Answer:
Because alkenes and alkynes are defined as molecules with at least one double (in the case of alkenes) or triple (in the case of alkynes) bond between two carbon atoms, while alkanes have only single bonds between any pair of carbon atoms.Explanation:
Alkenes and alkynes are unsaturated molecules, because they have, at least, two adjacent carbon atoms bonded together by either a doubler or a triple bond: - C = C - or - C ≡ C -.
Hence, at least two carbon atoms are needed to form those double or triple bonds, while alkanes have only single bonds. The example of alkane with only one carbon atom is methane: CH₄, which is the most simple alkane.
The most simple alkene is CH₂ = CH₂, and the most simple alkyne is CH≡CH.
As you see, the very definition of alkenes and alkynes forces that those molecules must have at least two carbon atoms.
Which of the following occurs when a reaction in a solution is at equilibrium and
more product is added to the solution?
a. Equilibrium shifts to produce more product
b. Equilibrium shifts to produce more reactant
c. No change will occur
d. The reaction will stop
Equilibrium shifts to produce more reactant.
Consider the conversion of a substance from solid to liquid. At one atmosphere pressure and at the normal melting point of the substance, which one of the following terms below equals zero for the system?
∆E
∆H
∆S
∆G
answer Delt G = 0 for the equilibrium
Final answer:
At one atmosphere pressure and the normal melting point, the term that equals zero for the conversion of a substance from solid to liquid is ΔG, the change in Gibbs free energy.
Explanation:
The student's question is related to phase transitions and thermodynamics, specifically the transition of a substance from solid to liquid. At one atmosphere pressure and at the normal melting point of the substance, the term that equals zero for the system is ΔG, which is the change in Gibbs free energy.
This is because at the melting point, the system is in equilibrium, and the Gibbs free energy of the solid and liquid phases are equal. As a result, there is no net change in Gibbs free energy during the transition, leading to ΔG = 0, in accordance with the equation ΔG = ΔH-TΔS at equilibrium.
Examine the following reaction.
HBrwater—→H++Br−
What process is being shown?
hydronium formation
neutralization
acid dissociation
base dissociation
Answer: acid dissociation
Explanation:
According to the Bronsted-Lowry conjugate acid-base theory, an acid is defined as a substance which looses donates protons and thus forming conjugate base and a base is defined as a substance which accepts protons and thus forming conjugate acid.
For the given chemical equation:
[tex]HBr+H_2O\rightarrow H^+(aq.)+Br^-(aq.)[/tex]
Here, [tex]HBr[/tex] is loosing a proton, thus it is considered as an acid and the reaction is acid dissociation.
Hydroium ion is [tex]H_3O^+[/tex]
Neutralization reaction is a chemical reaction in which an acid reacts with base to produce salt and water.
[tex]HA+BOH\rightarrow H_2O+BA[/tex]
Thus the reaction is acid dissociation.
Drag each tile to the correct box.
Match the name of each compound to its chemical formula. Use the table to help you.
nitric acid
sulfurous acid
hypochlorous acid
ammonia
sulfuric acid
H2SO3
arrowRight
NH3
arrowRight
HNO3
arrowRight
H2SO4
arrowRight
HClO
arrowRight
Answer:
Here you go buddy. Good Luck
Explanation:
Chemical formula of a compound tells us about the number of atoms of elements that are present in a compound.
For the given options:
1. Nitric acid
This is an acid in which one hydrogen, 1 nitrogen and 3 oxygen atoms are present. The chemical formula for this compound is [tex]HNO_3[/tex]
2. Sulfurous acid
This is an acid in which two hydrogen, 1 sulfur and 3 oxygen atoms are present. The chemical formula for this compound is [tex]H_2SO_3[/tex]
3. Hypochlorous acid
This is an acid in which one hydrogen, 1 chlorine and 1 oxygen atoms are present. The chemical formula for this compound is [tex]HClO[/tex]
4. Ammonia
This is an acid in which three hydrogen and 1 nitrogen atoms are present. The chemical formula for this compound is [tex]NH_3[/tex]
5. Sulfuric acid
This is an acid in which one hydrogen, 1 sulfur and 4 oxygen atoms are present. The chemical formula for this compound is [tex]H_2SO_4[/tex]
An element of atomic number 88 decays radioactively to anelement of atomic number 82.Which of the following emissions achieve this result?one alpha particle and one beta particlethree alpha particlesone alpha particlesix beta particles
The element initially has an atomic number of 88 and it decays to an atomic number of 82. This is achieved by the emission of three alpha particles in a process known as radioactive decay. No beta particles are emitted in this case.
