g Analysis of mitochondrial DNA can answer interesting and important questions. For which of the questions would analyzing mitochondrial DNA be futile? Are you my father? I have poor muscle function, is there something wrong with my ability to make lots of ATP? From biological samplings at a crime scene, can we keep this person as our primary suspect? Are you my long-lost brother? Which is more closely related to the great white shark, the tiger shark or the hammerhead shark?

Answer:

a) Tail length shows quantitative mode of inheritance. It is controlled by three pair of genes and each allele contributes a small effect. Length of tail varies according to the cumulative effect shown by all the alleles present. Let the three genes controlling the trait be A,B and C. Dominant allele contributes 5 cm of tail length whereas recessive allele contributes 1 cm of tail length.

Harvey = aabbcc = 1*6 = 6 cm

Erma = AABBCC = 5*6 = 30 cm

When Harvey and Erma mate : AABBCC X aabbbcc : AaBbCc (F1)

AaBbCc = (3*5) + (3*1) = 18 cm

b) AaBbCc ( 18 cm ) X aabbcc ( 6 cm ) = 8 type of offspring will be produced in 1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1 ratio :

abcabc, Abcabc, aBcabc, abCabc, ABcabc, aBCabc, AbCabc, ABCabc

Answer:

Explanation:

since 50% of each genotype was tragically destroyed, the new population will be as follows;

A1A1 = 125, A1A2 = 250, A2A2 = 125

The new genetic frequencies are as follows;

A1A1 = 125/500 = 0.25

A1A2 = 250/500 = 0.50

A2A2 = 125/500 = 0.25

Challenges in measuring ECG signals during exercise include motion artifacts caused by body movement and skin impedance due to perspiration. Also, the placement and number of electrodes used in a standard ECG reading can impact the accuracy of the results.

Several factors present challenges in acquiring accurate ECG readings during exercise. One primary issue stems from the locations of the electrodes used to capture the electrical signals produced by the heart's contractions. As the body is in motion, movement artifacts can affect the quality of the readings, introducing noise that can make interpretation of the results more difficult.

Another potential challenge is the increased likelihood of experiencing skin impedance, or resistance to the electrical current readings when the body is generating more sweat. This issue may interfere with the quality of signal transmission between the skin and the electrode and increase the likelihood of inaccuracies in the ECG readings.

Additionally, the placement of the electrodes may also create difficulties in acquiring accurate ECG readings. Standard ECGs use 3, 5, or 12 leads placed on the chest. The voltage between the right arm and the left leg is often graphed, and the coordination of this potential with arterial blood pressure serves as a functioning monitor. Moreover, continuous ambulatory electrocardiographs utilize a portable Holter monitor that continuously tracks the heart's electrical activity for an extended period.

https://brainly.com/question/28985638

#SPJ12

Answer:

The correct answer will be- widening of the cervical canal to prepare itself for delivery of the child.

Explanation:

The mucus plug is the collection of the thick and acidic substance called mucus produced by the cervix during pregnancy period.  The mucus seals the cervical canal acting as a barrier to microorganism and unwanted infections to protect the uterus carrying a child.

The mucus plug breaks down when the cervical canal prepares itself for the delivery of the child. Thus, mucous breakdown acts as a precursor for the delivery of the child.

Thus, widening of the cervical canal to prepare itself for delivery of the child is the correct answer.

The mucus plug can break and be expelled approximately 1-2 days prior to the onset of true labor. This is known as the 'bloody show' and is a natural sign that labor is approaching.

The mucus plug, which accumulates in the cervical canal during pregnancy, can break and be expelled prior to the onset of true labor. This typically happens approximately 1-2 days before labor begins. The breaking of the mucus plug is often accompanied by a small amount of blood and is known as the 'bloody show.' The loosening and expulsion of the mucus plug is a natural sign that labor is approaching.

https://brainly.com/question/14228938

#SPJ12

The number of new mutations per generation in the entire population of crickets will be about 2.4 million, calculated by multiplying the total number of individuals, the mutation rate, and the total number of base pairs in a diploid genome.

