{3}}.\frac{1mol}{6.02 \times 10^{23}molecules }.\frac{1000cm^{3} }{1L} =1.0 \times 10^{-12} M[/tex]
r = 1.6 × 10⁸ M⁻¹s⁻¹ × 1.0 × 10⁻¹² M × 1.3 × 10⁻¹⁵ M = 2.1 × 10⁻¹⁹ M/s
Some type of path is necessary to join both half-cells in order for electron flow to occur.
A. True B. False
The given statement, some type of path is necessary to join both half-cells in order for electron flow to occur, is true.
Explanation:
Flow of electrons is possible with the help of a conducting medium like metal wire.
A laboratory device which helps in completion of oxidation and reduction-half reactions of a galvanic or voltaic cell is known as salt bridge. Basically, this salt bridge helps in the flow of electrons from anode to cathode and vice-versa.
If salt bridge is not present in an electrochemical cell, the electron neutrality will not be maintained and hence, flow of electrons will not take place.
Thus, we can conclude that the statement some type of path is necessary to join both half-cells in order for electron flow to occur, is true.
One way in which the useful metal copper is produced is by dissolving the mineral azurite, which contains copper (II) carbonate, in concentrated sulfuric acid. The sulfuric acid reacts with the copper (II) carbonate to produce a blue solution of copper (II) sulfate. Scrap iron is then added to this solution, and pure copper metal precipitates out because of the following chemical reaction: Fe(s) + CuSO4 (aq) rightarrow Cu (s) + FeSO4 (aq) Suppose an industrial quality-control chemist analyzes a sample from a copper processing plant in the following way. He adds powdered iron to a 250. mL copper (II) sulfate sample from the plant until no more copper will precipitate. He then washes, dries, and weighs the precipitate, and finds that it has a mass of 96. mg . Calculate the original concentration of copper (II) sulfate in the sample. Be sure your answer has the correct number of significant digits.
Answer:
6,04x10⁻³M
Explanation:
For the reaction:
Fe(s) + CuSO₄(aq) → Cu(s) + FeSO₄(aq)
The precipitate of Cu(s) weights 96,0 mg. In moles:
Moles of Cu(s):
0,096g×(1mol/63,546g) = 1,51x10⁻³ moles of Cu(s). If you see the balanced equation 1 mole of CuSO₄ produce 1 mole of Cu(s). That means moles of CuSO₄ are the same of Cu(s), 1,51x10⁻³ moles of CuSO₄
As volume of the solution is 250 mL, 0,250L, the molar concentration of the original solution is:
1,51x10⁻³ moles of CuSO₄ / 0,250L = 6,04x10⁻³M
I hope it helps!
How long must a constant current of 50.0 A be passed through an electrolytic cell containing aqueous Cu2+ ions to produce 5.00 moles of copper metal?
A) 0.187 hours
B) 0.373 hours
C) 2.68 hours
D) 5.36 hours
Answer:
D) 5.36 hours
Explanation:
According to mole concept:
1 mole of an atom contains [tex]6.022\times 10^{23}[/tex] number of particles.
We know that:
Charge on 1 electron = [tex]1.6\times 10^{-19}C[/tex]
Also, copper will produce 2 electrons. So, out of 5 moles of copper, 10 moles of electrons will be produced.
So,
Charge on 10 mole of electrons = [tex]10\times 1.6\times 10^{-19}\times 6.022\times 10^{23}=9.6352\times 10^5C[/tex]
To calculate the time required, we use the equation:
[tex]I=\frac{q}{t}[/tex]
where,
I = current passed = 50.0 A
q = total charge = [tex]9.6352\times 10^5C[/tex]
t = time required = ?
Putting values in above equation, we get:
[tex]50.0A=\frac{9.6352\times 10^5C}{t}\\\\t=\frac{9.6352\times 10^5C}{50.0A}=19270.4s[/tex]
Converting this into hours, we use the conversion factor:
1 hr = 3600 seconds
So, [tex]19270.4s\times \frac{1hr}{3600s}=5.36hr[/tex]
Hence, the amount of time needed is 5.36 hrs.