Explanation:In your question, an element of atomic number 88 decays to an element of atomic number 82. This radioactive decay is a form of alpha decay. In alpha decay, the atomic number decreases by two and the mass number decreases by four, as one alpha particle (consisting of two neutrons and two protons) is emitted from the nucleus.
Therefore, in order to move from an atomic number of 88 to 82, three alpha particles must be emitted. The emission of any beta particles (which transform a neutron into a proton) would have the effect of increasing the atomic number, which is not what happens in this case.
Hence, the correct answer is three alpha particles.
Learn more about Radioactive Decay here:https://brainly.com/question/1770619
#SPJ12
Which of the following statements regarding alpha particles are true? Check all that apply.a. Alpha particles have a mass number of 4b. Alpha particles have a nulear charge of +1c. Alpha particle formation is accompanied by the conversion of a proton into a neutrond. Alpha particle formation is accompanied by the conversion of a neutron into a proton
Answer:
The only true statement is:
a. Alpha particles have a mass number of 4Explanation:
Alpha particles are radiactive particles equivalent to a helium nucleus, so they have two protons and two neutrons.
Hence, alpha particles, α, are represented as:
⁴₂HeThe superscript 4 to the left of the chemical symbol is the mass number: 2 protons + 2 neutrons = 4
The subscript 2 to the left of the chemical symbol is the atomic number: 2 protons = 2.
Hence, the statement "a. Alpha particles have a mass number of 4" is true.
As for the other statements, you have:
b. Alpha particles have a nulear charge of +1: false
Since, these particles are the nucleous of the helium atom, the nuclear charge equals the number of protons of this atom: +2. Hence, the statement is false.
c. Alpha particle formation is accompanied by the conversion of a proton into a neutron and d. Alpha particle formation is accompanied by the conversion of a neutron into a proton. (both false)
The conversion of a protons into a neutrons and the conversion of a neutron into a proton are product of other kind of radiactive desintegrations.
The conversion of a proton into a neutron involves the emission of a positron ( particle with same mass as the electron but positive charge) from the nucleus, which is represented as ⁰₊₁β.The conversion of a neutron into a proton involves the emssion of an electron from the nucleus, which is the emission of a beta particle represented as ⁰₋₁β.Therefore, these last two statements are also false.
True statements about alpha particles include that they have a mass number of 4 and that their formation involves the conversion of a neutron into a proton, whereas their nuclear charge is not +1 but +2.So,option a,d is correct.
In addressing the question about alpha particles, here are the true statements:
a. Alpha particles have a mass number of 4
d. Alpha particle formation is accompanied by the conversion of a neutron into a proton
Alpha particles are indeed equivalent to a helium nucleus with two protons and two neutrons, giving them a mass number of 4. Their charge is actually +2, not +1 as suggested in option b. During alpha decay, the parent nucleus sheds an alpha particle, leading to the creation of a new element with an atomic number reduced by 2 and a mass number decreased by 4. This transformation involves the conversion of a neutron into a proton within the parent nucleus.
In , the bonds cause the carbon chain to bend or "kink", which gives the molecules an irregular shape. as a result, acids cannot stack as closely as and thus have dispersion forces between their carbon chains.
In unsaturated fatty acids, the cis double bonds cause the carbon chain to bend or "kink", which gives the molecules an irregular shape.
Unsaturated fatty acid carbon chains contain one or more double bonds with a terminal carboxylic group (–COOH), unlike saturated fatty acids, which contain no double bonds. These fatty acids are subdivided into two groups depending on the number of double bonds. A single double bond is termed monounsaturated, and those with more than one double bond are termed polyunsaturated.
