Dalton's atomic theory explained the observation that the percentage by mass of the elements in a compound is always the same, thus dalton's atomic theory supports what law?
a. the law of definite composition
b. the law of conservation of mass
c. the law of conservation of energy
d. the law of multiple proportions
e. the law of chemical compounds

The most abundant isotope of hydrogen is hydrogen-1, also known as protium, which accounts for over 99.98% of naturally occurring hydrogen, because its mass is closest to hydrogen's average atomic mass on the periodic table.

The most abundant isotope of hydrogen is hydrogen-1 (protium, 1H), which has one proton and no neutrons. This abundance is reflected in the atomic mass of hydrogen on the periodic table, which is approximately 1.008 amu. Since hydrogen-1 is closest to this average atomic mass, it is the most prevalent isotope. Protium represents over 99.98% of naturally occurring hydrogen. In contrast, hydrogen-2 (deuterium, 2H) with one neutron, and hydrogen-3 (tritium, 3H) with two neutrons, are much rarer. Deuterium occurs about 1 in every 10,000 hydrogen atoms, and tritium is even more scarce and is radioactive.

The valence electron configuration for antimony (Sb) is:

Sb = 5s²5p³5d⁰

In SbCl₅²⁻, antimony has a -2 charge i.e. it has 2 additional electrons

Sb²⁻ = 5s²5p⁵5d⁰

Following a two electron transition from p→d orbital we have:

Sb²⁻ = 5s²5p³5d²

There is a total of 5 unpaired electrons (3 in the p and 2 in the d) which can form five bonds with the 5 Cl atoms.

Thus the hybridisation of Sb in SbCl₅²⁻ is sp³d²

The hybridization of [tex]{\text{SbCl}}_5^{2 - }[/tex] is [tex]\boxed{{\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^3}{{\text{d}}^2}}[/tex]. Antimony (Sb) can accept 12 electrons.

Further Explanation:

Prediction of hybridization:

The hybridization can be determined by calculating the number of hybrid orbitals (X) which is formed by the atom. The formula to calculate the number of hybrid orbitals (X) is as follows:

[tex]\boxed{{\text{X = }}\frac{1}{2}\left[ {{\text{VE}} + {\text{MA}} - c + a} \right]}[/tex]

Where,

Note: In MA only monovalent species should be considered and for divalent atoms or groups MA is equal to zero.

Generally, the least electronegative atom is considered as the central atom. Calculate the hybridization as follows:

1. If the value of X is 2 then it means two hybrid orbitals are to be formed and thus the hybridization is sp.

2. If the value of X is 3 then it means three hybrid orbitals are to be formed and thus the hybridization is [tex]s{p^2}[/tex].

3. If the value of X is 4 then it means four hybrid orbitals are to be formed and thus the hybridization is [tex]s{p^3}[/tex].

4. If the value of X is 5 then it means five hybrid orbitals are to be formed and thus the hybridization is [tex]s{p^3}d[/tex].

5. If the value of X is 6 then it means six hybrid orbitals are to be formed and thus the hybridization is [tex]s{p^3}{d^2}[/tex].

The ground state electronic configuration for antimony (Sb) is [tex]\left[ {{\text{Kr}}} \right]{\text{ }}4{d^{10}}5{s^2}5{p^3}[/tex]

Therefore, the valence electrons associated with antimony (Sb) atom are 5.

Since chlorine is a monovalent atom thus the total number of monovalent atoms surrounding the central atom (MA) is 5.  

Since the molecule is an anionic species and has -2 charge thus the value of a is 2.

Substitute these values in the above formula.

[tex]\begin{aligned}{\text{X}}&=\frac{1}{2}\left[{{\text{VE}}+{\text{MA}}-c+a}\right]\\&=\frac{1}{2}\left[{{\text{5}}+{\text{5}}-0+2}\right]\\&=\frac{1}{2}\left[{12}\right]\\&=\boxed6\\\end{aligned}[/tex]

Since the value of X is 6, it means 6 hybrid orbitals are to be formed and therefore the hybridization of [tex]{\mathbf{SbCl}}_{\mathbf{5}}^{{\mathbf{2}} - }[/tex] is [tex]{\mathbf{s}}{{\mathbf{p}}^{\mathbf{3}}}{{\mathbf{d}}^{\mathbf{2}}}[/tex].

The formula to calculate total number of valence electrons of [tex]{\mathbf{SbCl}}_{\mathbf{5}}^{{\mathbf{2}} - }[/tex] is as follows:

Total valence electrons= [(1) (Valence electrons of Sb) + (5) (Valence electrons of Cl) + Negative charge]

[tex]\begin{aligned} {\text{Total valence electrons}}\left({{\text{TVE}}}\right)&=\left[{\left({\text{1}}\right)\left({\text{5}}\right)+\left({\text{5}}\right)\left({\text{7}}\right)+\left(2\right)}\right]\\&=42\\\end{aligned}[/tex]

According to the Lewis structure of [tex]{\text{SbCl}}_{\text{5}}^{2 - }[/tex] ( refer to the image attached) central atom, Sb has an expanded valence shell in which 12 electrons are present. Therefore, Antimony (Sb) can accept 12 electrons.

