A reaction is endothermic if the energy required to break the bonds in the reactants is greater than the energy released when forming the bonds in the products. Conversely, a reaction is exothermic if the energy released when forming the bonds in the products is greater than the energy required to break the bonds in the reactants.
Bond energy is the amount of energy required to break a chemical bond between atoms in a molecule. The concept of bond energy is crucial in understanding the thermodynamics of a chemical reaction, specifically whether a reaction is endothermic or exothermic.
In an exothermic reaction, the total energy of the products is lower than the total energy of the reactants. This means that the energy released when the bonds in the products are formed is greater than the energy absorbed to break the bonds in the reactants. As a result, the reaction releases energy to the surroundings in the form of heat. The overall energy change (H) for an exothermic reaction is negative because the system loses energy to the surroundings.
Mathematically, for an exothermic reaction:
[tex]\[ \text{Energy of reactant bonds} < \text{Energy of product bonds} \][/tex]
[tex]\[ \Delta H = \text{Energy of product bonds} - \text{Energy of reactant bonds} < 0 \][/tex]
In contrast, an endothermic reaction requires an input of energy to proceed because the energy needed to break the bonds in the reactants is greater than the energy released when forming the bonds in the products. The reaction absorbs energy from the surroundings, resulting in a positive H.
For an endothermic reaction:
[tex]\[ \text{Energy of reactant bonds} > \text{Energy of product bonds} \][/tex]
[tex]\[ \Delta H = \text{Energy of product bonds} - \text{Energy of reactant bonds} > 0 \][/tex]
To determine whether a reaction is endothermic or exothermic from bond energies, one would calculate the sum of the bond energies of the reactants and compare it to the sum of the bond energies of the products. If the reactants bond energy is greater, the reaction is endothermic; if the products bond energy is greater, the reaction is exothermic.
In summary, the comparison of the energy required to break bonds in the reactants to the energy released when forming bonds in the products determines whether a reaction is endothermic or exothermic. This concept is fundamental to understanding the energy changes that occur during chemical reactions.
True or false:The nucleus is the largest part of the atom and takes up most space
The nucleus is the central part of the atom that has been constituted of neutrons and protons. It is the largest part of the atom but does not take most space. Thus, the statement is false.
What is an atom?An atom has been the unit that makes the element or the matter. It has been constituted of sub-atomic particles that include electrons, neutrons, and protons. They differ in charge and mass they carry.
The electron is present in the orbitals around the nucleus of the shell, whereas, the protons and neutrons are held together by the nuclear force in the nucleus of the atom. The nucleus is a massive and large part of the atom.
Though it is massive, it does not occupy a large space as it takes up very less space around 0.1% of the atom which is very small as compared to the rest of the nucleus.
Therefore, the statement is false.
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Would extra mass in the crucible cause the "mass of oxygen" to come out too high or too low? Explain.
Assuming that the experiment started with the magnesium and did not combine with oxygen, this extra mass would actually decrease the amount of oxygen. This is because it only artificially increases the original mass. Therefore this actually increases the error.
Answer:
too low
Final answer:
Extra mass in the crucible would cause the calculated mass of oxygen to be too high as it would be included in the total mass measured after reaction, leading to an overestimation of the mass of oxygen.
Explanation:
If extra mass is accidentally included in the crucible during the determination of the mass of oxygen that reacted with another substance, the recorded mass of the oxygen would come out too high. This is because when finding the mass of oxygen, you are typically determining the difference between the mass of the substance before reaction (possibly just the crucible if it's empty) and after it has reacted with the oxygen. If the initial mass is greater due to extra material or residue, this additional mass will falsely inflate the mass of the substance after the reaction, as well as the mass of the oxygen calculated.
For example, in experiments where oxygen combines with another substance in a combustion reaction to form an oxide, any additional mass not accounted for will be mistaken as part of the oxygen mass or the mass of the product. Therefore, to ensure accuracy, the crucible should be clean and contain only the substance intended for reaction.
To correct for this, one must subtract the mass of the crucible and the substance alone from the total mass of the crucible, substance, and any added oxygen after the reaction. This step is critical in obtaining only the mass of the product and thereby the accurate mass of the oxygen.
A material is ductile, conducts electricity, and is magnetic. The material is a _____.
6. The term fungus refers to which of the following? diseases commonly found in nature a type of mold a plant-based parasite a type of vermin found on people and animals
When the solvent is a solid and the solute is a gas, what will the state of the solution be?
What happens when pop the top off a bottle or a can of soda?
Explanation:The soda, or fizzy drink, bubbles, sometimes furiously. The gas was in solution, in equilibrium with the gas above the solution under the stopper. Remove the stopper, and equilibrium must AGAIN be attained. How does this occur? By the bubbling of gas from the solution into the atmosphere.
And thus if you open a can or bottle of fizzy drink, or pop, or beer, or champagne, eventually the drink will go flat.........after all the gas comes out of the solution.