In addition to nomenclature systems describing the number of carbon atoms and location of the double bond(s), a “cis-” or “trans-” notation describes the configuration. A cis- notation means hydrogen atoms are on the same side as the carbon double bond, As a result, cis fatty acids cannot stack as closely as saturated fatty acids and thus have fewer dispersion forces between their carbon chains.
Learn more about unsaturated fatty acid,here:
https://brainly.com/question/29426604
#SPJ4
PLEASE HELP!!!!!
A certain commercial product used for cleaning ovens must be handled with rubber gloves. The product is slippery and turns litmus paper blue. It probably contains___
a
an acid
b
a base
c
a salt
d
an isotope
Given that the product is slippery and turns litmus paper blue. It probably contains a base (Option B)
What is a base?A base is a substance which dissolves in water to produce hydroxide ion, OH¯
How to test for baseA base has been known to neutralize, producing salt and water.
However, a base can easily be tested for by using litmus paper.
A solution of base will turn red litmus paper blue.
With the above information about base, we can conclude that the product described in the question given above contains a base (option B)
Learn more about base:
https://brainly.com/question/24181314
How are changes in populations related to the availability of an ecosystem's resources?
A. Population sizes are limited by the amount of resources that are available.
B. Large populations need the same amount of resources as small populations.
C. Changes in population are independent of the availability of an ecosystem's resources.
Answer:
A. Population sizes are limited by the amount of resources that are available.
Explanation:
Think about it, the more people you have, the more food & water you need.
SO the answer is A.
(prove me wrong)
Often atoms join so that each atom will have
a. an even number of electrons.
b. an outermost energy level that is full of electrons.
c. an equal number of protons and neutrons
d. more electrons than either protons or neutrons
Answer:
b. an outermost energy level that is full of electrons.
Explanation:
The reason why atoms combines is to have a complete outermost shell. When the outermost shell or valence shell of atoms are completely filled withe electrons, they become very stable. Noble gases for example, shows no tendency to react with other atoms because their outermost energy level is completely filled.
The tendency to have a completely filled outer energy level is what drives most atoms into bonding.
Atoms often form bonds in ways that lead to full outer levels of electrons, which provides stability, explained by the octet rule.
Explanation:Atoms often join in a way that each atom will have an outermost energy level that is full of electrons. This principle is known as the octet rule, which states that, atoms seek to have eight electrons in their outermost energy level to achieve a stable configuration similar to that of noble gases. For instance, oxygen has six electrons in its outer shell, and thus needs two more to complete its outermost energy level, which it can get by forming a bond with, say, two hydrogen atoms (each providing one electron).
Learn more about Octet Rule here:https://brainly.com/question/34260733
#SPJ11
Which of the following properties is shared by solids and liquids? Their particles are far apart. Their particles move randomly. They have a definite volume. They consist of charged particles.
Answer:
They have a definite volume
Explanation:
Happy to help
Pls mark as Brainliest
Answer: Option (c) is the correct answer.
Explanation:
In solids, particles are held together by strong intermolecular forces of attraction between them. Due to this reason solids acquire a definite shape and volume.
Whereas in liquids, particles are held by less strong intermolecular forces of attraction. As a result, molecules are able to slide past each other. Liquids acquire the shape and volume of a container in which they are kept.
Hence, liquids also show fixed volume.
Thus, we can conclude that property shared by solids and liquids is that they have a definite volume.
Carbon disulfide is prepared by heating sulfur and charcoal. The chemical equation is
When you breathe out, there is water vapor in your breath. When you breathe on a cold window in the winter, the window gets tiny droplets of moisture on it or “fogs up.” What happens to the molecules of water vapor as they get near the cold window?
The water molecules in your breath are the gas water vapor. They slow down as they transfer some of their energy to the cold window. The attractions between the slower-moving water vapor molecules bring them together to form tiny droplets of liquid water.
When an alpha particle is emitted from an unstable nucleus, the atomic mass numberof the nucleus
9) _______
A) increases by 4.
B) decreases by 2.
C) increases by 2.
D) decreases by 4.
Answer:
The correct option is D.