The number of new mutations in a population per generation can be calculated by multiplying the mutation rate per base pair, the total number of base pairs in the diploid genome, and the total number of individuals in the population.

In this case, if the mutation rate is one per 100 million base pairs, and the cricket's diploid genome contains 1.2 billion base pairs, then the number of mutations per individual per generation will be 1.2 billion (base pairs) divided by 100 million (base pairs), which gives a result of 12 mutations per individual per generation.

If there are about 200,000 individual crickets in the population, then the total number of new mutations per generation in the entire population will be 12 (mutations per individual) multiplied by 200,000 (individuals), which yields a total of about 2.4 million mutations. So answer E, 2.4 million, is correct.

https://brainly.com/question/33617928

#SPJ11

Answer:

c. when the phosphate is released and the myosin cross-bridge moves to the right in the animation.

Explanation:

Power stroke refers to the step whereby ADP and phosphate are released from the myosin, allowing the mysoin head to bend.

Answer:

Incorrect

Explanation:

In the bone modelling process, osteoblasts a responsible for bone formation and osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption. In the young adult during growth, the formation of bone exceeds the resorption of bone to maintain bone mass. Therefore,

As we get older, bone formation decreases due to reduction in osteoblastic activity and numbers and bone resorption increases as a result of sex hormone deprivation, this will result in decreased bone mass (osteoporosis). Therefore, osteoclastic activity would have to exceed osteoblastic activity in order or osteoporosis to develop

Answer:

The proper order is as follows-

1) A B cell differentiates from a lymphocyte stem cell, and the mature B cell expresses a specific type of B cell receptor on its cell membrane.

2) Gene expression is altered in the B cell, and the B cell begins to divide.

3) Several rounds of division occur, producing many B cells that all express the same B cell receptor.

4) The B cell's BCR (B cell receptor) binds to a foreign antigen with high specificity and high affinity.

5) Second messenger signaling is activated in the B cell.

The activation process of a B cell by a microbe includes differentiation from a lymphocyte stem cell, antigen binding by the B cell receptor, activation of signaling pathways, alteration of gene expression, and rounds of division producing B cells with identical receptors.

The activation of a B cell by a microbe involves a series of steps which must occur in a specific order for effective immune response. Listing these steps in the correct sequence provides a clear understanding of B cell activation:

These steps are critical for the body's adaptive immune system to mount a specific response against the antigen presented by the microbe. The ultimate goal of these steps is the production of plasma cells and memory B cells that can produce antibodies specific to the antigen and protect the host from future infections by the same pathogen.

Answer:

no clue

Explanation:

Answer:

c. Loud noise

Explanation:

Final answer:

The fear-producing stimulus in the 'Little Albert' study was the loud noise (option c), which was used as the unconditioned stimulus to elicit a natural fear response in the subject.

Explanation:

In the Little Albert study, the fear-producing stimulus used as an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) was the loud noise. Initially, Little Albert was not afraid of a white rat, introduced to him as a neutral stimulus. However, when researchers paired the sight of the white rat with the loud sound of an iron rod being clanged, Albert began to cry. This loud noise functioned as the UCS because it elicited a fear response naturally, without any prior conditioning. After several pairings of the white rat (which became the conditioned stimulus, or CS) with the loud noise (the UCS), Albert began to show fear of the rat by itself. Thus, the UCS in the Little Albert experiment was the loud noise, option c.

Answer:

The correct answer is - positive deviance.

Explanation:

This action of the people is clearly the form of positive deviance. Positive deviance is the action of a certain group or individual in every community whose abnormal or uncommon strategist and behaviors help them to identify the most probable than their peers.

In this scenario, the supporters of Martin Luther King Jr. criticized him for his disobeying the law that is considered as positive deviance.

