how did scientists reach their conclusions during the middle ages

Answer:

During the war the production ended up being greater than the consumption, causing a considerable increase in the stocks; with fear of loss, industrialists began to reduce production, with the dismissal of employees; the result was the fall in purchasing power and that of consumption with rising unemployment.

Explanation:

Industrial production was stabilized between the US and Europe, but as it suffered from world conflict, European production fell to meet the needs of the old continent, the United States began to produce more. However, this production continued at the same levels after the war, with postwar Europe also returning to the same levels of production as before the conflict;

Germany had to fight the war on both the Eastern and the Western Front.

Answer:

Germany had to fight the war on both the Eastern and the Western Front.

Explanation:

The underground economy is a segment of economic activity that is not regulated or taxed by the government, encompassing both unreported legal activities and illegal transactions. The correct answer is the products and income that are not reported as income to the government.

The underground economy refers to economic activities involving the production and distribution of goods and services that are not regulated by the government, often in order to evade taxes or legal scrutiny. It operates outside of formal and regulated market systems, hence bypassing legal requirements such as tax collection, labor standards, or other governmental regulations. The underground economy includes both legal activities that are not reported, to avoid taxes, and illegal activities where the exchanged goods and services are inherently illicit, like drugs or black market goods.

Examples of the underground economy might include a carpenter who completes a job in exchange for another service, like dental work, without reporting the income. This sort of barter transaction may result in earned income and value creation, but it typically goes unreported for tax purposes, thereby forming part of the underground economy. Friedrich Schneider's research on the shadow economy estimated that the underground economy in the United States amounted to approximately 6.6% of GDP in 2013, which is substantial and shows the significance of this unregulated sector.

Isabella d'Este was a key Renaissance figure, known for her art patronage and political influence. As the Marchioness of Mantua, she created a celebrated cultural and political center. Her contributions to art and politics mark her as an influential figure in Renaissance history.

Isabella d'Este was a notable figure in Renaissance history, celebrated for her patronage of the arts, her political astuteness, and her cultured intellect. Born into the ruling family of Ferrara, she became the Marchioness of Mantua through her marriage to Francesco II Gonzaga. Isabella's court was a center for artistic and cultural innovation during the Renaissance. She corresponded with many of the leading figures of her time, and her letters provide valuable insights into the cultural and political dynamics of the period. Her place in history is not just as a patron but as a formidable and influential woman in a time when female political and cultural influence was often limited.

Isabella d'Este's legacy includes her vast collection of art and antiquities, establishing her reputation as one of the most influential female patrons of the arts in the Renaissance. Her keen interest in politics also saw her engage in diplomatic efforts that were noteworthy for their sophistication. Her life and works remain a subject of study for understanding the intricacies of Renaissance culture and politics.

Andreas Vesalius, a Flemish anatomist, pioneered modern anatomy with his publication of "De Humani Corporis fabrica", marking the start of teaching anatomy with human dissections in medical schools. Advances in non-invasive methods like X-rays in the nineteenth century further revolutionized the field.

The scientist who pioneered modern anatomy and published a book on human dissection called "De Humani Corporis fabrica" was the Flemish anatomist Andreas Vesalius. He, along with other notable figures like Leonardo da Vinci, made significant contributions during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries that increased interest in human anatomy. Vesalius's publication represented a major shift in the study of anatomy, as it began to be taught using human dissections in medical schools. Laws were later put into place allowing the dissection of criminals and those who donated their bodies for research. By the late nineteenth century, other medical researchers discovered non-surgical methods, such as X-rays, to look inside the living body. These advancements in knowledge of the human anatomy played a crucial role in the development of modern medicine.

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Answer:

The Carpathian Mountains are the range(chain) of a mountain in the Central and Eastern Europe. In the Medieval ages, the mountains covered Moldavia, Wallachia, Hungary and Poland. The Carpathian Mountains played an important in Wallachia and Moldavia (Romania) by defending the country from its enemies from attacking them. Most of the castles, fortresses, positioned on top of cliffs and hills to provide a better view of the area and to defend against invaders.    

The Carpathian Mountains extend through several medieval countries, including Romania, Bulgaria, and Serbia.

The Carpathian Mountains extend through several medieval countries, including Romania, Bulgaria, and Serbia. These countries are located in Eastern Europe and were part of historical regions such as Transylvania, Wallachia, and Moldova. The Carpathians served as a natural geographical barrier, providing protection and influencing the political and cultural development of these regions.

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Answer:

b. Young people began marrying for personal happiness rather than economic necessity.