Explanation:
Radioactive substances usually emit different types of particles when they are decaying. Such particles include alpha particles, beta particles and gamma ray. When an alpha particle is emitted from an unstable radioactive nucleus such nucleus usually lost an atomic mass that correspond to that of helium atom. Note that an alpha particle is made up of two protons and two neutrons, which result in mass number of 4. Thus, a nucleus that emit an alpha particle will have its mass number (atomic mass) reduce by 4 and atomic number that is reduced by 2.
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) If you have 4 moles of zinc and 4 moles of hydrochloric acid, which of these would be the limiting reactant? A) zinc B) hydrogen gas C) zinc chloride D) hydrochloric acid
Answer:
D) hydrochloric acid.
Explanation:
The balanced equation for the mentioned reaction is:Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl₂(aq) + H₂(g),
It is clear that 1.0 moles of Zn react with 2.0 moles of HCl to produce 1.0 moles of ZnCl₂ and 1.0 mole of H₂.
From stichiometry; Zn reacts with HCl with (1: 2) molar ratio.∴ 2.0 mol of Zn (the remaining 2.0 mol is in excess) react completely with 4.0 mol of HCl with (1: 2) molar ratio.
So,
the limiting reactant is HCl and the excess reactant is Zn.
Thus, the right choice is: D) hydrochloric acid.
Final answer:
Explanation on how to determine the limiting reactant in a chemical reaction involving zinc and hydrochloric acid.
Explanation:
The limiting reactant in a chemical reaction is the reactant that gets consumed completely first, limiting the amount of product formed. To determine the limiting reactant, we compare the moles of each reactant to the stoichiometry of the balanced equation.
In the reaction Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl₂(aq) + H₂(g), if you have 4 moles of zinc and 4 moles of hydrochloric acid, you need to use stoichiometry to see which reactant will be completely consumed first.
Based on the balanced equation, the limiting reactant between zinc and hydrochloric acid is hydrochloric acid as only 2 moles of HCl are needed to react completely with 1 mole of zinc.
Nuclear fusion differs from nuclear fission because nuclear fusion reactions- True or False
I think the answer would be True
Which of the following statements best compares geothermal energy and the energy from natural gas based on their rates of renewal? Natural gas has a slower rate because any amount extracted is far lower than its generation inside Earth. Natural gas has a faster rate because, being a carbon resource, it quickly replenishes as part of the carbon cycle. Geothermal energy has a faster rate because a vast amount of heat energy is always present inside Earth's core. Geothermal energy has a slower rate because the water present below Earth's surface cools down periodically.
Final answer:
Geothermal energy has a faster renewal rate than natural gas because it utilizes the constant and virtually inexhaustible heat from Earth's core, contrasting with natural gas's slow replenishment rate.
Explanation:
Comparing geothermal energy to natural gas based on their rates of renewal reveals significant differences in their replenishment. Natural gas, a fossil fuel, forms over millions of years from the decay of organic matter under high pressure and temperature. This process is extremely slow, indicating that natural gas has a much slower rate of renewal once extracted from the Earth. In contrast, geothermal energy harnesses the constant heat emanating from the Earth's core, a result of radioactive decay and the original heat from planetary formation. This heat is virtually inexhaustible on human timescales, making geothermal energy effectively renewable with a much faster rate of renewal in practical terms.
The correct statement is: Geothermal energy has a faster rate because a vast amount of heat energy is always present inside Earth's core.
While both resources provide energy, their rates of renewal starkly contrast due to their different origins and mechanisms of replenishment. Natural gas, being a non-renewable resource, does not replenish at a rate that can sustain its consumption. Conversely, geothermal energy, with its endless supply of heat from the Earth's interior, offers a sustainable alternative with minimal environmental impact.
What are the signs of a chemical reaction?
Bubbling And Fizzing
Answer:
Signs of chemical reactions are, if gas or bubbles are present, if a color changes occurs, or if a precipitate is formed, that could indicate that a chemical reaction has occurred.
Explanation:
Which type of chemical reaction does this word equation exemplify: iron metal plus copper (II) sulfate solution yields iron (II) sulfate solution and copper metal?