Thus, the correct answer is - positive deviance.

In today's perspective, Martin Luther King Jr.'s acts of civil disobedience can be viewed as a form of protest against unjust laws and policies.

In today's perspective, Martin Luther King Jr.'s acts of civil disobedience, such as ignoring court orders prohibiting marches and boycotts, are widely viewed as a form of protest against unjust laws and policies. These actions were part of the larger civil rights movement aimed at achieving equality and ending racial discrimination. King and other civil rights leaders believed that standing up against unjust laws was necessary to bring attention to and ultimately change these unfair practices.

During starvation, the body enhances gluconeogenesis, not glycolysis, to maintain blood glucose levels by generating glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.

During periods of starvation, the body enhances gluconeogenesis to generate glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and gluconeogenic amino acids. This pathway is crucial for maintaining blood glucose levels and providing energy, especially to the brain and other organs that rely heavily on glucose. Gluconeogenesis predominantly occurs in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the kidneys and involves converting these precursors back into glucose. This process is particularly vital during starvation or fasting when dietary glucose is not available.

Glycolysis, on the other hand, is the pathway by which glucose is broken down into pyruvate, yielding small amounts of energy. Though both pathways share other enzymes and can conceptually be seen as reverses of each other, they are regulated independently to prevent both pathways from being active simultaneously, a phenomenon known as the 'futile cycle.' Therefore, during starvation, gluconeogenesis is enhanced, not glycolysis.

Answer :a. the polygenic nature of sickle-cell disease

Explanation:

SS is a genetic disorder in which more than two genes control a single character. Contrary to  single gene to a trait. It  exhibit an abnormal clinical heterogeneous traits   for Mendel    inheritance with multiple factors exerting influence on an individual disease outcome. Therefore multiple complications arises with symptoms

Answer:d. the sickle-cell allele can impact many different body systems

Explanation:sickle cell anaemia is the shortage of red blood cells.red bloods cells functions to carry oxygen through out the body aided by the haemoglobin.when however a person has sickle cell anaemia,his red blood cells become abnormal.they are no longer flexible and round ,they become stiff and sickle-shaped.when this changes in the red blood cell occurs,it is no longer flexible to pass through the blood vessels,causing the blockage of the vessels and the red blood cells break apart easily ,causing its shortage in the body.as body organs need oxygen to survive, people with sickle cell anaemia tends to have organ failures,pain crises , infections etc.

Answer:

Sinusoidal and fenestrated .

Explanation:

Capillaries may be defined as the small blood vessels and carries the blood between the venules and the areterioles. These are the smallest blood vessels present in the body.

Sinusodial capillaries are also known by the name of the discontinuous capillaries. These capillaries has large fenestrae and mainly found in liver and bone marrow. Fenestrated capillaries consist of pores in their endothelial cells and has small fenestrae.

Thus, the answer is sinusoidal and fenestrated .

Answer:

Humans eating with utensils is not an inherited behavior.

Explanation: We aren't born knowing how to eat with utensils. This is a skill that we have to be taught, therefore it is a learned behavior.

Inherited behaviors are instinctual and passed down from parents to offspring through genes, while non-inherited behaviors are learned or acquired through experience. Learning to ride a bike, as well as acquiring language, playing an instrument, and solving puzzles are examples of non-inherited behaviors.

Inherited behaviors are those that are passed down from parents to offspring through genes. They are instinctual and do not need to be learned. Non-inherited behaviors, on the other hand, are learned or acquired through experience.

One behavior that is not inherited is learning to ride a bike. Riding a bike is a skill that needs to be learned through practice and instruction, rather than being programmed into our genes.

Other examples of non-inherited behaviors include language acquisition, playing an instrument, and solving puzzles. These behaviors are acquired through learning and practice.

https://brainly.com/question/36443693

#SPJ3

Answer:

When the sun's rays strike Earth's surface near the equator, the incoming solar radiation is more direct (nearly perpendicular or closer to a 90˚ angle). ... At higher latitudes, the angle of solar radiation is smaller, causing energy to be spread over a larger area of the surface and cooler temperatures.