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Answer details:

Grade: Senior School

Subject: Chemistry

Chapter: Covalent bonding and molecular structure

Keywords: Hybridization, antimony, geometry, sp3d2, steric number, 6,d orbital, SbCl52-, Lewis structure, hybridization of SbCl52-, central atom, chlorine, shape, d2sp3, total valence charge.

A substance that decreases hydrogen ion concentration and increases pH when dissolved in water is known as a base, which can provide hydroxide ions to combine with hydrogen ions, increasing the pH.

A substance that decreases H+ concentration and increases pH when it dissociates in water is called a base. Bases can be substances that provide hydroxide ions (OH-) or other negatively charged ions that readily combine with hydrogen ions, which leads to a decrease in the aqueous hydronium concentration and as a result, increases the pH of the solution. This process often involves hydroxide ions binding to free hydrogen ions, forming new water molecules, and thereby raising the pH.

Mathematically, pH is expressed as pH = -log10 [H+], where a high concentration of hydrogen ions yields a low pH number, and conversely, a low concentration of hydrogen ions results in a high pH. The concept of pH is central to understanding acid-base chemistry and the behavior of substances in solution.

A scientific law is a concise statement describing how the things act in natural world. The scientific laws are universal and and not falsifiable up to greater extend. Hence, option 4 is correct.

Scientific laws are scientific statements that describes a natural phenomenon or how nature works under a set of conditions. Unlike theories scientific laws are very concise and clear cut statement without more explanations.

Scientific laws are universal and must be in a harmony in between other laws. They can be proved by scientific experiments but cannot be falsifiable up to an extend.

A scientific law can be represented by a simple mathematical expression or a sentence. They clearly states how things act on the natural world. They are should be forwarded by observable evidence and scientific experiments. Hence, option 4 is correct.

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Water is a polar molecule because it has a dipole moment with one end having a slight positive charge and the other a negative charge due to uneven distribution of electron density. This polarity leads to water's unique properties including its solvent capabilities, high boiling point, and its ability to form hydrogen bonds.

When we say that water is a polar molecule, it means that it has a dipole moment where one end of the molecule has a slight positive charge and the other end has a slight negative charge. This is due to the uneven distribution of electron density as oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, causing the hydrogen atoms to carry a slight positive charge and the oxygen atom to carry a slight negative charge. This polarity results in water's unique properties such as its ability to dissolve many substances (its solvent capabilities), its high boiling point, and its ability to form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules.

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3.8 km/sec is equivalent to approximately 74,649,628.96 miles/year.

3.8 km/sec will be converted to miles/year using the formulas below: Convert km/sec to km/hour in step one.We must multiply km/sec by 3600 (the number of seconds in an hour) in order to translate km/sec to km/hour.3.8 km/sec divided by 3600 equals 13680 km/h.

Step 2: Convert from km/h to mi/h.

We must divide km/hour by 1.609344 (the number of kilometres in a mile) to convert km/hour to miles/hour.8508.856 miles per hour (13680 km/h x 1.609344)3. Convert miles per hour to miles per year.

We must multiply miles/hour by 8760 (the number of hours in a year) in order to convert miles/hour to miles/year.8760 divided by 8508.856 equals 74649628.96 miles per year.3.8 km/sec is therefore comparable to roughly 74,649,628.96 miles per year.

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Answer: The mass of magnesium chloride produced in the given reaction is 16.09 grams.

Explanation:

We are given:

Moles of magnesium = 3.38 mol

Moles of hydrochloric acid = 3.38 mol

The chemical equation for the reaction of magnesium and hydrochloric acid follows:

[tex]Mg+2HCl\rightarrow MgCl_2+H_2[/tex]

By Stoichiometry of the reaction:

2 moles of hydrochloric acid reacts with 1 mole of magnesium.

So, 3.38 moles of hydrochloric acid will react with = [tex]\frac{1}{2}\times 3.38=1.69mol[/tex] of magnesium.

As, given amount of magnesium is more than the required amount. So, it is considered as an excess reagent.

Thus, hydrochloric acid is considered as a limiting reagent because it limits the formation of product.

By Stoichiometry of the reaction:

2 moles of hydrochloric acid is producing 1 mole of magnesium chloride.

So, 3.38 moles of hydrochloric acid will react with = [tex]\frac{1}{2}\times 3.38=0.169moles[/tex] of magnesium chloride.

