Bradley decides one day to run a marathon without any training. After ten minutes has elapsed and Bradley has run half a mile, he begins to get cramps in his thighs. He is also breathing very rapidly. What is causing the cramps on Bradley's legs?

Final answer:

The facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) is the mixed cranial nerve that is associated with the geniculate sensory ganglia, and it is responsible for various sensory and motor functions related to facial expressions and taste.

Explanation:

The mixed cranial nerve associated with the geniculate sensory ganglia is the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII). The geniculate ganglion houses sensory neurons that convey taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and also carry sensory fibers from parts of the ear and palate. The facial nerve is responsible for both sensory and motor functions including facial expressions, taste, salivation, and the secretion of tears.

Answer: Option C

Explanation:

The plants has the ability to survive on its own. It can itself release carbon dioxide into the closed system and use the carbon dioxide for the process of photosynthesis.

The snails in the aquarium plays a major role in the releasing carbon dioxide and cleaning the aquarium.

The ability of the plant to perform photosynthesis needs carbon dioxide and water and releases oxygen in atmosphere. Without snails also the plants will be able to survive on their own.

The plant would die from lack of glucose, if you removed all the snails from the aquarium, hence option A is correct.

Some plants will also take ammonia, and water plants will absorb carbon dioxide for photosynthesis (as a source of nitrogen for growth). Through specialized organs like gills, aquatic species like fish and snails directly collect oxygen from the air and emit carbon dioxide into the water.

To survive, the snail must breathe oxygen, the oxygen dissolved in the water is breathed by the snail.

The oxygen generated by the aquatic plants in the aquarium is the only source of oxygen available to replenish the oxygen the snail devoured because the aquarium is a tiny biome.

Therefore, photosynthesis is the mechanism through which plants make oxygen, plant would die from lack of glucose, hence option A is correct.

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Cachexia is a loss of weight, muscle atrophy, extreme fatigue and loss of appetite in people that are not trying to loss weight. Is seen in people with end-stage cancer, advanced stages of chronic kidney disease, cystic fibrosis, multiple sclerosis, parkinson's disease and AIDS.

No, all cells do not complete the cell cycle in the same amount of time.

The cell cycle may be defined as the entire sequence of events happening from the end of one nuclear division to the beginning of the next.

Due to the existence of different types of cells in the organisms, each class of cell takes a specific duration of time period to accomplish the cell cycle.

Some of the fastest-growing cells such as skin cells, hair cells, bone marrow blood cells, and intestinal cells rapidly complete the cell cycle, while some slowest-growing cells like neurons take a much longer time to complete the cell cycle.

Therefore, it is well described above.

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Final answer:

Cells do not all complete the cell cycle in the same amount of time; the length can be highly variable depending on internal and external factors, the cell type, and the organism's stage of development.

Explanation:

No, all cells do not complete the cell cycle in the same amount of time. The length of the cell cycle is highly variable even within the cells of a single organism due to factors internal and external to the cell. Fast-dividing mammalian cells grown in culture generally have a cycle of about 24 hours, with different phases such as the G1 phase lasting approximately nine hours, the S phase lasting 10 hours, the G2 phase about four and one-half hours, and the M phase around one-half hour. By contrast, in the early embryos of fruit flies, the cell cycle can be completed in as little as eight minutes.

Cell cycle length varies with the cell type and the organism. For example, certain cells like embryonic cells or epithelial cells have a rapid turnover and short cell cycles, whereas other specialized cells like cortical neurons or cardiac muscle cells may never divide after they have matured, residing in what is known as the G0 phase for the duration of the organism's life.

Furthermore, various external events can regulate the cell cycle, such as the death of nearby cells or the presence of growth-promoting hormones like human growth hormone (HGH), the cell's size, and crowding of cells which can inhibit cell division. Therefore, the fraction of cells with replicated genes (such as GENEA or GENEB mentioned in the student's question) will depend on the timing of their replication during the S phase and the length of that specific phase.

Answer:

One species can gradually change into another species.

Explanation:

A pex

The trait in question is most likely autosomal dominant as it appears in every generation, affects males and females equally, and when one parent is affected, about half of the offspring are affected.

If you are examining a human pedigree and notice that the trait appears in every generation, is equally likely to occur in males and females, and, when one parent is affected, about half of his or her offspring are affected, these characteristics suggest that the trait is most likely inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion.

With autosomal dominant inheritance, you would expect to see the trait in every generation, as it takes only one copy of the dominant allele to express the trait. Both sexes are equally likely to be affected because the trait is not linked to the X or Y chromosomes, and typically, if one parent is affected and the other is not, approximately half of the offspring would display the trait.

This differs from X-linked recessive traits, which tend to appear more frequently in males than females, because males have only one X chromosome. Moreover, these traits would not necessarily appear in every generation, particularly if the trait is being carried by heterozygous females who do not express the phenotype.

