How does smooth muscle appear different at the cellular level than skeletal and cardiac muscle
Answers
Answer:
Smooth muscle:
At cellular level these muscles are cylindrical in appearance. There cells are unbranched. These are non striated.
Skeletal muscles:
These Muscles at cellular level appears as cylindrical and also they are unbranched. These are striated at cellular level.
Cardiac muscle:
These muscles are like skeletal muscles and smooth muscles in the sense of their cylindrical nature but these muscles are branched in contrast to others. These are striated.
Explanation:
Other differences are attached with this answer please find attachment.
Related Questions
Thirty-six colonies grew in nutrient agar from 0.1 ml of undiluted sample in a standard plate count. How many viable and culturable cells were in the original sample?
Answers
Final answer:
To calculate the concentration of viable and culturable cells in the original sample, divide the number of colonies by the volume of the sample plated. In this case, with thirty-six colonies from 0.1 ml, the concentration is 360 CFU/mL.
Explanation:
The question given by the student involves calculating the concentration of viable and culturable cells in an original sample using the standard plate count technique in microbiology. When the student mentioned that thirty-six colonies grew from a 0.1 ml undiluted sample, the concentration of cells can be calculated using the formula:
(of colonies counted on the petri plate) ÷ (amount of diluted sample added to the petri plate in mL) = CFU in diluted sample (cells/mL)
So, for the given question, the calculation would be:
36 colonies / 0.1 mL = 360 colonies per mL (CFU/mL)
Therefore, the concentration of viable and culturable cells in the original undiluted sample is 360 CFU per mL.
Sandra Bem coined the term _____ to describe those people who possess both masculine, or instrumental, and feminine, or expressive, traits.
Answers
Answer:
Hello!
The answer is androgyny.
Explanation:
Sandra Bem was a psychologist who studied gender and gender roles. She is famously known for introducing the Gender Schema Theory and the Bem Sex-Role Inventory or BSRI which is a test that classifies individuals on the basis of male and female traits. Bem's work has helped to redefine gender roles in society.Bem stated that each individual has both masculine and feminine traits and their gender roles could be determined on the basis of score on the BSRI. She introduced the androgyny to define people who have an equal number of both masculine and feminine traits on the BSRI. If a white dwarf in a binary star pair is accreting mass and it exceeds the 1.4MSun limit, it will:
Turn into a Neutron Star
Turn into a Black Hole
Turn into a Main Sequence star.
Explode
Answers
When a white dwarf in a binary star pair accretes mass and exceeds the 1.4Msun limit, it will explode in a Type Ia supernova.
Explanation:If a white dwarf in a binary star system is accreting mass from its companion and exceeds the Chandrasekhar limit of approximately 1.4 solar masses (Msun), it cannot support itself against gravitational collapse. The core temperature rises as it contracts, leading to a runaway nuclear fusion reaction, particularly of carbon. This process results in a violent explosion known as a Type Ia supernova, during which the white dwarf is completely destroyed, ejecting matter into space at high speeds and leaving no trace of the white dwarf behind.
Vascular endothelial growth factor (abbreviated VEGF and pronounced "Veg-F") is a peptide signaling molecule related to platelet-derived growth factor. VEGF is important in the formation of the circulatory system because its signaling pathway causes the formation of blood vessels in developing embryos during normal development. Tumors also produce and secrete VEGF, causing nearby blood vessels to branch and grow to form new blood vessels that supply these tumors.
Given what you know about the different kinds of cell signaling and VEGF, which statement is true?
VEGF is a paracrine signaling molecule because it binds to receptors on nearby cells, at the site where new blood vessels are needed.
Answers
Answer:
VEGF is a paracrine signaling molecule because it binds to receptors on nearby cells, at the site where new blood vessels are needed.
Explanation:
The platelet derived growth factors utilizes VEGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor) as a signalling molecule. Cell communication between close cells are aided by Paracrine signalling such as VEGF which forms new blood vessels to its close cells by binding with the receptors
Jorge made a model of a cell in a clear plastic zipper bag. He used a plum for the nucleus and kidney beans for mitochondria. Why is this model helpful for learning about cells? A. It is made of the same materials as a real cell. B. It can function like a real cell. C. It contains all the same parts as a real cell. D. It is larger than a real cell.
Answers
The model of the cell prepared here is much bigger than the real cell which is microscopic. So its helpful for studying the structures of the real cell.
Option D.