Now, calculating the mass of magnesium chloride by using equation:

[tex]\text{Number of moles}=\frac{\text{Given mass}}{\text{Molar mass}}[/tex]

Molar mass of magnesium chloride = 95.21 g/mol

Moles of magnesium chloride = 0.169 moles

Putting values in above equation, we get:

[tex]0.169mol=\frac{\text{Mass of magnesium chloride}}{95.21g/mol}\\\\\text{Mass of magnesium chloride}=16.09g[/tex]

Hence, the mass of magnesium chloride produced in the given reaction is 16.09 grams.

Answer: Option (c) is the correct answer.

Explanation:

A fat is defined as a substance which is highly soluble in organic solvents but it is largely insoluble in water.

These molecules are less soluble in water because it contains three non-polar fatty acids and no polar or charged head like a phospholipid has.

On the other hand, a phospholipid molecule contains a hydrophilic head that is highly soluble in water.

Hence, due to the presence of hydrophilic group a phospholipid is soluble in water.

Thus, we can conclude that a fat molecule is less soluble in water because it has three non-polar fatty acids and no polar or charged head like a phospholipid has.

An atom of boron contains five electrons. The first shell is filled with 2 electrons and the second shell will hold the remaining 3 electrons. The fifth electron will occupy a 2p orbital.

An atom of boron with atomic number 5 contains five electrons. The first shell, n = 1, is filled with 2 electrons, and the second shell, n = 2, can hold up to 8 electrons. Since boron only has 5 electrons, 3 electrons will occupy the n = 2 shell. The fifth electron will then occupy the next energy level, which is a 2p orbital.

There are three degenerate 2p orbitals with magnetic quantum numbers m₁ = −1, 0, +1. The electron can occupy any one of these p orbitals. When drawing an orbital diagram, we include empty boxes to represent the p orbitals in the same subshell that we are filling.

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Answer:

compond

Explanation:

Final answer:

When water is heated, its volume increases. For every 1°C increase in temperature, the volume of water increases by about 0.00021 liters. Therefore, when a liter of water is heated from 20°C to 50°C, its volume will increase by approximately 6.3 milliliters.

Explanation:

When water is heated, it expands and its volume increases. This is because the molecules in the water gain energy and start moving faster, causing the spaces between them to increase.

In this case, when a liter of water is heated from 20°C to 50°C, its volume will increase. The exact amount of increase in volume can be calculated using the coefficient of thermal expansion of water, which is approximately 0.00021 per degree Celsius.

This means that for every 1°C increase in temperature, the volume of water will increase by about 0.00021 liters. So, for a 30°C increase in temperature (from 20°C to 50°C), the volume of water will increase by 0.00021 * 30 = 0.0063 liters, or approximately 6.3 milliliters.

In chemistry, the most basic form of matter which can't be broken down further by conventional chemical methods is an element, specifically its atoms. They are represented on the Periodic Table and have a unique number of protons.

In the field of Chemistry, the basic form of matter which cannot be further broken down by traditional chemical methods is known as an element. These elements are represented on the periodic table and include things such as Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Iron. An element's atoms all have the same number of protons, and this is what uniquely defines them. Therefore, when you ask about the most basic form of matter that can't be broken down any further, we are talking about these elements, or more specifically, their atoms.

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Chemical and physical changes are characterized by the formation and conversion of the state of matter. The burning of gasoline is chemical and its evaporation is a physical change.

Physical change has been defined as the alteration of the physical properties of substances that might include volume, size, shape, density, mass, etc. They are reversible and can be converted back to their original state. The evaporation of gasoline involves the conversion of liquid into gas.

On the other hand, chemical change involves the combination, substitution, and deletion of the atoms of the compound to form an irreversible product. The new product formed has different properties. The burning of gasoline produces carbon dioxide and water.

Therefore, the burning of gasoline is a chemical change, whereas evaporation is a physical change.

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Answer: [tex]3CaCO_3(aq)+2Li_3N(aq)\rightarrow Ca_3N_2+3Li_2CO_3[/tex]

Explanation: According to the law of conservation of mass, mass can neither be created nor be destroyed.

The mass of products must be same as that of the mass of reactants. For this the number of atoms of each element must be same on both sides of the arrow. Thus we need to balance the chemical equations.

[tex]3CaCO_3(aq)+2Li_3N(aq)\rightarrow Ca_3N_2+3Li_2CO_3[/tex]

Answer:

Density of Solid A is greater than B

Explanation:

Given:

Mass of Solid A = 2 g

Mass of solid B = 0.5 g

Volume of both solids = 6 cm3

To determine:

Densities of A and B

Calculation:

Density of a substance is the mass occupied by it in unit volume

[tex]Density = \frac{Mass}{Volume}[/tex]

For Solid A:

[tex]Density = \frac{2\ g}{6\ cm3} =0.33\ g/cm3[/tex]

For Solid B :

[tex]Density = \frac{0.5\ g}{6\ cm3} =0.083\ g/cm3[/tex]

Therefore solid A is more dense than solid B