How many electrons are required to complete the outer energy level of a phosphorus atom?

Final answer:

To solve for the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture that includes water vapor, Dalton's law is used to account for the vapor pressure of water, and the ideal gas law assists in determining the density of water vapor.

Explanation:

To solve a problem involving partial pressure and water vapor pressure, one needs to follow a step-by-step approach. For example, if the water vapor pressure at a specific temperature is provided, such as 2.33 × 10³ Pa at 20.0°C, this value is used as the partial pressure of water vapor in the ideal gas law equation:

PV = nRT,

where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin. To find the density of water vapor in g/m³ which corresponds to the given vapor pressure, one must rearrange the ideal gas law to solve for n/V, which gives the number of moles per cubic meter. The molar mass of water from the periodic table is then used to convert moles to grams, thus obtaining the density. A comparison should be made with the saturation vapor density to verify the result.

An understanding of Dalton's law of partial pressures is integral as it states that the total pressure is the sum of the individual gas pressures. In the case of gas collected over water, the total pressure includes both the gas's pressure and the water vapor's pressure. The actual partial pressure of the gas of interest can be calculated as:

Pg = PTotal - PH₂O

This calculation is vital in contexts where gases are collected over water as in many laboratory settings.

The energy of a gamma ray photon can be calculated using Planck's equation. Given the frequency of 5.02*10^20 Hz, substituting this and Planck's constant into the equation results in an energy of approximately 3.33 × 10^-13 Joules.

The energy of a gamma ray photon can be calculated using Planck's equation: E = hf, where 'E' stands for energy, 'h' is Planck's constant and 'f' is the frequency of the radiation.

The value of Planck's constant is 6.626 × 10^−34 J⋅s (Joules times seconds), and the frequency provided is 5.02*10^20 Hz. Substituting these values into the Planck's equation:

E = (6.626 × 10−34 J⋅s) (5.02 × 1020 Hz) = 3.33 × 10-13 J (Joules)

Thus, the energy of the given gamma ray photon is approximately 3.33 × 10-13 Joules.

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Answer:

Chromium (Cr)

Explanation:

To know this, we first need to know, in which group and period of the periodic table is this element. Then, we can identify the element by calculating the atomic number.

In this case, let's write again the electron configuration:

1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d⁴

Now, with the electron configuration we can know the group in which this element is, the period, and the atomic number which will give us the identity of the element.

The period can be identified, by watching the electron configuration and look into the numbers that accompanies the orbitals (The orbitals are the letters s, p and d), and see which one has the highest number. In this case, we have the 4s² , the number 4 is the highest, so the period of this element is period 4.

Now that we know the period, let's determine the group. The group can be determined, watching the electrons of the last cap of the electron configuration (electrons are the numbers superscripted). Now, if the element pass the 3rd period we have to sum the electrons of the previous d cap. In this case, it was. So, we sum 4 electrons of the d orbytal from the previous cap, and the 2 electrons from the 4s, therefore the group of the element is the group 6 (Or column 6 of the table).

Now we know that it's on group 6 and period 4, the final confirmation will be the atomic number of the element. For this, we have to count all the electrons of all capes in the configuration.

Doing this, we have that the sum of all electrons is:

2+2+6+2+6+2+4 = 24

The atomic number of the element is 24.

So to conclude, the element which electron configuration is 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d⁴, group 6 and period 4, is Chromium (Cr)

Final answer:

In a monosaccharide, the number of hydrogen atoms is usually double the number of carbon atoms. Therefore, if a monosaccharide has 11 oxygen atoms, it likely contains 6 carbon atoms and 12 hydrogen atoms.

Explanation:

In a monosaccharide, the number of hydrogen atoms is usually double the number of carbon atoms. This is because each carbon atom forms bonds with either a hydrogen atom or an oxygen atom. Since the monosaccharide in this question has 11 oxygen atoms, we can assume it has 6 carbon atoms (since glucose, a hexose sugar, has 6 carbon atoms) and thus 12 hydrogen atoms.

The rate of diffusion decreases with increasing molar mass of the gas, therefore the gas diffuses more quickly. As a result, the molar masses will be determined in order to decide which gas will diffuse the fastest. Here Xe has the highest molar mass, so it will be slowest.

According to Graham's law, the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass, which roughly resembles the rate of diffusion. Light gases thus have a tendency to disperse and effuse at a much faster rate than heavy gases.