Explanation:The cell is defined to be the structural and functional unit of an organism. The cell contains different organelles that remain covered in one place i.e demarcated by cell membrane. Inside it there are different organelles like nucleus, mitochondria, ribosome, golgi bodies, lysozome etc. The sizes of these organelles are different. All these organelles are microscopic which makes the visualization of these organelles difficult. So making a model with comparative sizes and structures makes the studying easy for them. Thus this model is very helpful.
Answer:
d
Explanation:
It is larger than a real cell.
Medical robots are built with ____ capabilities to perform sophisticated surgeries.
Answers
Answer: High precision capabilities
Explanation:
Minimaturized tools and high definition three- dimensional cameras are inserted under the skin through an incisions,or without.
The Sugeon synchronize these with the robot outside and manipulate them from a nearby console.
You strip off all proteins on the cell surface by using a protease (an enzyme that destroys proteins). Now, when you add a specific signaling molecule, the cell still responds. What is the most reasonable explanation of this?
Answers
Answer:
This is because the receptor is in the interior of the cell
Explanation:
When a specific signaling molecule is added to a cell whose cell surface has been stripped off by proteins the cell still responds because the receptor is in the interior of the cell.
Receptors are divided into two categories which are;
Intracellular receptors or internal receptors which are found in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the cell. They respond to hydrophobic ligand molecules which are able to travel across the plasma membraneCell surface receptors which are found in the plasma membraneSignalling molecules are necessary for the coordination of cellular responses by serving as ligands and binding to cell receptors.
A type of signaling molecule are the small hydrophobic ligands which can directly diffuse through the plasma membrane and interact with internal receptors unlike the water soluble ligands. This is why the cell still responds after you strip off all proteins on the cell surface.
NOTE: Nitric oxide (NO) is a gas that also acts as a ligand, therefore it can pass through the plasma membrane of the cell and interact with receptors.
The cell likely responds to the signaling molecule through an intracellular receptor since the signaling molecule can still trigger a response after cell-surface proteins are stripped away by proteolysis.
The most reasonable explanation for a cell responding to a signaling molecule after all proteins have been stripped from the cell surface by a protease might be that the signaling molecule interacts with an intracellular receptor. Since proteolysis only affects proteins on the cell surface, and the cell still responds, this suggests that the signaling molecule is likely small and hydrophobic, allowing it to cross the cell membrane and bind to an intracellular receptor instead. This interaction alters the receptor's shape or activity, thereby triggering a response within the cell without the need for cell-surface receptors.
Which of the following is the general guideline that IACUCs use to evaluate the potential pain of a procedure conducted with animals?
Answers
Answer:
IACUCs ( An institutional animal care and use committee) may be defined as the federal regulations for the institutions in which the animals are used for the research and study purpose.
Some laws, regulations and rules are made for the committees so that they cannot use the animals brutally and illegally. The procedure that might result in the pain and distress in human being can cause same in other animals as well.
"In which type of disorder do feelings of apprehension or tension occur without an obvious external cause, affecting daily functioning?"
Answers
Answer:
B) you dont
Explanation:
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is the type of disorder in which feelings of apprehension or tension occur without an obvious external cause, affecting daily functioning.
Explanation:The disorder in which feelings of apprehension or tension occur without an obvious external cause, affecting daily functioning is called Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD).
GAD is a mental health disorder characterized by excessive and persistent worry about various aspects of life, even when there is no apparent reason to be anxious. Symptoms of GAD may include restlessness, irritability, difficulty concentrating, muscle tension, and sleep disturbances.
For example, a person with GAD may frequently feel anxious about upcoming events or situations and experience physical symptoms such as a racing heart, shortness of breath, or a knot in their stomach, making it difficult for them to carry out their daily activities.
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The protein part of an enzyme which requires a coenzyme/ cofactor to function is called a(n):__________
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
See the illustration below:
APOENZYME + COFACTOR/COENZYME = HOLOENZYME
Note: All known enzymes are proteins
Apoenzyme is the protein portion of the enzyme.
COFACTOR is the added portion to make a BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE enzyme known as Holoenzyme.
If the e and f genes are expressed, the Xi chromosome will be prevented from reaching 100% frequency if selection pressures cause which of the following to be true?
Answers
Answer:
The options
A. XsXs flies have the lowest fitness of any genotype.
B. XsXs flies have the highest fitness of any genotype.
C. XiY flies and XsY flies have equal fitness.
D. XiXs flies and XsXs flies have equal fitness
The CORRECT ANSWER IS
a. XsXs flies have the highest fitness of any genotype.