Which one of the following represents a decrease in entropy?
a) The evaporation of perfume.
b) The sublimation of carbon dioxide.
c) The melting of ice.
d) The condensation of steam on a kitchen window.
e) It is not possible to have a decrease in entropy
Answer:
D
Explanation:
There are principally three states of matter. These are the solid, liquid and gaseous states. The gaseous state has the highest degree of disorderliness as gas particles can move randomly while the solid state has the highest level of compactness.
Hence, we need to be adequately fed with information as regards the phase change to know if entropy has decreased or increased.
A. is wrong
Evaporation is a change of state to the gaseous state meaning there is an increased entropy.
B. is wrong
Sublimation is a change of state which means a solid substance like iodine or naphthalene changes its state directly to the gaseous state. There is an increased entropy here too.
C is wrong
Melting of ice means going from ice block to liquid water. This is synonymous to going from the solid state to the liquid state which is an increased entropy
D is correct
Condensation involves going from the gaseous state to the liquid state. This means going from a less ordered state to a more ordered state. This is accompanied by an entropy decrease.
E is wrong
While there are some processes that increase entropy, we also have some process that decrease entropy.
Final answer:
The process that represents a decrease in entropy is the condensation of steam on a kitchen window. This is because it involves the transition from a disordered gas state to a more ordered liquid state.
Explanation:
The question asks which of the given scenarios represents a decrease in entropy. Entropy, in simple terms, is a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system. A decrease in entropy means the system is becoming more ordered.
The evaporation of perfume - This process increases entropy as the perfume molecules spread out.The sublimation of carbon dioxide - Sublimation, the process of transitioning directly from a solid to a gas phase, results in an increase in entropy due to the increased dispersion of molecules.The melting of ice - This process increases entropy because the water molecules move from a highly ordered solid state to a less ordered liquid state.The condensation of steam on a kitchen window - This process decreases entropy. When steam (gas) condenses into liquid water on a window, it transitions from a highly disordered state to a more ordered state. Therefore, this is the correct answer.It is not possible to have a decrease in entropy - This statement is not accurate as there are processes, such as condensation, that can result in a decrease in entropy.
Thus, the correct answer is d) The condensation of steam on a kitchen window.
Which of the following provides an instantaneous measure of radioactivity:1 Scintillation counter2. Geiger counter3. Film-badge dosimeterB onlyB and C onlyA and B onlyA, B, and C
Answer:
A and B only
Explanation:
Both Scintillation counter and Geiger counter are used for instantaneous measures of radioactivity.
Both are used to detect and quantify the amount of radiation. GM counter can detect all kind of radiation that alpha, beta and gamma radiation. Whereas Scintillation counter can detect only ionization radiation.
The second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) is synthesized from ATP by the activity of the enzyme adenylyl cyclase. Cyclic AMP, in turn, activates protein kinase A (PKA), also called cAMP‑dependent protein kinase, which is responsible for most of the effects of cAMP within the cell. Determine the correct steps in the activation of PKA, and then place them in the correct order, starting after the adenylyl cyclase reaction.
The correct steps in the activation of PKA after the adenylyl cyclase reaction are: cAMP binding to and activating the regulatory subunits of PKA, the catalytic subunits of PKA phosphorylating target proteins, and PKA being inactivated when cAMP is hydrolyzed by phosphodiesterase.
Explanation:The correct steps in the activation of PKA, after the adenylyl cyclase reaction, are:
cAMP binds to and activates the regulatory subunits of PKA, causing them to release the catalytic subunits.The catalytic subunits of PKA phosphorylate target proteins, leading to their activation or inhibition.PKA is inactivated when cAMP is hydrolyzed by phosphodiesterase, reducing the levels of cAMP in the cell.Overall, the activation of PKA by cAMP allows for the regulation of various cellular processes, including metabolism, gene expression, and cell signaling.
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The correct steps in the activation of PKA after the adenylyl cyclase reaction are: adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP, cAMP binds to and activates Protein Kinase A (PKA), and activated PKA phosphorylates serine and threonine residues of target proteins, activating them.