Explanation:

Answer:

At higher latitudes, the angle of solar radiation is smaller

Explanation:

Answer:

D

Explanation:

A. If a genetic disease reduces fertility and the allele that causes the disease offers no other advantage, the allele will likely eventually disappear, due to natural selection.

This is true. If the disease reduces fertility, the likelihood of the affected individual passing it on to children is decreased. If there is no fitness advantage, it will slowly be reduced in the population by chance, because natural selection is not acting positively upon it

B. Natural selection does not favor individuals who are homozygous for the sickle-cell allele, because these individuals typically die before they are old enough to reproduce.

This is true, individuals carrying two copies of the sickle cell allele might be more resistant to malaria, but they also have a range of health problems that often cause early mortality or severely reduced quality of life, cancelling out the beneficial features of this allele.

C. Individuals who are heterozygous HbA/HbS are protected from malaria, and this is why sickle-cell disease persists in wetter, mosquito-ridden regions in Africa.

This is true. Malaria persists in certain regions of Africa because the conditions are favourable for the mosquito that carries the disease. The heterozygous HbA/HbS genotype is prevalent in African population because it protects individuals from malaria, giving them a fitness advantage. Therefore, the natural selection acts positively upon the sickle cell allele in these areas, and over time, it becomes more prevalent

D. In regions where malaria does not occur, individuals who are heterozygous HbA/HbS have a fitness advantage over those who are homozygous for the normal hemoglobin allele (HbA).

This is false. Without the selection pressure of malaria, there is no advantage of having a copy of the sickle cell allele over the normal allele.

In regions where malaria does not occur, individuals who are heterozygous

HbA/HbS have a fitness advantage over those who are hom ozygous for the

normal hemoglobin allele (HbA) is False.

The individuals who have heterozygous HbA/HbS only have an advantage in the aspect of malaria as it makes them less susceptible to the disease.

This is the only advantage it offers and it doesn't offer any special advantage

such as more fitness or increase in fertility.

Individuals with sickle cell die early thereby preventing natural selection as

they are mostly unable to reproduce before death.

Read more on https://brainly.com/question/14315794

Answer:

The correct answer is "selection favors multiple distinct trait values, and similar individuals tend to mate with each other".

Explanation:

A population with a bimodal distribution are groups of organisms with two major traits or "modes", with practically equal amounts of individuals with these two modes. This type of distributions indicate that the population is not homogenous and that more than one trait is favored in the given circumstances. A bimodal distribution is most likely to evolve when selection favors multiple distinct trait values, and similar individuals tend to mate with each other. In this case natural selection favors more than one value, and due to the individuals with one value tend to mate to each other, only two major traits are favored in the population.

Final answer:

Disruptive selection and nonrandom mating are the conditions most likely to result in a bimodal distribution of traits within a population. These conditions can lead to distinct, adapted phenotypes and facilitate speciation.

Explanation:

A bimodal distribution in a population's traits is most likely to evolve when two conditions are met: selection favors multiple distinct trait values, and there is nonrandom mating, where similar individuals preferentially mate with each other. This scenario describes disruptive selection. Disruptive selection can lead to the formation of two distinct phenotypes within a population, each adapted to different environmental niches or conditions. Gene flow and random mating are factors that can prevent disruptive selection from leading to divergent populations; thus, when geographical barriers or mate selectivity are present, they facilitate the establishment of a bimodal distribution.

The new frequency of curved-wing allele in Bill's cockroach population after incorporating cockroaches from Joe's population would be 0.56, assuming no other changes or selective pressures.

