Chromatography Portfolio

5. What evidence is there that marker ink is a mixture?
6. Each compound in the marker ink is represented by a color. Did one compound travel farther than others? Explain why you think that this is the case.
7. Did the compounds travel farther in water or isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol)? Explain why you think that this is the case.
8. How could you improve upon the accuracy of your R[f] measurements?

The total combined mass of carbon dioxide and water produced from the combustion of 22 kg of gasoline is 198 kg.

The total combined mass of carbon dioxide and water produced can be calculated by balancing the chemical equation of the combustion of gasoline and determining the molar ratios. From the given information, when 22 kg of gasoline burns, 86 kg of oxygen is consumed. Using the balanced equation, we can calculate the molar ratio between gasoline and carbon dioxide and water as follows:

2 mol of gasoline produces 8 mol of carbon dioxide and 10 mol of water.

Therefore, the total combined mass of carbon dioxide and water produced is 8/2 * 22 kg = 88 kg of carbon dioxide and 10/2 * 22 kg = 110 kg of water. So, the total combined mass of carbon dioxide and water produced is 88 + 110 = 198 kg.

To determine the grams of solid precipitate formed, calculate the moles of each reactant, and then use stoichiometry to calculate the moles and mass of the solid precipitate.

To determine the grams of solid precipitate formed, we need to first write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction:
Hg2(CH3COO)2 + Na2Cr2O7 → Hg2Cr2O7 + 2NaCH3COO

Next, calculate the moles of each reactant:
Moles of Hg2(CH3COO)2 = 16.38 g / (2 * molar mass of Hg2(CH3COO)2)
Moles of Na2Cr2O7 = 5.102 g / (2 * molar mass of Na2Cr2O7)

Finally, using the stoichiometry of the balanced equation, calculate the moles of solid precipitate formed:
Moles of Hg2Cr2O7 = Moles of Hg2(CH3COO)2 * (1 mole of Hg2Cr2O7 / 1 mole of Hg2(CH3COO)2)

Finally, convert moles of solid precipitate to grams:
Mass of Hg2Cr2O7 = Moles of Hg2Cr2O7 * molar mass of Hg2Cr2O7

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Answer:

[tex]C= 44.12%[/tex] % of C

Explanation:

Hi, the empirical formula of the pentaerythritol is {tex]C_5H_{12}O_4[/tex]

The molecular weights are:

[tex]M_C=12 g/mol[/tex]

[tex]M_H=1 g/mol[/tex]

[tex]M_O=16 g/mol[/tex]

Due to the empirical formula in 1 mol of pentaerythritol you have 5 mol of C, 12 mol of H and 4 mol O

Taking a calculation base of 1 mol:

[tex]m_C=12 g/mol*5mol[/tex]

[tex]m_C=60 g[/tex]

[tex]m_H=1 g/mol*12mol[/tex]

[tex]m_H=12 g[/tex]

[tex]m_O=16 g/mol*4mol[/tex]

[tex]m_O=64 g[/tex]

The total weight will be:

[tex]m_{tot}=64 g +12 g +60 g= 136 gl[/tex]

The C%:

[tex]C= \frac{m_C}{m_{tot}}*100%[/tex]

[tex]C= \frac{60g}{136g}*100%[/tex]

[tex]C= 44.12%[/tex]

To calculate the volume in milliliters of glycerin with a mass of 0.75 lbs, first convert the mass to kilograms, then use the specific gravity of glycerin (1.26) to find its density and divide the mass by this density to get the volume, which is then converted from cubic meters to milliliters.

To calculate the volume of glycerin in milliliters with a mass of 0.75 lbs, we need to use the specific gravity and the relationship between mass, density, and volume. The specific gravity of glycerin is given as 1.26, which means glycerin is 1.26 times denser than water at the same temperature and pressure. The density of water is approximately 1 g/cm³ or 1000 kg/m³.

To find the density of glycerin, we multiply the specific gravity by the density of water: density of glycerin = 1.26 x 1000 kg/m³ = 1260 kg/m³.

Next, we need to convert 0.75 pounds to kilograms, knowing that 1 pound is equivalent to 0.453592 kilograms. Therefore, the mass of glycerin is 0.75 lbs x 0.453592 kg/lbs = 0.340194 kg.