Xenon has a molar mass of 131.29 g/mol. Xe is the chemical symbol for xenon. The molar mass of a xenon is equal to its atomic mass because there is only one xenon atom in it.

Thus the correct option is C.

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The electrons orbiting around the nucleus in an atom have a negative electric charge.  Together, all of the electrons of an atom create a negative charge that balances the positive electric charge of the protons in the nucleus. Electrons are extremely small.

sorry, don't know

sorry, don't know

In an ecosystem with young rivers the common characteristic is steep stream as the young rivers do not have other mentioned characteristics.

Ecosystem is defined as a system which consists of all living organisms and the physical components with which the living beings interact. The abiotic and biotic components are linked to each other through nutrient cycles and flow of energy.

Energy enters the system through the process of photosynthesis .Animals play an important role in transfer of energy as they feed on each other.As a result of this transfer of matter and energy takes place through the system .Living organisms also influence the quantity of biomass present.By decomposition of dead plants and animals by microbes nutrients are released back in to the soil.

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Final answer:

Chloroethylene, or vinyl chloride, does not have isomeric forms due to its unique molecular structure that allows for only one arrangement of its atoms, unlike compounds that can exhibit cis-trans isomerism.

Explanation:

Chloroethylene, often referred to as vinyl chloride, does not exhibit isomerism because its molecular structure allows for only one unique arrangement of its atoms. Unlike compounds such as 1,2-dichloroethene, where the presence of a double bond creates the possibility for cis-trans isomerism due to restricted rotation, chloroethylene's structure does not allow for such variability. The presence of the double bond in chloroethylene binds it in a specific structural configuration, with no alternative spatial arrangements for its atoms, thereby precluding the existence of isomers. In summary, chloroethylene can only exist in one structural form and does not have isomeric forms.

The azide ion N3- can actually be represented by 3 resonance structures.

(check attached image for the structures)

Among the three, the Structure 1 is the most important one. While structure 3 almost makes no contribution due to the positive charges located on the adjacent atoms and the overall higher formal charge.

Azide ion has [tex]\boxed{{\text{three}}}[/tex] resonating structures (For structures, refer to the attached image).

Further Explanation:

The bonding between the different atoms in covalent molecules is shown by some diagrams known as the Lewis structures. These also show the presence of lone pairs in the molecule. These are also known as Lewis dot diagrams, electron dot diagrams, Lewis dot structures or Lewis dot formula. In covalent compounds, the geometry, polarity, and reactivity are predicted by these structures.

When more than one Lewis structures are possible for a single molecule but no single structure is able to explain all the properties of the molecule then resonance is used. All the structures thus formed are called resonating structures and the phenomenon is known as resonance. The resonance structures have the same placement of atoms but different locations of bond pairs and lone pairs of electrons. Moreover, various resonating structures can be converted to each other by moving lone pairs to bonding positions, and vice-versa.

The general rules that we follow to draw the resonance structures are as follows:

a. The [tex]\pi[/tex] electrons or a lone pair of electrons can change their positions while the position of atoms remains fixed.

b. The count of the valence electrons in all the resonating structure should be same.

c. The transfer of electrons is shown by the curved arrows.

d. The resonating structure must follow octet rule that is all atoms should have 8 electrons

Conditions to determine more contributing resonating structures are as follows:

1. Smaller formal charges are always preferred over the larger one.

2. The stable structure has more delocalization of charges on the atoms.

3. A more negative formal charge must always be located on the most electronegative atom.

The resonating structures of azide ion are shown in the image attached.

Structure III is more stable than the other two. This structure has negative charge on more electronegative atom (N) and more delocalization of charge. While in structure I and II, nitrogen is having a positive charge so unstable.

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Answer details:

Grade: Senior School

Subject: Chemistry

Chapter: Resonance

Keywords: resonating structures, azide, N3-, structure I, structure II, structure III, Lewis structures, smaller, larger, electronegative atom.

The chemical formulas for compounds have the information regarding the element present, number of atoms which are present in a compound.

Compound is defined as a chemical substance made up of identical molecules containing atoms from more than one type of chemical element.

Molecule consisting atoms of only one element is not called compound.It is transformed into new substances during chemical reactions. There are four major types of compounds depending on chemical bonding present in them.They are:

1)Molecular compounds where in atoms are joined by covalent bonds.