To determine the frequency of the curved wing allele after Joe's roaches joined the population in Bill's room, we must first determine the combined frequency of the curved wing allele from both populations. Considering that the allele frequency in Joe's roaches was 0.2 and it made up 10% of the new combined population, and Bill's roaches had a frequency of 0.6 and composed 90% of the population, we can calculate a new overall frequency as follows: (0.6 * 0.9) + (0.2 * 0.1) = 0.54 + 0.02 = 0.56.

So, assuming no other changes or selective pressures, this would be the new frequency of the curved wing allele in Bill's roach population after Joe's roaches joined.

https://brainly.com/question/29766837

#SPJ11

Final answer:

The new frequency of the curved wing allele in Bill's cockroach population after incorporating roaches from Joe's population is 0.56.

Explanation:

To calculate the new frequency of the curved wing allele (cv) in Bill’s cockroach population after the introduction of cockroaches from Joe’s population, we need to account for the change due to the roaches from Joe’s hair.

Initially, Bill’s population had a frequency of 0.6 for the curved wing allele. Joe’s had a frequency of 0.2. After 10% of Bill's population is replaced by Joe's cockroaches, the new frequency (pnew) of the curved wing allele in Bill’s population can be calculated as:

pnew = (0.9 × Bill’s original frequency) + (0.1 × Joe’s frequency)

pnew = (0.9 × 0.6) + (0.1 × 0.2)

pnew = 0.54 + 0.02

pnew = 0.56

Therefore, the new frequency of cockroaches with curved wings among cockroaches in Bill's room will be 0.56.

Answer:

The answer is B

Explanation:

In eukaryotes, most structural genes are found within operons.

The incorrect statement is 'B) In eukaryotes, most structural genes are found within operons.' This is because eukaryotic genes are generally not organized in operons, unlike prokaryotic genes.

The statement which is incorrect about the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression is 'B) In eukaryotes, most structural genes are found within operons.' This is because eukaryotic genes are generally not organized in operons. The concept of the operon, a functional unit of DNA containing clustered genes that are under control of a single regulatory signal or promoter, is more commonly associated with prokaryotic genetics.

The other options represent correct statements about eukaryotic gene expression. For instance, the nuclear membrane in eukaryotes does indeed enable additional layers of gene regulation. Additionally, the stability of eukaryotic mRNAs and the rate of their degradation are important factors in gene regulation. Lastly, posttranslational regulation of histones is a unique feature of eukaryotic cells.

https://brainly.com/question/29628670

#SPJ3

Answer:

The correct answer is option [C] "This is prohibited by the SEC because the use of "RIA" implies that the IAR is competent".

Explanation:

The missing options of this question are:

[A] This is permitted because the IAR is registered.

[B] This is permitted because the SEC lacks authority to object to the content of business cards.

[C] This is prohibited by the SEC because the use of "RIA" implies that the IAR is competent

[D] This is prohibited by the SEC because "RIA" may be confused with "IAR."

The correct answer is option [C] "This is prohibited by the SEC because the use of "RIA" implies that the IAR is competent".

The federally covered investment adviser (IA) must not instruct  its investment adviser representatives (IARs) to add the initials "RIA" (registered investment adviser) after their names on their business cards. An IAR cannot use the initials RIA, according to Rule 206(4)-1 under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. Using the initials implies that the IAR is competent and this action is misleading for the clients and prospective clients.

Answer:True

Explanation:

The reversal of charges in the membrane of cells e.g neuron cells results in electrical transmission.

Sodium diffuses in with the positive charges to replace the negatively charged internal environment of the neuron axon, to produce Action potential,provided that the deoplarisation produced by the reversal of charges is upto the threshold level.

Answer:

True

Explanation:

The basis for the excitation of excitable cells is an electrical charge on the plasma membrane. The activity of the nervous system is reflected in a variety of electrical and chemical signals that arise in the receptor organs, the nerve cells and the effector organs, including the muscles and secretory glands. What literally happens is that the electrical charge difference (voltage) called the membrane potential, which occurs across the plasma membranes of all cells  are generated by the passive diffusion of ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Cl− through highly selective molecular pores in the cell surface membrane called ion channels. As we all know that Ion channels play a role in membrane excitation as central as the role of enzymes in metabolism.