Answer:
Synthesis
Explanation:
Answer: Single replacement
[tex]Fe+CuSO_4\rightarrow Cu+FeSO_4[/tex]
Explanation:
Single replacement reaction is a chemical reaction in which more reactive element displaces the less reactive element from its salt solution.
Iron being more reactive than copper would displace copper from its salt solution and thus will generate copper and iron sulphate.
The chemical equation representing iron metal plus copper (II) sulfate solution yields iron (II) sulfate solution and copper metal is:
[tex]Fe+CuSO_4\rightarrow Cu+FeSO_4[/tex]
Why is peer review an Important part of the scientific process
Peer review is an Important part of the scientific process as it permits scientist to have their work translated into other language. Therefore, the correct option is option A.
What is peer review?Peer review is the evaluation of a piece of work by one or more people with similar abilities to the creators (peers). It acts as a tool for capable experts in the sector to self-regulate.
Depending on the type of activity and the field or profession it occurs in, such as medicine, peer review can be broken down into a variety of categories. Peer review is an Important part of the scientific process as it permits scientist to have their work translated into other language.
Therefore, the correct option is option A.
To know more about peer review, here:
https://brainly.com/question/2704940
#SPJ6
#11 A student measures a samples mass to 45.5 g. the true mass is determined later to be 42.3 g. What is the students percent error
Answer:
7.565 %.
Explanation:
Given the formula below:Error % = [True value - Measured value) /True value] ×100
one can Calculate the percent error for the experimentwhere, True value = 42.3 g.
Measured value = 45.5 g.
Error % = [║(True value - Measured value)║ /True value] ×100
Error % = [║(42.3 g) - (45.5 g)║ /(42.3 g)] × 100 = 7.565 %.
Finely ground nickel(II) hydroxide is placed in a beaker of water. It sinks to the bottom of the beaker and remains unchanged. An aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid (HCl) is then added to the beaker, and the Ni(OH ) 2 disappears. Which equation best describes what occurred in the beaker? A. Ni(OH ) 2 (s) + HCl(aq) → NiO(aq) + H 2(g) + HCl(aq) B. Ni(OH ) 2 (s) + 2HCl(aq) → NiC l 2 (aq) + 2 H 2 O(l) C. Ni(OH ) 2 (s) + 2 H 2 O(l) → NiC l 2 (aq) + 2 H 2 O(l) D. Ni(OH ) 2 (s) + 2 H 2 O(l) → NiCl 2(aq) + 3H 2O(l) + O 2(g)
Answer:C
Explanation:
The equation which best describes the reaction between Ni(OH)₂ & HCl is Ni(OH)₂(s) + 2HCl(l) → NiCl₂(aq) + 2H₂O(l).
What is neutralization reaction?Those reaction in which acids combine with bases to form water molecule and salt is known as neutralization reaction.
In the given question, nickel hydroxide Ni(OH)₂ is a base and when it reacts with hydrochloric acid it will form water molecule and nickel chloride salt, and chemical reaction for this changes will be represent as follow:
Ni(OH)₂(s) + 2HCl(l) → NiCl₂(aq) + 2H₂O(l)
Reactions except this equation is not correct as in that equations formation of desired products will not takes place.
Hence Ni(OH)₂(s)+2HCl(l)→NiCl₂(aq)+2H₂O(l) best describes the change.
To know more about neutralization reaction, visit the below link:
https://brainly.com/question/203541
FIRST GETS BRAINLIEST
calculate the volume of 3.2 x 10^-3 mol CO2 at STP as described by Avogadro's Law assume ideal gas behavior
Answer:
0.07172 L = 7.172 mL.
Explanation:
We can use the general law of ideal gas: PV = nRT.where, P is the pressure of the gas in atm (P = 1.0 atm, Standard P).
V is the volume of the gas in L (V = ??? L).
n is the no. of moles of the gas in mol (n = 3.2 x 10⁻³ mol).
R is the general gas constant (R = 0.0821 L.atm/mol.K),
T is the temperature of the gas in K (T = 273 K, Standard T).
∴ V = nRT/P = (3.2 x 10⁻³ mol)(0.0821 L.atm/mol.K)(273 K)/(1.0 atm) = 0.07172 L = 7.172 mL.