2) ionic compounds where atoms are joined by ionic bond.

3)Inter-metallic compounds where atoms are held by metallic bonds

4) co-ordination complexes where atoms are held by co-ordinate bonds.

They have a unique chemical structure held together by chemical bonds Compounds have different properties as those of elements because when a compound is formed the properties of the substance are totally altered.

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To know if a reaction would occur, we refer to the reactivity series. Looking at the reactivity series, the zinc is at the upper list than nickel, therefore we could say that a reaction would occur. This would actually be a replacement reaction:

NiCl2  +  Zn  -->  ZnCl2  +  Ni

Answer is: yes, reaction occurs.

Reactivity series is an empirical progression of a series of metals, arranged by their reactivity from highest to lowest (alkaline metals have highest reactivity and Noble metals lowest reactivity).

Metal higher in the reactivity series will displace another, zinc is more reactive than nickel.

Chemical reaction: Zn(s) + NiCl₂(aq) → ZnCl₂(aq) + Ni(s).

Ionic reaction: Zn(s) + Ni²⁺(aq) + 2Cl⁻(aq) → Zn²⁺(aq) + 2Cl⁻(aq) + Ni(s).

Net ionic reaction: Zn(s) + Ni²⁺(aq) → Zn²⁺(aq) + Ni(s).

Zinc metal is oxidized (from oxidation number 0 to +2) and nickel is reduced (from oxidation number +2 to 0).

Final answer:

To find rich fertile soil, one should look towards regions with former glacial activity near rivers, such as the Midwest's glacial till or river valleys and deltas. Wetlands and lighter human exploitation contribute to fertility, while climates with heavy rainfall and high temperatures accelerate nutrient depletion, hence the need for careful soil management in such regions.

Explanation:

Rich, fertile soil is most often found in regions where natural conditions are favorable for agriculture. This includes areas that have been influenced by glacial activity, such as the Midwest of the United States, where glaciers have deposited glacial till from the Canadian Shield, contributing to some of the most fertile soils in the world. Additionally, the presence of wetlands has also enhanced soil fertility by accumulating organic carbon.

Another significant factor contributing to soil fertility is the geographic location in relation to water bodies. For instance, glacial activity areas near big rivers or regions prone to flooding result in increased fertility due to the rich sediments brought in by the water. Cultural and historical examples include the Egyptians along the Nile River and the societies in Southern Asia along the Mekong River. These fertile lands have often led to the development of early human settlements and subsequent agricultural growth.

Soil fertility can, however, be diminished due to certain conditions. High precipitation rates and temperatures, especially as one moves closer to the equator, can lead to intensive leaching of soil nutrients, and without careful management, the soil can quickly become less fertile. Therefore, regions with moderated climates, such as those found in river valleys and deltas, typically possess the highest soil fertility and are most conducive for agricultural practices without the immediate need for irrigation or heavy fertilization.

The three dimensional space occupied by the matter is the volume. Here 2.0 liters of volume is equal to 2000 cm³. The correct option is B.

The measure of the capacity that an object holds is defined as the volume. If a beaker can hold 100 mL water then its volume is 100. The ratio of the mass to density of a substance is the volume.

It can be expressed in mL, L, m³, cm³, etc. The SI unit of volume is m³. The equation used to determine the volume is:

Volume = Mass / Density

1 L = 1000 cm³

The volume in liters can be converted into cubic meters by multiplying it with 1000. Then, 2.0 L is:

2 L = 2 × 1000 = 2000 cm³

Hence the volume 2000 cm³ is equal to 2.0 L.

Thus the correct option is B.

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The answer is electromagnetivity

Answer:

The answer is chemical reaction- gas produced.

Explanation:

The complete question is:

"The baking soda looked like it dissolved in the vinegar. Sarah and Connor watched as the balloon expanded and filled with a gas. Was this a physical or chemical reaction and why?  

A) chemical - gas produced  

B) physical - water bottle got hot  

C) physical - baking soda dissolved  

D) chemical - baking soda disappeared"

A chemical reaction is a process by which one or more substances, called reactants, are transformed into one or more other substances with different properties, called products.

That is, in a chemical reaction, the bonds between the atoms that form the reactants are broken, reorganizing and forming new bonds, thus giving rise to one or more substances different from the initial ones.

Some indications of a chemical change are:

So, the answer is chemical reaction- gas produced.