Explanation:
From the text:
Xi will have a frequency of 100% as far as the Xi bearing genotype is not picked. Options C and D are wrong since not being picked is equal to same fitness level.
The amount of Xs in relation to Xi population will increase as long as XsXs genotype as the largest fitness and there is difference in fitness between the other genotypes
In specialized transduction the bacterial genes transduced tend to be: Select one: a. those genes in greatest use by the bacteria b. those genes that are small enough to fit in the viral head c. those genes that are located close to the site of the pophage insertion d. those genes that are currently not being transcribed
Answers
Answer:
c. those genes that are located close to the site of the pophage insertion
Explanation:
In Specialized transduction, a restricted group of bacterial genes is passed to a different bacterium. Here, the prophage excises falsely from the chromosome such that the bacterial genes which are close to the site of the prophage insertion take part in the excised DNA.
What is the function of bile and where does it enter the digestive tract
Answers
Answer: emulsification of fats to tiny globules for easy digestion and absorbtion in the villii.
It excretes bilirubin.
It neutralizes acidic Chyme.
It enters at the duodenum to act on Chyle.
Explanation:
Which phase of the bacterial growth curve, involves more cells dying than reproducing?
Answers
Answer: Death phase
Explanation:
The bacterial growth curve involves many stages named as lag, log stationary and decline.
The lag stage is where the nutrients are supplied for the growth of the bacterial species.
The log phase is where the the bacteria grow along with the nutrients available.
The stationary phase can be defined as the phase the death rate and the generation rate is same.
The death phase can be defined as the phase where the number of dying bacteria is more than the number of generation of bacteria because of the depletion of nutrients.
"What is a microorganism [a microbe] that is innocuous [not harmful] to man or to a given animal species? It is a living being which does not possess the capacity to multiply in our body or in the body of the animal. But nothing proves that if the same microorganism should chance to come into contact with some other of the thousands of animal species in the Creation, it might invade it and render it sick. Its virulence might increase by repeated passages through that species, and might eventually affect man or domesticated animals." —Louis Pasteur
What is a reasonable inference to draw from this quote by Louis Pasteur?
Answers
Answer:
Bacteria can change and mutate with time and can become virulent from avirulent species.
Explanation:
If a bacteria is considered harmless or avirulent, then the bacteria will not necessarily affect the animal species.
But when the species come into contact with other sick species caused by the microbe will make the bacteria virulent. This shows that bacteria can change with time, depending on the environment it is living in.
A microorganism can mutate or change with time and can become virulent.
Thus we can draw this conclusion, bacteria can change and mutate with time and can become virulent from avirulent species.
Foreign proteins that gain access to the body through cuts and scrapes, through the digestive or circulatory systems, or through the urinary and reproductive systems are called ____.
1. mineralocorticoids
2. immunoglobulins
3. antigens
4. antibodies
Answers
Answer: option 3) antigens
Explanation:
An Antigen is any FOREIGN substance that can enters the body stimulating an immune response. It includes toxins, proteins etc, and can get into the body through ANY openings.
Therefore, antigen is the right answer
Foreign proteins that enter the body through various ways are called antigens. They trigger an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies.
Explanation:Foreign proteins that gain access to the body through cuts and scrapes, through the digestive or circulatory systems, or through the urinary and reproductive systems are called antigens. An antigen is a substance that triggers an immune response, especially the production of antibodies. Mineralocorticoids refer to a class of hormones that maintain salt and water balance and regulate blood pressure. Immunoglobulins are another name for antibodies, proteins produced by the immune system to neutralize harmful foreign substances like antigens. On the other hand, antibodies are proteins produced by B cells as a defense against antigens.
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Jessie and Joe are both carriers of the sickle cell trait which causes sickle cell disease when present in the recessive form. What is the likelihood that they will have 2 children, both of whom have the disorder?
Answers
Answer: 50% 50% Each.
Explanation:
Since both of the parents are recessive the gene will surely affect one but it's a chance of who.
Heparin reacts to prevent the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. Heparin:
A) Is available in oral and parenteral formsB) Takes about 72 hours to have a therapeutic effectsC) Has its effects reversed with the administration of protamine sulfateD) Has its effects reversed with the injection of vitamin K
Answers
Answer:
The correct option is C) Heparin has its effects reversed with the administration of protamine sulfate.