The opening and closing of specific channels shape the membrane potential changes and give rise to characteristic electrical messages.

Answer:

D

Explanation:

Answer:

(d) Deletions; translocations

Explanation:

Deletion mutations: It is the removal of a number of nucleotides from a DNA sequence.  Deletions that result in frameshifts, that is, disrupt the 3-nucleotide reading frame can cause changes in regulatory sequences inducing over-expression of certain genes.

Translocation mutations: Are caused the the rearrangement of genes in chromosomes that are usually in close proximity. Encountering new enhancers and/or promoters can cause oncogene activation.

Answer: the correct statements are;

-The presence of Ac in the genome and the presence of Ds in the C gene in the colorless cells.

-The presence of Ac in the C gene in the colorless cells.

Explanation: Ds moved from a site near the centromere into the C gene located close to the telomeric ends

In its new location, Ds prevents the expression of C (pigment) gene

The inactivation of C gene explains colorless parts of the kernel .

Answer:A

Explanation: The answer is A

Because it Increases the security and accuracy of stored and dispensed medication.

Alcohol do decrease the release of Antidiuretic hormone. Its absorption is also slowed down by amount of food in stomach.

Option A and D.

Alcohol is very much related with decreasing effect on pituitary gland to release the Anti Diuretic Hormone or ADH which is actually responsible for the reabsorption of water through kidneys. So consumption of alcohol may make a person dehydrated.

Its mainly metabolized in liver by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase into aldehydes and then into acids which are further metabolized into several products.

Alcohol has a negative effect on REM sleep which is actually the main part of sleep cycle.

Alcohol dehydrogenase is an enzyme which metabolize the alcohol in liver. In females, the amount of alcohol dehydrogenase is less than what is found in males. So they often have alcohol toxicity much faster than males.

The correct statements about alcohol absorption and metabolism are:

1. __Alcohol inhibits the release of antidiuretic hormone, which can lead to dehydration.__  

2. __Food in the stomach slows the absorption of alcohol.__

1.)This is true. Alcohol consumption can inhibit the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, from the posterior pituitary gland. ADH normally acts on the kidneys to reabsorb water, but when its release is inhibited, the kidneys excrete more water than usual, leading to increased urination and potentially dehydration.

2.)This is true. The presence of food in the stomach, especially high-protein foods, can slow down the rate at which alcohol is absorbed into the bloodstream. This is because the pyloric sphincter, which controls the passage of food from the stomach to the small intestine, remains closed for a longer period of time when food is present, delaying the emptying of the stomach contents into the small intestine where most absorption occurs.

Answer:

a. population reproductive strategies.

Explanation:

Strategies K and r are closely related to reproductive strategy, habitat selection and the ability to disperse.

The organisms that reproduce by strategy r are small organisms that reach maturity in a short time, have short life periods, have numerous offspring (many of which fail to reach adulthood), devote little or no energy to breeding of the youngest of the species, they do not have mechanisms to limit their reproduction to the carrying capacity of their habitat, and tend to be opportunistic invading new areas and adapting to them easily. In this group are most insects, plants that reproduce by spores, turtles, toads and rabbits. The population of these species considered strategic r depends largely on how quickly they reproduce, and not on the carrying capacity of the habitat.

K strategists, on the other hand, are larger, mature very slowly, tend to live for a longer period of time, their offspring are more resistant to diseases, have few young, dedicate time and energy to raising children , they have mechanisms to limit their reproduction and adjust it to the carrying capacity of their habitat, and they remain in a particular habitat without invading those of other species.

Answer: option A - bottleneck effect

Explanation:

Whenever sudden change caused by human or natural disasters occurs in the environment leading to the reduction of organisms or biodiversity present to a lower size, such condition is referred to as BOTTLENECK EFFECT.