Explanation:

This was an important change in how marriage was perceived in society. Prior to the early 19th century, marriage was considered a business transaction. It involved two people entering a contract for economic and reproductive goals. However, love rarely played a part. This began to change during the early 19th century. Love as an ideal of marriage began to become a more popular idea, and literature began exploiting this as well, cementing the link between love and marriage.

Final answer:

The late 19th century saw a surge in copper demand due to the invention of electrical generators and related technologies, with the development of electrical infrastructure for telegraphs, telephones, and other advancements of the Second Industrial Revolution.

Explanation:

Technology and the Demand for Copper in the Late 19th Century

The technology that significantly increased the demand for copper worldwide in the late 19th century was the advent of electrical generators and related electrical technologies. The development of electrical generators in 1870 marked a pivot in the industrial landscape, paving the way for electrical appliances and home wiring by 1900. The availability of electricity facilitated communication improvements such as the invention of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 and the widespread use of telegraphs. These advances necessitated a large quantity of copper for electrical wiring due to copper's excellent conductivity. Consequently, the need for copper surged as it became a critical component in powering and connecting the modern world.

Moreover, the Second Industrial Revolution, which brought forth advances in transportation and communications such as railroads, steamships, and telegraphs, further spurred the demand for copper. The extensive use of these technologies required a robust infrastructure. With its superior electrical and thermal properties, copper was vital for the expansion and efficiency of these systems.

In the wider context, the Second Industrial Revolution's demand for raw materials like copper accelerated global industrialization and development. It also had geopolitical implications, such as the growth of imperialist ambitions as nations sought to secure raw material sources. These new technologies powered not just homes and industries but also the imperialism and global capitalism that characterized the late 19th century.

Mansa Musa thought that, with his pilgrimage, he was fulfilling a requirement of his faith, and on undertaking the pilgrimage with sixty thousand men, and twelve thousand slaves, all dressed in Persian silk, and carrying a gigantic luggage full of gold, he made all the cities and kingdoms where he passed, they realized the wealth of Mali, and also left testimony of the great generosity of Emperor Mansa Musa.

Mansa Musa attached religious, political, and economic significance to his pilgrimage to Mecca.

Mansa Musa likely attached great significance to his pilgrimage for several reasons. Firstly, as a devout Muslim, he considered the hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca as one of the five pillars of Islam, making it a religious duty for him to undertake this journey. Secondly, Mansa Musa used his pilgrimage to showcase the wealth and power of the Mali Empire. He arrived in Egypt and Mecca with an enormous entourage, including soldiers, captives, and large amounts of gold, which he distributed generously along the way. This extravagant display of wealth and generosity aimed to gain respect and admiration from the Muslim world. Lastly, Mansa Musa's pilgrimage significantly influenced the economies of the regions he visited. His lavish spending and donations of gold not only caused inflation but also brought attention to the wealth and trade potential of the Mali Empire, attracting merchants and traders to the region.

Final answer:

The democratic-republican society values the 'free communication of opinions' as it promotes an open exchange of ideas from the common people of the country and prevents the concentration of power.

Explanation:

The democratic-republican society insists on the centrality of the phrase ' free communication of opinions' in preserving American liberty because it allows for an open and free exchange of ideas. This is essential for a representative democracy to function effectively. Encouraging different individuals to express their opinions and engage in debate freely helps to promote the development of well-informed citizens and prevents the consolidation of power in the hands of a few.

For Rome:

-          Romans had a control of influence over the whole Mediterranean basin. Military victory for generals conveyed not merely glory and land for the stare but huge personal rewards. Likewise, incontrovertible military power by establishing the communities they dominated in Italy into a system that offer huge reservoirs of manpower for the military.

Han Dynasty

-          Civilian Magistrates and Bureaucrats were public servants.

-          Compete with past models for empire’s principles. The elites united the common language. They also have faith in ancestor worship.

-          Wu used military strategies to detach their confederacies. Meaning, southern tribes surrounders while the northern go westward.

Answer:

The correct answer is A. The number that correctly labels Puerto Rico is 1.

Explanation:

Puerto Rico, officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, is one of the fourteen unincorporated territories and one of the two free states associated with self-government status of the United States of America. It is located in Central America, northeast of the Caribbean, east of the island of Hispaniola and west of the US Virgin Islands. The archipelago of Puerto Rico includes the main island of Puerto Rico (8896 km²) - the smallest of the Greater Antilles - and a number of smaller keys and islands; of which the largest are Vieques (135 km²), Mona (55 km²) and Culebra (30 km²). It is an island with a tropical climate and, despite its size, it has a diversity of ecosystems: dry and rainy forests, karst zone, mountainous areas, coastal and marine ecosystems, lakes, etc.