Explanation:
Heparin is an anticoagulant, that is, it works by decreasing the ability of blood to clot, helping to prevent the formation of clots as well as stopping the subsequent extension of any existing clot. Through the neutralization of thrombin, it prevents the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, and thus, prevents the formation of a stable clot by inhibiting the fibrin stabilizing factor.
Protamine sulfate is a heparin antagonist, forming with it inactive complexes without anticoagulant effect, that is, the protamine, in the presence of heparin, which is acidic in nature, through the formation of stable salts, cancels the anticoagulant effect of both substances, neutralizing and reversing the anticoagulant action of heparin.
Heparin's effects are reversed with the administration of protamine sulfate, not vitamin K which is used for warfarin reversal. Heparin works by enhancing the activity of antithrombin III, leading to a decrease in thrombin generation and thus anticoagulation; therefore option C is correct
Heparin prevents the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin by accelerating the inhibition of thrombin by antithrombin III. It binds to antithrombin III, causing a conformational change that greatly enhances its inhibition of thrombin. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is that heparin's effects can be reversed with the administration of protamine sulfate. This is because protamine sulfate is utilized to counteract the effects of heparin in the case of excessive anticoagulation, which is a crucial aspect of managing heparin's therapeutic usage.
Vitamin K is not used to reverse the effects of heparin, but it is used to reverse the effects of warfarin, another anticoagulant that works by inhibiting the vitamin K-dependent synthesis of certain coagulation factors. Unlike heparin, warfarin takes several days to reach its full therapeutic effect and is used for long-term anticoagulation treatment.
Second-generation H1 antagonists cause less CNS depression because they are selective for peripheral H1 receptors and because of which other property?
Answers
Answer:
THEIR INABILITY TO CROSS THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER AT THERAPEUTIC LEVELS.
Explanation:
Second-generation antihistamines (e.g., loratadine, terfenadine) lack the ability to pass through the blood-brain barrier at certain therapeutic levels.
An 8-month-old infant is eating and suddenly begins to cough. The infant is unable to make any noise shortly after. You pick up the infant and shout for help.Which action do you perform to relieve choking in an unresponsive infant?
Answers
Answer:
The five-and-five first aid action recommended by the red cross
Explanation:
When an infant is choking and becomes unresponsive, the five-and-five approach is recommended as a first aid treatment to dislodge the material blocking the airway.
The five-and-five action involves alternation between giving the subject five back blows and five abdominal thrusts until the the choking material is dislodged or the subject becomes unconscious.
If the infant becomes unconscious, CPR should be performed and further help should be sought.
Answer:
5 back hits/slaps, and then 5 chest thrusts
Explanation:
Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristics? A.low pressure and cold temperatures B. low carbon dioxide and warm temperatures lots of carbon dioxide and cold temperatures C. lots of carbon dioxide and warm temperatures low pressure and warm temperatures
Answers
Answer:
lots of carbon dioxide and cold temperatures
Explanation:
Calcium carbonate has low solubility at room temperature and the solubility increases as the temperature decreases. The solubility of calcium carbonate also increases in water with high level of carbon dioxide due to the formation of more soluble bicarbonate.
[tex]CaCO_3_{(s)} + CO_2_{(g)} + H_2O_{(l)} --> Ca(HCO_3)_2_{(aq)}[/tex]
This is why carbon dioxide rich rainwater is able to erode limestone rocks, leading to the formation of caves, stalactites and other structures in the long run as a result of reversal of the process.
Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water that is rich in carbon dioxide and has cold temperatures. This is because CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which can then react with CaCO3 to increase its solubility.
Explanation:Calcium carbonate, CaCO3, is more likely to dissolve in water with characteristics of having lots of carbon dioxide and cold temperatures. Due to its solubility product, Ksp, we know that the solubility increases as the pH decreases (i.e., as acidity increases). The presence of carbon dioxide, CO2, in water leads to the formation of carbonic acid, which results in the following reaction:
H₂O + CO₂ = H₂CO₃
CaCO3 + H₂CO₃ = Ca²+ + 2HCO3⁻
This reaction shows that as carbonic acid is present, calcium carbonate's solubility increases because it reacts with the acid to form more soluble compounds. In natural waters that contain dissolved CO2, the solubility of CaCO3 is enhanced due to the formation of hydrogen carbonate salts. Therefore, waters that are acidic and rich in CO2 are more likely to dissolve calcium carbonate
Adjacent plant cells have narrow channels called plasmodesmata that pass through the cell walls of the connected cells and allow a cytoplasmic connection between the cells.