To find the volume in cubic meters, we divide the mass by the density: volume of glycerin = 0.340194 kg / 1260 kg/m³ = 0.00027015 m³.

Finally, to convert cubic meters to milliliters, we use the conversion factor that 1 m³ is equal to 1,000,000 milliliters, resulting in a volume of glycerin of about: 0.00027015 m³ x 1,000,000 mL/m³ = 270.15 mL of glycerin.

The student's experiment involves applying gravimetric analysis to a mixture of nahco3 and na2co3 by measuring weight change after the application of a drying agent. The weight loss represents the moisture (water) content in the sample. An example of another gravimetric analysis method is the precipitation reaction where the weight of precipitate helps understand the concentration of analyte.

The student's experiment to determine the composition of a mixture of nahco3 and na2co3 is a classic application of gravimetric analysis. In such a procedure, the composition of a mixture can be discovered by measuring the weight change of a sample when it undergoes a chemical reaction or a physical change.

In this specific case, the student is using a drying agent to measure the amount of water (moisture) present in a sample. The initial mass of the sample is taken (including the mixture and water weight). The drying agent then effectively removes the water from the sample. The post-drying mass of the sample is then taken, and the difference of weight is calculated. This difference presents the water content of the mixture.

In the context of gravimetric analysis, another example is the precipitation reaction. A solid mixture containing MgSO4 is dissolved in water and treated with an excess of Ba(NO3)2, resulting in the precipitation of BaSO4. The weight of the precipitate gives an idea about the amount of analyte in the initial mixture.

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Final answer:

The energy required to heat water for a 10-minute shower, which is 2.2125 kJ, is approximately 529 calories when converted from kilojoules to calories using the conversion factor 1 calorie = 4.184 joules.

Explanation:

The student asked how much energy in calories is required to heat water for a 10-minute shower, given that it takes 2.2125 kJ of energy to heat 50 gallons of water. To convert this energy from kilojoules (kJ) to calories, we use the conversion factor 1 calorie = 4.184 joules. Since 1 kJ = 1000 joules, the calculation is 2.2125 kJ × 1000 joules/kJ × (1 calorie/4.184 joules). Performing this calculation gives us approximately 529 calories.

To clarify the process:

Multiply the amount of energy in kJ by 1000 to convert it to joules.

Divide the result by 4.184 to convert joules to calories.

Therefore, the amount of energy required to heat water for a 10-minute shower in calories is approximately 529 calories.

To find the mass of lithium in a 1.00-g dose of lithium carbonate, which contains 18.8% lithium, you multiply 0.188 by 1.00 g, resulting in 0.188 g of lithium.

The mass of lithium present in a 1.00-g dose of lithium carbonate can be calculated by understanding that lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) contains 18.8% lithium by mass. To find the mass of lithium in a 1.00-g dose, we simply take 18.8% of 1.00 g.

To find the mass of lithium, multiply:

0.188 (the decimal equivalent of 18.8%) by 1.00 g of lithium carbonate.

Therefore, the mass of lithium in a 1.00-g dose of lithium carbonate is:

0.188 × 1.00 g = 0.188 g of lithium.

Isopentane is a branched-chain alkane with unique properties compared to pentane and neopentane.

Isopentane is a branched-chain alkane with the molecular formula C5H12. It is one of the isomers of pentane, along with neopentane. These isomers have different properties, such as boiling points: pentane (36.1°C), isopentane (27.7°C), and neopentane (9.5°C).

Answer:

[tex]atomsFe=8.49x10^{24}atomsFe[/tex]

Explanation:

Hello,

To find the required atoms, we proceed to develop the following mole-mass-atom relationship:

[tex]atomsFe=787gFe*\frac{1molFe}{55.845gFe}*\frac{6.022x10^{23}atomsFe}{1molFe}\\atomsFe=8.49x10^{24}atomsFe[/tex]

Best regards.

Answer:

The answer for this question would be B. Both feed into other bodies of water.

Answer:

decrease the room temperature by 26°F

F=95(K−273)+32 .

FeCl2, or iron(II) chloride, is a strong electrolyte, while HF, or hydrofluoric acid, is a weak electrolyte.

To classify the compounds FeCl2 and HF as strong electrolytes, weak electrolytes, or nonelectrolytes, we first need to understand what these terms mean. An electrolyte is a substance that produces an electrically conducting solution when dissolved in water based on its ability to dissociate into ions.