An individual with the genotype aabb can produce two types of gametes: ab and ab.

An individual with the genotype aabb can produce two types of gametes: ab and ab. This is because, during meiosis, the alleles for each gene separate independently, leading to the formation of different combinations of alleles in the gametes. The individual with the genotype aabb can only produce one type of gamete, which is ab. This is because the individual is homozygous for both genes 'a' and 'b'. In gamete production, also known as meiosis, the pairs separate so each gamete carries only one allele for each gene. Since the individual in question only has one type of allele for each gene, only one type of gamete can be produced.

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The correct answer is option D, that is, large genetic diversity.  

The total number of genetic features in the genetic makeup of a species is known as genetic diversity. It is different from genetic variability, which illustrates the capacity of the genetic features to differ.  

Genetic diversity can be a result of mutation, random fertilization, random mating, and recombination among the homologous chromosomes at the time of meiosis. It functions as a way for the populations to amend with the modifying environments. Therefore, it should not result in the decline of a population.  

Answer:  the " blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test " .

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Final answer:

Venus has the densest atmosphere in the inner solar system, composed primarily of carbon dioxide, which leads to high surface pressure and temperatures.

Explanation:

In the inner solar system, the body with the densest atmosphere is Venus. Despite the massive sizes and deep atmospheres of the gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn, their atmospheres are composed chiefly of light gases such as hydrogen and helium, with Jupiter having the most massive among them. Venus, on the other hand, has a very thick and dense atmosphere composed predominantly of carbon dioxide, with a surface pressure about 92 times that of Earth's. The dense atmosphere of Venus creates a runaway greenhouse effect, leading to exceedingly high surface temperatures

A molecule with the chemical formula C6H12O6 is most likely glucose, a simple sugar. However, due to structural isomerism, other sugars like fructose and galactose also have the same molecular formula.

A molecule with the chemical formula C6H12O6 is most likely a form of glucose, a simple sugar. Glucose is a monosaccharide, a basic unit of carbohydrates. Its molecular formula also represents other sugars like fructose and galactose due to structural isomerism. Even though they share the same molecular formula, the arrangement of their atoms is different. Such substances are called isomers.

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Final answer:

The shallow depression between the folds on the brain's surface is called a sulcus, and these grooves, along with ridges called gyri, increase the brain's surface area.

Explanation:

The shallow depression between folds on the surface of the brain is called a sulcus. The cerebral cortex is characterized by its distinctive pattern of raised ridges called gyri (singular: gyrus) and grooves known as sulci (singular: sulcus). These features help to increase the surface area of the brain, which allows for more gray matter to fit within the cranial cavity. Large sulci are sometimes referred to as fissures, with the most prominent being the longitudinal fissure that divides the brain into the left and right hemispheres. These patterns of folds (gyri) and grooves (sulci) are similar in everyone's brain, as they develop during embryonic growth. Using these landmarks, the cerebral cortex can be divided into major functional regions or lobes.

The principle of population biology in question is the concept of limiting factors, specifically density-independent factors that include abiotic factors like temperature and water, affecting population growth irrespective of its density. The principle of population biology that states "too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit or prevent population growth" refers to the concept of limiting factors. Within the two major types of limiting factors, the one specifically addressing abiotic factors is known as density-independent factors. These factors include environmental elements like temperature, water, light, and nutrients, which can impact population growth regardless of the population's density. Conversely, density-dependent factors are often biological and impact population size in relation to the population's density, affecting birth and death rates through phenomena such as competition, disease, and predation.

As populations grow, they often reach a point where resource scarcity becomes an issue. When an abiotic factor is outside of an organism's range of tolerance, it can be detrimental to the population's growth; this range includes an optimum range where the population thrives. If the abiotic factor falls below or rises above the tolerance limits, population decline can occur as individuals fail to survive in those conditions. As a result, ecologists and conservationists consider these factors essential for managing populations and ecosystems.

Final answer:

The probability of parents with genotype combinations Ff and FF having an FF offspring is 50%, considering the Ff parent has a 50% chance of contributing an F allele and the FF parent will always contribute an F allele.

Explanation:

The question is asking about the probability that two parents with allele combinations Ff (heterozygous) and FF (homozygous dominant) will have an offspring with the genotype FF. To determine this, we can set up a Punnett square. The Ff parent can contribute an F allele or an f allele, each with a probability of 50%. The FF parent will always contribute an F allele since both alleles are F.

When we cross these two parents, the potential offspring's genotypes that can be produced are: FF (when the Ff parent contributes the F allele) or Ff (when the Ff parent contributes the f allele). Therefore, the probability of an FF offspring from this cross is 50%, as only one out of the two possible allele combinations from the Ff parent could result in FF (the other combination Ff would not be homozygous dominant).

So, the correct answer to the question is: 50%.