Which of the following statements best describes a primary function of plasmodesmata?
1. They allow the movement of molecules from one cell to another, enabling communication between cells.
2. They prevent the cell membrane from pulling away from the cell wall during periods of drought.
3. They eliminate the need to produce signaling molecules and eliminate the need for cells to have receptors for signaling molecules.
4. They increase the surface area available for attachment of ribosomes and thus increase protein synthesis.
Answers
Answer:1. They allow the movement of molecules from one cell to another, enabling communication between cells.
Explanation:the cell wall is a rigid and cellulose containing wall, which surrounds the plasma membrane.
During lignification, small pores appear on the cell wall through which cytoplasmic strands extend.these pores are the plasmodesmata,which provides connections between plant cells
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Plant cells are encompassed in cell walls that form the plant skeletal structure. However, the presence of abundant extracellular cell wall material means that plant cells physically do not touch. To enable intercellular communication, plants have evolved cytoplasmic bridges, called plasmodesmata (Sing- Plasmodesma) that links the fluid cytoplasm between adjacent cells. The plasma membrane of one plant cell is continuous with that of its neighbour at each plasmodesma.
A Plasmodesma (Plural- Plasmodesmata) is a narrow channel through the plant cell wall that acts as intercellular cytoplasmic bridges to bring about communication and transport of materials between plant cells. Plasmodesmata form an important route for communication between plant cells, allowing molecules to pass directly from cell to cell.
The plasmodesmata separate the outer cell membranes of the plant cells. The actual air space separating the cells is called the desmotubule.
The ability of a muscle group to perform repeated contractions over a period of time sufficient to cause muscular fatigue or to maintain a specific percentage of maximum voluntary contraction for a prolonged period of time is called what?
Answers
Answer:
Muscle endurance
Explanation:
Muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle or collections of muscles to satiate or endure repeated contractions against a resistance for an extended period of time. It is one of the components of muscular contractions, muscular fitness, along with muscular strength and power.
During exercise or training fitness , muscular endurance implies to the number of repetitions of a single exercise you can underg without needing to stop and rest.
A cell is treated with a drug that prevents the formation of new lysosomes. The cell continues to transcribe the genes that code for the hydrolytic enzymes that are normally found in lysosomes and continues to translate the mRNAs for those proteins on membrane-bound ribosomes.
The hydrolytic enzymes are most likely to accumulate in which of the following cellular structures?
a. Nucleus
b. Mitochondrion
c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
d. Golgi Apparatus
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
The correct answer is D: Golgi apparatus.
In principle, the lysosomes are the responsible for accumulating of hydrolytic enzymes, so if the drug did not prevent the formation of lysosomes, the accumulation of hydrolytic enzymes would be in charge of the lysosomes.
But in the statement it says that the drug with which the cell is being treated prevents the formation of lysosomes, and in this case, the organelle that is most likely to perform the function of accumulating hydrolytic enzymes is the golgi apparatus.
The cellular structure that the hydrolytic enzymes would most likely accumulate is the: d. Golgi Apparatus.
The Golgi apparatus main function is to synthesize proteins. The proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum are received by the Golgi apparatus which processes them further.
The Golgi apparatus sorts proteins as well as transport the sorted proteins to their various destinations.
Materials that are to be removed from the cell are modified and processed by the Golgi apparatus before packaging them for transport out of the cell.
Since the genes for coding hydrolytic enzymes in absence of the lysosomes, where these hydrolytic enzymes would normally be found, the most likely cellular structure where the hydrolytic enzymes would accumulate is the Golgi apparatus.
The hydrolytic enzymes would be accumulated and sorted out in the Golgi apparatus.Therefore, the cellular structure that the hydrolytic enzymes would most likely accumulate is the: d. Golgi Apparatus.
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A high-fiber diet might help decrease blood cholesterol levels by preventing ketosis. keeping stools soft. trapping cholesterol in pockets in the large intestine. causing fiber to bind with cholesterol to be excreted.