FeCl2, or iron(II) chloride, is a strong electrolyte. In solution, FeCl2 completely dissociates into iron(II) cations (Fe2+) and chloride anions (Cl-) sustaining an electric current.

HF, or hydrofluoric acid, is a weak electrolyte. This is because it partially dissociates into H+ ions and F- ions in solution, thus conducting electricity less than strong electrolytes.

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FeCl2 is a strong electrolyte because it dissociates completely in water, and HF is a weak electrolyte as it only partially dissociates in water.

The classification of compounds as electrolytes or nonelectrolytes is based on their ability to conduct electricity when dissolved in water. This depends on whether they dissociate into ions in solution. For the compounds FeCl2 and HF:

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The matching compound to an IR spectrum can be determined by comparing the light absorption behaviors of distinct compounds to what is suggested by the spectrum. These behaviors—whether red, orange, yellow, or blue-green—are resultant of specific ligands' influence on their color of coordination complexes.

To determine which compound matches an IR spectrum best, we evaluate the influence of the specific ligands coordinated to the metal center. This influence is on the color of coordination complexes by causing changes in light absorption due to alterations in energy between d orbitals. For example, compounds with strong-field ligands typically present as yellow, orange or red as they absorb higher-energy violet or blue light.

However, compounds with weak-field ligands are often blue-green, blue or indigo as they absorb lower-energy yellow, orange or red light. That's why the iron(II) complex [Fe(H₂O)6]SO4 appears blue-green, while the low-spin iron(II) complex K4[Fe(CN)6] appears pale yellow.

With the understanding of these principles, it's possible that you could identify the compound that matches the IR spectrum best by comparing the light absorption behaviors and corresponding colours of the respective compounds against those suggested by the spectrum.

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Explanation:

Lewis-dot structure : It shows the bonding between the atoms of a molecule and it also shows the unpaired electrons present in the molecule.

In the Lewis-dot structure the valance electrons are shown by 'dot'.

In structure of carbononitridic chloride , chlorine atom is single bonded to carbon where as carbon is bonded by triple bond with nitrogen atom. It is a linear molecule.

Carbononitridic chloride (CNCl) = Cl-C≡N

The Lewis dot structure of carbononitridic chloride is given in an image.

Given 21 grams each of Lithium (Li) and Nitrogen (N2), the maximum mass of Lithium Nitride (Li3N) that can be produced is 52.5 grams.

The chemical reaction between Lithium (Li) and Nitrogen (N2) can be represented as:

6Li + N2 → 2Li3N

From this balanced chemical equation, it is clear that 6 moles of Li react with 1 mole of N2 to produce 2 moles of Li3N. Given that the molar mass of Li is 7 g/mol and that of N2 is 28 g/mol, if we have 21 g each of Li (3 moles) and N2 (0.75 moles), the limiting reactant is N2 because we have fewer moles of N2 compared to Li according to the stoichiometry of the reaction.

Because N2 is our limiting reactant, we can only produce a stoichiometrically equivalent amount of Li3N based on the moles of N2. Thus, for every mole of N2, we produce 2 moles of Li3N. Therefore, if we have 0.75 moles of N2, we could produce 1.5 moles of Li3N. Given that the molar mass of Li3N is 35 g/mol, the maximum mass of Li3N that can be produced is 52.5 g.

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Final answer:

To produce 8.50 grams of O2, you need 25.18 grams of KO2, calculated by using stoichiometry based on the balanced equation 4 KO2 + 2 CO2 → 2 K2CO3 + 3 O2.

Explanation:

To determine the number of grams of KO2 needed to form 8.50 grams of O2, we must first write down the balanced chemical equation and then use stoichiometry to perform the calculations.

The balanced equation for the reaction is:

4 KO2(s) + 2 CO2(g) → 2 K2CO3(s) + 3 O2(g)

First, find the molar mass of O2 and KO2. The molar mass of O2 is approximately 32.00 g/mol, and for KO2, it is approximately 71.10 g/mol.

Then, determine how many moles of O2 are produced from the given mass:

Using the balanced equation, calculate the moles of KO2 needed to produce 0.2656 mol of O2:

Finally, convert moles of KO2 to grams:

Therefore, 25.18 grams of KO2 are needed to form 8.50 grams of O2.