An experiment is a technique used to confirm or deny a hypothesis, as well as assess the likelihood or effectiveness of something that has never been tried before.

Any qualities, quantity, or number that can be gauged or tallied qualifies as a variable.

In this experiment, the blank tube serves as the negative control. This experiment appears to be investigating how different carbohydrates alter.

Experiment is a a method used in a controlled setting to uncover a previously undiscovered effect or law, test or validate a theory, or provide evidence for a preexisting law

An experiment is a technique used to confirm or deny a hypothesis, as well as assess the likelihood or effectiveness of something that has never been tried before. Experiments show what happens when a specific factor is modified, which sheds light on cause-and-effect relationships.

A property that can be measured and given varied values is known as a variable.

Therefore, In this experiment, the blank tube serves as the negative control. This experiment appears to be investigating how different carbohydrates alter.

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Final answer:

Religion was a pivotal factor in shaping the cultures of Axum and Ethiopia, with Christianity in Axum and Judaism in Himyar influencing their cultural and governmental practices. Ethopian art and architecture reflected this strong religious influence. Meanwhile, Africa's broader religious landscape transformed with the spread of monotheism, particularly through migrations and trade.

Explanation:

Religion greatly influenced the cultures of Axum and Ethiopia, setting them apart from their North African neighbors during Late Antiquity. In Axum, Christianity emerged as the predominant faith after the kingdom's conversion in the fourth century CE, fostering a unique cultural identity marked by the blend of local beliefs with Christian doctrine. This influence manifested in the creation of distinctive church ceremonies, holidays, and the integration of traditional practices into a new Christian framework. Similarly, the Himyarite culture in southern Arabia was shaped by Judaism. Both kingdoms experienced religious shifts that affected their governmental and cultural frameworks significantly.

Following the decline of Axum, the Swahili Coast and its maritime trade became more prominent, influenced by Islamic growth and contacts with Asia. However, Ethiopia maintained its Christian heritage, developing rich artistic traditions and unique expressions of Christianity, as seen in their rock-hewn churches, illuminated manuscripts, and liturgical crosses. The fusion of religious traditions carried over into the region's architecture, language, and daily life, solidifying its cultural significance.

Additionally, Africa's ancient migrations and the spread of monotheism—including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—transformed the continent's religious landscape. In Ethiopia, Christianity came directly from the Middle East, further distinguishing it from other African regions, which often encountered Christianity through European colonialism. Ethiopia's religious heritage has been so profound that it boasts eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites and remains one of the few countries with such a rich and uninterrupted Christian lineage.

Final answer:

Historical understanding is constructed through the interplay of historical context, interpretation, and the application of historical empathy. It requires examining different perspectives and interpreting evidence to explain causation while avoiding modern biases. The study of history is an evolving process, as new evidence and interpretations emerge over time.

Explanation:

Historical understanding is built on a complex interplay of historical context, interpretation, and the consideration of different perspectives. Understanding history involves acknowledging the social construction of reality, which influences how individuals and societies perceive themselves and their roles. Interpretation plays a vital role in history, as historians must sift through evidence and decide on the importance of different causes after considering all the information available. This process includes understanding causation, which is crucial for uncovering why historical events happened the way they did.

Moreover, interpreting history requires an acknowledgment of historical empathy, where we strive to understand the past on its own terms, without imposing modern biases or judgments. By examining various interpretations and applying historical empathy, we can create a more accurate and nuanced picture of the past, preserving its clarity for future generations.

Finally, historical interpretations involve constructing and defending claims that answer compelling questions, which can lead to further inquiries. This constant development of historical evidence means that our understanding of history is always evolving, as new research and viewpoints emerge, enriching our knowledge and sharpening our image of the past.

Answer:

C. Children had to work with parents to help their families survive.

Explanation:

In the early years of America, the education of children was not a priority for society, only children of the upper social classes could access education and the rest of the children, who were the majority, had to work at an early age , to help their parents in the maintenance of the home and in the daily tasks.

The Missouri Compromise, signed in 1820 by President Monroe, provided the necessary legal base for the incorporation of Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state. This alternance was important (one incorporation of a free state together with the incorporation of a salve one ) contributed to maintain the necessary balance between the North and South in the US Senate.

Henry Clay was Speaker of the House of Representatives and worked hard to ensure the compromise and to break the blocking in the negotiations between South and North.