Explanation:The correct steps in the activation of PKA after the adenylyl cyclase reaction are:
Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP.cAMP binds to and activates Protein Kinase A (PKA).Activated PKA phosphorylates serine and threonine residues of target proteins, activating them.These steps occur in the cAMP second messenger system and are responsible for the effects of cAMP within the cell.
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Why do the metals Co, Rh, and Lr form octahedral complexes (rather than tetrahedral or square planar complexes)? Hint: Look at the placement in the periodic table and the respective electron configurations.
Explanation:
Octahedral complexes will be favoured over tetrahedral ones because:
It is more favourable to form six bonds rather than four
The crystal field stabilisation energy is usually greater for octahedral than tetrahedral complexes.
The transition metals Co, Rh, Lr are in group 9 of d block and they have 3d, 4d, and 5d orbitals respectively
Metals like Co, Rh, and Lr form octahedral complexes due to their electron configurations and the stability achieved with six ligands. This coordination results in a geometry that minimizes electron repulsions and maximizes stability.
Transition metals like Co (Cobalt), Rh (Rhodium), and Lr (Lawrencium) typically form octahedral complexes due to their electron configurations and positions in the periodic table. These metals have available d-orbitals that can accommodate six ligands, resulting in a coordination number of six which is most stable in an octahedral geometry.
For instance, Co³⁺ has an electron configuration that favors the formation of octahedral complexes due to the stabilization of its d-electrons in a ligand field that splits the d-orbitals into two energy levels, with four orbitals at lower energy and two at higher energy. Similarly, Rh³⁺ and Lr³+ configurations also favor six-coordinate octahedral structures, providing maximum separation of electron pairs and minimizing electron-electron repulsions.
Examples:
[Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺: An example of an octahedral complex where the cobalt ion is bonded to six ammonia ligands.
[RhCl₆]³⁺: An octahedral complex where the rhodium ion is coordinated by six chloride ligands.
ethanol is used as fuel for cars. Explain how energy is obtained from ethanol to fuel a car.
Answer:
the gas it runs on it
Explanation:
What is Δn for the following equation in relating Kc to Kp?SO3(g) + NO(g) ↔ SO2(g) + NO2(g)12-20-1
Answer:
0
Explanation:
The relation between Kp and Kc is given below:
[tex]K_p= K_c\times (RT)^{\Delta n}[/tex]
Where,
Kp is the pressure equilibrium constant
Kc is the molar equilibrium constant
R is gas constant
T is the temperature in Kelvins
Δn = (No. of moles of gaseous products)-(No. of moles of gaseous reactants)
For the first equilibrium reaction:
[tex]SO_3_{(g)}+NO_{(g)}\rightleftharpoons SO_2_{(g)}+NO_2_{(g)}[/tex]
Δn = (2)-(2) = 0
Thus, Kp is:
[tex]K_p= Kc\times \times (RT)^{0}[/tex]
[tex]K_p= Kc[/tex]
Final answer:
The Δn represents the difference in moles of gaseous products and reactants for a reaction when relating Kc to Kp. For the reaction SO3(g) + NO(g) ↔ SO2(g) + NO2(g), Δn would be 0. Kp is related to Kc by the equation Kp = Kc(RT)Δn.
Explanation:
The question relates to the concept of the reaction quotient (Δn) when relating the equilibrium constants Kc (equilibrium constant in terms of concentration) to Kp (equilibrium constant in terms of partial pressure) for a given chemical reaction involving gases. The value of Δn is the difference in the sum of the moles of gaseous products and the sum of the moles of gaseous reactants in a balanced chemical equation. In the example given:
[tex]SO_{3}[/tex] (g) + NO(g) ↔ [tex]SO_{2}[/tex] (g) + [tex]NO_{2}[/tex] (g), Δn would be (1 + 1) - (1 + 1) = 0.
1[tex]N_{2}[/tex](g) + [tex]2H_{2} O[/tex](g) ↔ 2NO(g) + [tex]2H_{2}[/tex] (g), Δn would be (2 + 2) - (1 + 2) = 1.