To calculate the volume of 3.2 x 10^-3 mol CO2 at STP, we can use Avogadro's Law. The volume can be calculated by multiplying the number of moles by the molar volume of a gas at STP, which is 22.4 liters/mol.
Explanation:To calculate the volume of gas at STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure), we can use Avogadro's Law. Avogadro's Law states that equal volumes of gases, at the same temperature and pressure, contain the same number of particles (moles).
First, we need to convert the given number of moles of CO2, which is 3.2 x 10^-3 mol, into liters by using the molar volume of a gas at STP, which is 22.4 liters/mol. Multiplying the number of moles by the molar volume gives us the volume:
Volume = 3.2 x 10^-3 mol * 22.4 L/mol = 0.07168 L
Learn more about Volume calculation here:https://brainly.com/question/33318354
#SPJ5
What is the molar mass of Al(OH)^3? Report your answer top the nearest 0.1 g/mol
Answer:
77.98 g/mol ≅ 78.0 g/mol.
Explanation:
The molar mass of any compound can be calculated by the sum of the atomic masses of different atoms in the compound multiplied by its no. in the compound.Molar mass of Al(OH)₃ = (Atomic mass of Al) + 3(Atomic mass of O) + 3(Atomic mass of H)
Atomic mass of Al = 26.98 g/mol. & Atomic mass of O = 16.0 g/mol & Atomic mass of H = 1.0 g/mol.
∴ Molar mass of Al(OH)₃ = (26.98 g/mol) + 3(16.0 g/mol) + 3(1.0 g/mol) = 77.98 g/mol ≅ 78.0 g/mol.
Final answer:
To find the molar mass of Al(OH)3, calculate the total mass of one mole by adding the molar mass of each element: Al, O, and H. The molar mass of Al(OH)3 is approximately 77.0 g/mol.
Explanation:
To find the molar mass of Al(OH)3, we need to calculate the total mass of one mole of Al(OH)3.
First, we calculate the molar mass of each element in Al(OH)3:
Al: 1 mole * 26.98 g/mole = 26.98 g/mole
O: 3 moles * 16.00 g/mole = 48.00 g/mole
H: 3 moles * 1.01 g/mole = 3.03 g/mole
Adding up the masses of each element gives us a total molar mass of Al(OH)3:
26.98 g/mole + 48.00 g/mole + 3.03 g/mole = 77.01 g/mole
Therefore, the molar mass of Al(OH)3 is approximately 77.0 g/mol to the nearest 0.1 g/mol.
NO
Name this compound according to IUPAC nomenclature rules.
A)
nitrogen oxide
B)
nitrogen oxygen
C)
nitrogen monoxide
D)
mononitrogen monoxide
Answer:
C) nitrogen monoxide
Explanation:
Answer:
c
Explanation:
Draw both major organic product(s) that are obtained when 4-chloro-2-methyltoluene is treated with sodium amide followed by treatment with H3O+.
Answer:
I attached the answer as an image. I also drew in the two most acidic hydrogens.
Explanation:
This goes through the 'benzyne' intermediate, meaning it does an E2-looking reaction by expelling a leaving group (chloride) from the adjacent part of the ring using the amide as a strong base. The triple-bonded benzyne has absurd bond angle strain, and is vulnerable to a good nucleophile like an amide ion, and the resultant sp2 anion is then reprotonated by the acid. I didn't draw in the acid-base reaction in step one, or the spectator ion (sodium).
The both major organic products are 3-amino-2-methyltoluene and 4-amino-2-methyltoluene.
The reaction of 4-chloro-2-methyltoluene with sodium amide is an E2 reaction. The abstraction of hydrogen ion by a base and the loss of chloride ion occurs simultaneously leading to the formation of a benzyne intermediate.
This benzyne intermediate is attacked by the amide ion and H3O+ to yield the products; 3-amino-2-methyltoluene and 4-amino-2-methyltoluene. The detailed mechanism of the reaction is shown in the images attached below.