There are few elements that can form 12 electron rather than the usual 8. Therefore these are the possible answers:

Sulfur = 2Na + S --> Na2S 
Selenium = 2Na + Se --> Na2Se 
Tellurium = 2Na + Te --> Na2Te

The element in question is sulfur(S).

Rubidium belongs to group 1 in the periodic table. It is an alkali metal hence it has a valency of 1. An element that could form a compound of the formula Rb2X must be a group 16 element. The elements of group 16 has a valency of 2.

Among the options, the only element of group 16 listed is sulfur(S). Sulfur is capable of expanding its octet and accommodating up to 12 electrons. Hence, the element in question is sulfur(S).

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An unknown element, X, reacts with rubidium to form the compound Rb2X  . In other compounds this element also can accommodate up to 12 electrons rather than the usual octet. What element could X be?

A. Mg

B. O

C. Cl

D. S

The balanced chemical equation for the complete combustion of propane (C3H8) is: C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) → 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(g). This shows propane reacting with oxygen to yield carbon dioxide and water, an example of complete combustion.

The complete combustion of propane (C3H8) involves the reaction between propane and oxygen (O2) to yield carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). The balanced equation for this chemical reaction, with states of matter, is: C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) → 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(g). This equation shows that one propane molecule reacts with five oxygen molecules to produce three carbon dioxide molecules and four water molecules. This reaction is a common example of complete combustion, in which the fuel fully burns in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. If there isn't enough oxygen for complete combustion, incomplete combustion occurs, generating carbon monoxide (an extremely poisonous gas) and/or soot (unburned carbon particles).

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From the parameters given:

For a standard apple, the potassium content = 159 mg

To determine the potassium content(in grams) in 4.82 kg of apples;

Then, we need to consider the conversion factors;

Recall that:

1 kg = 2.2 lbs

∴

4.82 kg will be =[tex]\mathbf{\dfrac{( 4.82 \ kg \times 2.2 \ lbs)}{1 \ \ kg}}[/tex]

4.82 kg will be = 10.604 lbs

However, Since there are three apples, then the potassium content in the apples will be:

= 3 apples/lb × 10.604 lbs

= 31.812 apples

Now, if the potassium content of a single standard apple = 159 mg

Thus, for 31.812 apples, we have the potassium content to be:

= 31.812 × 159 mg

= 5058.108 mg

We know that:

1 milligram(mg) = 0.001  gram(g)

5058.108 mg will be equal to:

[tex]\mathbf{= \dfrac{5058.108 \ mg \times 0.001 \ g}{1 mg}}[/tex]

= 5058.108 × 0.001 g

≅ 5.058 g

Therefore, we can conclude that the number of grams in 4.82 kg of apples is 5.058 g

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Answer: Melting point.

Explanation:

The melting point of wax is very low which makes it suitable for making sculptures. It needs molding, cutting and melting of wax to make a sculpture.

such kind of modification in the wax is done by melting it at low temperature. More heat and effort is not required with wax as compared to other substances.

The wax cools down very easily after melting, it is hard when cools down and soft when heated to make the proper shape. All these properties makes the wax more suitable for making sculptures.

"The correct answer is A. Sediments.

Weathering is the process by which rocks are broken down into smaller particles and altered chemically by the action of water, wind, and temperature changes. This process occurs in situ, meaning it happens where the rock is located, without any transport of the material. The products of weathering include soil, ions in solution, and small particles known as sediments. These sediments can be transported by agents such as water, wind, ice, or gravity to other locations where they may eventually form sedimentary rocks.

Let's consider the other options:

B. Ash - Ash is typically the product of volcanic eruptions and is composed of fragmented rock and glass particles that are ejected into the atmosphere during an eruption. It is not formed by weathering.

C. Minerals - Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with a definite chemical composition and crystal structure. They are the building blocks of rocks and can be altered by weathering, but they are not created by the weathering process itself.

D. Magma - Magma is molten rock that is found beneath the Earth's surface. It can contain crystals, dissolved gases, and sometimes even bits of solid rock. Magma is formed by the melting of existing rock within the Earth's mantle or crust, not by weathering.

Therefore, the most accurate answer to the question of which is made by weathering is A. Sediments."