To relate Kc and Kp, we use the equation Kp = Kc(RT)Δn, where R is the gas constant and T is the temperature in Kelvins. In cases where Δn is zero, as in the first equation, Kp will be equal to Kc because (RT)0 equals 1.
In an ionic compound, the size of the ions affects the internuclear distance (the distance between the centers of adjacent ions), which affects lattice energy (a measure of the attractive force holding those ions together). Based on ion sizes, rank these compounds of their expected lattice energy..
Note: Many sources define lattice energies as negative values. Please rank by magnitude and ignore the sign. |Lattice energy| = absolute value of the lattice energy.
a. RbCl ,b. RbBr ,c. Rbl ,d. RbF
Answer:
b
Explanation:
bc
10-1Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.1.Chlorination of pentane gives a mixture of isomers having the molecular formula C5H11Cl. The percentage of 1-chloropentane is 22%. Assuming the secondary hydrogens in pentane are equally reactive to monochlorination, what is the percentage of 3-chloropentane in the mixture?
Answer:
26%
Explanation:
Chlorination is a reaction that substitutes an atom of hydrogen for an atom of chlorine in a hydrocarbon. Pentane has 5 carbons and 12 hydrogens, and the chlorination can happen at the carbons 1,2 or 3. If it happens at carbon 4, the structure will be the same as carbon 2, and if it happens at carbon 5, will be the same as carbon 1.
Then, the percentage of 2-chloropentane and 3-chloropentane is 100 - 22 = 78%. As stated above, 4 hydrogens can be substituted to form 2-chloropentane (two at carbon 2, and two at carbon 4), and only two for 3-chloropentane. So, the percentage of secondary hydrogens to form the structure wanted is:
2/6 = 1/3
Thus, the percentage of it is:
(1/3)*78% = 26%
Given that E°red = -1.66 V for Al3+/ Al at 25°C, find E° and E for the concentration cell expressed using shorthand notation below.
Al(s) Al3+(1.0 × 10-5 M) Al3+(0.100 M) Al(s)
A) E° = 0.00 V and E = +0.24 V
B) E° = 0.00 V and E = +0.12 V
C) E° = -1.66 V and E = -1.42 V
D) E° = -1.66 V and E = -1.54 V
The concentration cell involving Al3+ has a standard cell potential (E°) of -1.66 V, and the cell potential (E) is approximately -1.54 V. The correct option is D: E° = -1.66 V and E = -1.54 V.
To determine the standard cell potential (E°) and the cell potential (E) for the given concentration cell, we can use the Nernst equation and the standard reduction potential (E°red) for the half-reaction involved.
The shorthand notation for the concentration cell is given as:
[tex]\[ \text{Al(s) | Al}^{3+} (1.0 \times 10^{-5} \, \text{M}) \, || \, \text{Al}^{3+} (0.100 \, \text{M}) \, | \, \text{Al(s)} \][/tex]
Firstly, let's identify the two half-reactions occurring in the cell. The half-reaction for the left side (anode) is [tex]\(\text{Al} \rightarrow \text{Al}^{3+} + 3e^-\)[/tex], and for the right side (cathode), it is [tex]\(\text{Al}^{3+} + 3e^- \rightarrow \text{Al}\)[/tex].
The standard cell potential (E°) can be calculated using the standard reduction potentials [tex](\(E°_{\text{red}}\))[/tex] of the half-reactions:
[tex]\[ E° = E°_{\text{cathode}} - E°_{\text{anode}} \][/tex]
Given[tex]\(E°_{\text{red}} = -1.66 \, \text{V}\) for \(\text{Al}^{3+}/\text{Al}\)[/tex], we can substitute this into the equation to find E°. However, we need to consider the fact that the half-reaction for the anode is reversed in the standard reduction potential table. Therefore, \(E°_{\text{anode}} = -(-1.66 \, \text{V}) = 1.66 \, \text{V}\).