Answers
A high-fiber diet might help decrease blood cholesterol levels by
a) preventing ketosis
b) keeping stools soft
c)trapping cholesterol in pockets in the large intestine
d)Causing fiber to bind with bile and more cholesterol to be excreted
Answer:
Causing fiber to bind with bile and more cholesterol to be excreted
Explanation:
High fiber diet include whole grain cereals, fruits, vegetables, nuts and potatoes etc., when consumed,they bind with cholesterol to aid degeneration in order for excretion to occur. They aid digestion and increase bowel movement, helps the body to lose weight, stay full longer, and improve health.
A nonsense mutation has occurred, resulting in a truncated, nonfunctional product in the mutant. In a eukaryotic cell, a gene that is initially transcribed is 1500 nucleotides in length. The mature mRNA for the product is 1200 nucleotides in length. What is the most probable reason for the discrepancy?
Answers
Answer:
Removal of introns
Explanation:
the reduction in the sequence is as a result of the removal of introns. Introns are actually non-coding regions and do not code for proteins. they are usually spliced out.
Your roommate, who has not studied climate, says, "I thought the greenhouse effect was a bad thing. Isn't it what's causing global warming?" Which of the following statements might you use to help your roommate understand the true nature of the greenhouse effect?Select the two that apply.
A. Some gases, like carbon dioxide and water vapor, "trap" the heat radiated by Earth, causing warming.
B. Earth would be more livable without the greenhouse effect.
C. When there are more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the greenhouse effect is stronger.
D. Carbon dioxide is the only greenhouse gas that matters.
Answers
Answer:
Option (A) and (C).
Explanation:
Greenhouse effect increases the earth's temperature every year. This causes the melting of glaciers and causes flood situation in the plain areas and allows the persistence of harmful gases in the atmosphere.
Greenhouse gases has the ability to trap the heat of the sun radiated by the planet. These greenhouse gases includes carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water vapor and methane. These green house gases increases the effect of the greenhouse.
Thus, the correct answer is option (A) and (C).
Final answer:
The greenhouse effect is a natural process that involves certain gases in the Earth's atmosphere trapping heat, allowing the planet to maintain a habitable temperature. However, increased greenhouse gas concentrations, such as carbon dioxide, from human activities have caused an enhanced greenhouse effect, resulting in global warming and climate change.
Explanation:
A. Some gases, like carbon dioxide and water vapor, "trap" the heat radiated by Earth, causing warming.
C. When there are more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the greenhouse effect is stronger.
The greenhouse effect is a natural process in which certain gases in the Earth's atmosphere trap heat, preventing it from escaping into space. This process is essential for maintaining a habitable temperature on Earth. However, human activities have increased the concentration of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, which has resulted in an enhanced greenhouse effect, leading to global warming and climate change.
explain how the carrying capacity affects the number of predators in an area biology regents?
Answers
Answer:
Carrying capacity of an ecosystem defines that for a limited supply of food or organism consumed by predators, only a limited number of predators can survive.
Explanation:
The carrying capacity of any ecosystem determines the number of species including the predators that can thrive in this ecosystem thereby availing an adequate supply of food and other essential resources.
Therefore, the carrying capacity limits the population of predators in a given ecosystem. This is because for a limited supply of food or organism consumed by predators, only a limited number of predators can survive. If the population of predators becomes very large and in lieu to that not enough resources are available then the population of both the predator and its prey will decrease.
The cells involved in innate immunity, whose absence increases the chances of developing malignant tumors, are _____.
A) cytotoxic T cells
B) natural killer cells
C) macrophages
D) B cells
Answers
Answer:
The correct option is B (natural killer cells).
Explanation:
Natural killer cells: They are defined as the type of cytotoxic lymphocyte which are critical to the innate immune system. The NK cells play an important role in to provide rapid response to tumor formation, virus infected cells, and acting after three days of infection.
While cancer cells die, they release some antigens, than these antigens are recognized by the immune system, and later they are presented on the immune cells which are known as antigen presenting cells. So, if these cells are absent than they increase the chances of developing malignant tumors.
In an embryonic vertebrate, the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) is a thickened area at the tip of the bud. The cells of the AER secrete protein signals that promote limb-bud outgrowth, and removing the AER blocks growth of the limb along the proximal–distal axis. How would the forelimb of an embryo develop if the AER was removed early or late in limb development?
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
The Removal of the AER results in the cessation of limb bud out-growth and a truncated proximal–distal (PD) axis
The earlier the AER is removed, the more truncated the resulting limb is, with only the very proximal structures (humerus) forming
The later the AER is removed, the less truncated the resulting limb is, with the more distal structures forming (humerus and radius/ulna)
Which is a process
Called Zone model