What part of an atom freely moves from one atom to another in a good conductor?
lettie is having a problem in her experiment that she does not know how to solve. in order to move forward, letti needs to be a.creative b.opinionated c.curious d.skeptical
a. creative
hope this helps!
_______ substances are complex molecules that contain carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms.
Answer:
A substance that contains carbon
✔ may be organic or inorganic
. The substance
✔ is organic
if carbon is bonded to hydrogen. The substance
✔ is inorganic
if carbon is not bonded to hydrogen.
Explanation:
What is the formula for Boron TriHydride?
The formula for Boron Trihydride is BH₃.
Boron Trihydride is a chemical compound that is made up of one boron atom and three hydrogen atoms. The boron atom is in the center of the molecule, and the three hydrogen atoms are bonded to the boron atom.
The boron atom has three valence electrons, and the hydrogen atoms each have one valence electron. The valence electrons of the boron atom and the hydrogen atoms are shared to form covalent bonds.
The shape of the boron trihydride molecule is trigonal planar. The three hydrogen atoms are arranged in a plane around the boron atom, and the boron atom is at the center of the plane.
Boron trihydride is a colorless, odorless gas that is flammable. It is used as a precursor to other boron compounds, and it is also used as a fuel in some rocket engines.
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Give the formula for the compound formed when sulfur trioxide reacts with water.
A molecule has a carbon atom that is best described by sp2 hybridization. how many other atoms are connected to this carbon? three one four two
A carbon atom that exhibits sp2 hybridization is connected to three other atoms. This is due to the three regions of electron density surrounding the carbon atom in a trigonal planar arrangement.
Explanation:In sp2 hybridization, the carbon atom is surrounded by three regions of electron density, positioned in a trigonal planar arrangement. This hybridized carbon atom is bonded to three other atoms. This situation can be seen in molecules like ethene (H2C=CH2) in which the carbon atom forms two single bonds with two hydrogen atoms and a double bond with another carbon atom. Therefore, an sp2 hybridized carbon atom is connected to three other atoms.
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If an isotope of oxygen (O) has 1 less neutron, how many electrons does it have?
and
If an isotope of sodium (Na) has 2 extra neutrons, what is it’s atomic weight?
The number of electrons in the isotope of oxygen is eight. The atomic mass of sodium with 2 extra electrons is 25.
What is an isotope?Isotopes are atoms of an element that have the same atomic number but a different atomic mass. Isotopes of an element carry the same number of electrons and protons. The numbers of neutrons in their respective nucleus is different.
For example, the isotope of oxygen is given as oxygen- 16, oxygen - 17, and oxygen-18 they all have eight electrons or protons.
If the number of neutrons in oxygen increase by one, it becomes the isotope of oxygen. As for isotope, the number of electrons is the same. So the electrons in the isotope of oxygen are equal to eight.
The mass number of sodium is 23 and If two extra neutrons are added to it. As we know, the mass number is equal to the sum of protons and neutrons. So atomic weight of the isotope will be equal to 25 i.e.(23 + 2).
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S shown on the periodic table, the greatest number of elements are which
What is the electron configuration of calcium, which has 20 electrons?
The atomic number of calcium is 20. Therefore, the Electronic configuration of calcium is (2,8,8,2).
Calcium:There are 108 elements in a periodic table.In which atomic number of calcium is 20.There are the four shells such as K, L,M and N.First shell can contains 2 electrons.Second shell contains 8 electrons.The maximum capacity of third shell is 18 electrons so only remaining 10 electrons will occupy on it.So, 8 electrons will remain in M shell. and 2 electrons lies in N shell.Therefore, the electronic configuration of calcium is (2,8,8,2).
Therefore, The atomic number of calcium is 20. Therefore, the Electronic configuration of calcium is (2,8,8,2).
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The electron configuration of calcium, which has 20 electrons, is [Ar]4s². This notation indicates that calcium has the same electron configuration as the noble gas argon (Ar) with an additional two electrons in the 4s orbital.
The electron configuration of an atom describes the distribution of its electrons among the orbitals. For calcium, which has 20 electrons, the electron configuration can be written using the Aufbau principle where electrons fill from lower to higher energy orbitals. Calcium (Ca) with an atomic number 20 has the following electron configuration:
[Ar]4s²
Here's how the configuration is built up step by step:
Fill the 1s orbital: 1s²Proceed to 2s and 2p orbitals: 2s²2p&sup6;Continue to 3s and 3p orbitals: 3s²3p&sup6;Lastly, add the electrons to the 4s orbital: 4s²The symbols [He], [Ar], etc., represent the noble gas core configurations, which summarize the configurations of the inner, filled shells. For calcium, [Ar] stands for the configuration of argon, signifying that Ca has the same inner shell configuration as Ar plus two additional electrons in the 4s orbital. This shorthand notation is used for convenience to avoid writing out the full electron configuration every time.