[tex]\[ E° = 0 - 1.66 \, \text{V} = -1.66 \, \text{V} \][/tex]
Now, to find the cell potential (E), we use the Nernst equation:
[tex]\[ E = E° - \frac{0.0592}{n} \log\left(\frac{[\text{Al}^{3+}]_{\text{cathode}}}{[\text{Al}^{3+}]_{\text{anode}}}\right) \][/tex]
Here, n is the number of electrons transferred (which is 3 for both half-reactions), and[tex]\([X]_{\text{cathode}}\[/tex] ) and [tex]\([X]_{\text{anode}}\)[/tex]are the concentrations of X at the cathode and anode, respectively.
For the given cell, plugging in the values:
[tex]\[ E = -1.66 - \frac{0.0592}{3} \log\left(\frac{0.100}{1.0 \times 10^{-5}}\right) \][/tex]
Calculating this gives approximately -1.54 V.
Therefore, the correct answer is option D: [tex]\(E° = -1.66 \, \text{V}\) and \(E = -1.54 \, \text{V}\)[/tex].
Complete question :- Given that E°red = -1.66 V for Al3+/ Al at 25°C, find E° and E for the concentration cell expressed using shorthand notation below.
Al(s) | Al3+(1.0 × 10-5 M) || Al3+(0.100 M) | Al(s)
A) E° = 0.00 V and E = +0.24 V
B) E° = 0.00 V and E = +0.12 V
C) E° = -1.66 V and E = -1.42 V
D) E° = -1.66 V and E = -1.54 V
Choose the statement below that is TRUE. A solution will form between two substances if solute-solvent interactions are of comparable strength to the solute-solute and solvent-solvent interactions. A solution will form between two substances if the solute-solvent interactions are small enough to be overcome by the solute-solute and solvent- solvent interactions. A solution will form between two substances if the solute-solute interactions are strong enough to overcome the solvent-solvent interactions. A solution will form between two substances only if the solvent-solvent interactions are weak enough to overcome the solute-solvent interactions. None of these are true.
Answer:
Non of these are true
Explanation:
To form a solution, solute-solvent interaction must exceed solute-solute and solvent-solvent interaction. Hence a new attraction leading to solvation of the solid in the solvent is set up.
The composition of a compound used to make polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is 38.4% C, 4.8% H and 56.8% Cl by mass. It took 7.73 min for a given volume of the compound to effuse through a porous plug, but it took only 6.18 min for the same amount of Ar to diffuse at the same temperature and pressure. What is the molecular formula of the compound?
Answer:
C₂H₃Cl
Explanation:
We can calculate the compound's molar mass using the data given by the problem and Graham's law:
Rate₁/Rate₂ = [tex]\sqrt{\frac{M_{2}}{M_{1}} }[/tex]
In this case the subscript 1 refers to the compound and 2 refers to Ar.
Keeping in mind that Rate = volume/time, and that the volume is the same for both compounds, we can rewrite the equation as:
Time₂/Time₁ = [tex]\sqrt{\frac{M_{2}}{M_{1}} }[/tex]
6.18/7.73 = [tex]\sqrt{\frac{39.95}{M_{1}} }[/tex]
M₁ = 62.5 g/mol
Now we determine the molecular formula by using the elemental % analysis:
Assuming we have 1 mol of the compound:
C ⇒ 62.5 g * 38.4/100 = 24 g C = 2 mol C
H ⇒ 62.5 g * 4.8/100 = 3 g H = 3 mol H
C ⇒ 62.5 g * 56.8/100 = 35.5 g Cl = 1 mol Cl
Thus the molecular formula is C₂H₃Cl
With respect to energy, which is not necessarily a goal of chemistry ?
finding ways to produce energy
finding ways to conserve energy
finding ways to store energy
finding ways to use energy
All listed are common goals about energy in chemistry, including producing, conserving, storing, and using energy. However, these aren't the inherent goals of chemistry, which is more focused on the study of substances and their transformations.
Explanation:In the context of energy within the field of chemistry, all of the options you've listed are typical goals: finding ways to produce energy, conserve energy, store energy, and use energy. Chemistry plays a crucial role in these areas, such as in the development of new energy sources or improving energy efficiency. However, these aren't necessarily inherent goals of chemistry. The inherent goal of chemistry is to study the properties, composition, and structure of substances, and the transformations they undergo.
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