Learn more:
Which of the following is true about hydropower? It changes the surrounding ecosystem. It does not produce greenhouse gases. It produces harmful radiation. It burns fossil fuels.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
One of the main complaints about hydropower is that it will change the ecosystem. You can read about the history of any dam and you will find that most of them have involved evacuation. That means that farmland was lost and replaced by a lake behind the dam. The energy comes from water cascading over the top of the dam to its bottom.
It does not produce radiation.
It does not burn fossil fuels. It's clean and does not pollute the air.
So there are no greenhouse gases involoved.
Answer:
change the ecosystem
Explanation:
so i am doing a science project and i am doing it on mold i put water on the bread and cheese and left one in the dark and one in the light FOR A TWO WEEKS it isnt working why not
Answer:
because the bread and cheese is absorbing the water whereas if you leave it dry in a moist humid place mold will start to appear
Explanation:
Which species in each pair is a better oxidizing agent under standard-state conditions? (a) br2 au3+ (b) h2 ag+ (c) cd2+ cr3+ (d) o2 in acidic media o2 in basic media?
Answer:
(a) Au³⁺; (b) Ag⁺; (c) Cd²⁺; (d) O₂ in acidic media
Explanation:
You've had Trends in the Periodic Table. Now, here are Trends in Standard Reduction Potentials.
The strength of oxidizing agents increases from bottom to top on the left-hand side. The strength of reducing agents increases from top to bottom on the right-hand side.Thus, for each pair of half reactions, we need to look only at which one has the more positive standard reduction potential.
(a) Br₂/Au³⁺
Au³⁺(aq) + 3e⁻ ⟶ Au(s) 1.498 V
Br₂(ℓ) + 2e⁻ ⟶ 2Br⁻(aq) 1.066 V
Au³⁺ is the stronger oxidizing agent.
(b) H₂/Ag⁺
Ag⁺(aq) + e⁻ ⟶ Au(s) 0.7996 V
H₂(g) + 2e⁻ ⟶ 2H⁻(aq) -2.33 V
Ag⁺ is the stronger oxidizing agent.
(c) Cd²⁺/Cr³⁺
Cd²⁺(aq) + e⁻ ⟶ Cd(s) -0.4030 V
Cr³⁺(aq) + 3e⁻ ⟶ Cr(s) -0.744 V
Cd²⁺ is the stronger oxidizing agent.
(d) O₂, H⁺/O₂, OH⁻
O₂(g) + 4H⁺(aq) + 4e⁻ ⟶ 2H₂O(ℓ) 1.224 V
O₂(g) + H₂O(ℓ) + 4e⁻ ⟶ 4OH⁻(aq) 0.401 V
O₂ in acid is the stronger oxidizing agent.
The more potent oxidizing agents in the given pairs are: Br2, Ag+, Cr3+ and O2 under acidic conditions. These substances readily attract and bind with electrons thereby facilitating the oxidation process in a chemical reaction.
Explanation:In the given pairs, the better oxidizing agents under standard-state conditions are: (a) Br2 in pair Br2 and Au3+, because Br2 gains electrons more readily. (b) Ag+ in pair H2 and Ag+, since Ag+ has a higher reduction potential. (c) Cr3+ in pair Cd2+ and Cr3+. Lastly, (d) O2 in acidic media tends to be a stronger oxidizing agent than O2 in basic media because more readily available H+ ions in acidic conditions facilitate the oxidation process.
Learn more about Oxidizing agents here:https://brainly.com/question/10547418
#SPJ3
What is the critical angle for the interface between water and diamond?
33 degrees
90 degrees
57 degrees
0 degrees
98 degrees
Answer:
33 degrees
Explanation:
The critical angle for a light ray moving from a denser medium with refractive index [tex]n_1[/tex] to a second medium with refractive index [tex]n_2[/tex] is given by
[tex]\theta_c = sin^{-1} (\frac{n_2}{n_1})[/tex]
In this case, the critical angle occurs when light moves from diamond to water. The index of refraction of the two materials are:
[tex]n_d = 2.42[/tex] for diamond
[tex]n_w = 1.33[/tex] for water
So the critical angle is
[tex]\theta_c = sin^{-1} (\frac{1.33}{2.42})=sin^{-1}(0.550)=33.3^{\circ}[/tex]