Nitrogen could form 3 covalent bonds if each of its unpaired electrons participates in one bond.

Nitrogen atom forms 3 bonds based on octet rule, because it has 5 valence electrons. That means it needs 3 bonds or three more electrons.

Keywords: Chemical bond, covalent bond, atom  

Level: High school  

Subject: Chemistry  

Topic: structure and bonding  

Sub-topic: Covalent bond

[tex]\boxed{{\text{3}}\;{\text{covalent bonds}}}[/tex] are formed by nitrogen if each of its unpaired electrons participates in one bond.

Further Explanation:

The bond that is formed by the mutual sharing of electrons between the bonded atoms is called a covalent bond. It is also known as a molecular bond. Covalent compounds are those compounds which are formed by the electron sharing between two or more non-metals.

The octet rule is the rule in accordance to which the elements have the tendency to bond with other elements and acquire eight electrons in their valence shells. This results in achieving a stable noble gas configuration.

For example, the formation of NaCl occurs according to the octet rule. The electronic configuration of sodium is   [tex]{\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{1}}}[/tex]while that of chlorine is [tex]{\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{5}}}[/tex].

Chlorine is one electron short of the stable noble gas configuration and sodium can achieve stable configuration by losing an electron. So sodium loses an electron and forms cation and chlorine gains that electron to complete its octet.

The atomic number of nitrogen is 7. Its ground state electronic configuration is [tex]{\mathbf{1}}{{\mathbf{s}}^{\mathbf{2}}}{\mathbf{2}}{{\mathbf{s}}^{\mathbf{2}}}{\mathbf{2}}{{\mathbf{p}}^{\mathbf{3}}}[/tex] . The partial orbital diagram is the diagrammatic representation of the distribution of electrons in the valence shell only. In case of nitrogen, the valence shell is 2.

Nitrogen has five electrons in its valence shell. Out of these five electrons, two are paired while three remain unpaired. If all three unpaired electrons are to be used, it will accept three electrons from the neighboring atoms to make three covalent bonds.

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Grade: High School

Subject: Chemistry

Chapter: Ionic and covalent compounds

Keywords: covalent bonds, nitrogen, unpaired electrons, bond, partial orbital diagram, configuration, valence shell, mutual sharing, octet rule.

The percentage abundance of each isotope, given that nitrogen atomic weight is 14.007, are:

How to calculate the percentage abundance of each isotope?

First, we shall obtain the percentage abundance of N-14. Details below:

[tex]Atomic\ weight = \frac{Mass\ \times\ abundance}{100} \\\\14.007 = \frac{14\ \times\ A}{100}\ +\ \frac{15\ \times\ (100 - A)}{100}\\\\14.007 = \frac{14A}{100}\ +\ \frac{1500\ -\ 15A}{100}\\\\14.007 = 0.14A\ + 15\ -\ 0.15A\\\\14.007 - 15 = 0.14A\ -\ 0.15A\\\\-0.993 = -0.01A\\\\A = \frac{-0.993}{y-0.01} \\\\A = 99.3\%[/tex]

Thus,

Percentage abundance of 2nd isotope, N-15 = 100 - A

= 100 - 99.3

= 0.7%

The carbon-carbon bond in ethylene, h2cch2, results from the overlap of sp2 hybrid orbitals.

The correct option is (D).

1. Hybridization in Ethylene:

  - Ethylene [tex](\( \text{H}_2\text{C}=\text{CH}_2 \))[/tex] is a molecule composed of two carbon atoms double-bonded to each other and each carbon atom is also bonded to two hydrogen atoms.

  - The carbon atoms in ethylene undergo sp2 hybridization to form the π bond between them.

2. Explanation of sp2 Hybridization:

  - In sp2 hybridization, one ( s ) orbital and two ( p ) orbitals of the carbon atom combine to form three sp2 hybrid orbitals.

  - These sp2 hybrid orbitals are arranged in a trigonal planar geometry with bond angles of approximately 120 degrees.

  - One of the sp2 hybrid orbitals overlaps with an sp2 orbital from the other carbon atom to form the σ bond between the two carbon atoms.

  - The remaining two sp2 hybrid orbitals on each carbon atom form sigma bonds with hydrogen atoms.

3. Formation of the π Bond:

  - The remaining unhybridized ( p ) orbital on each carbon atom is perpendicular to the plane formed by the sp2 hybrid orbitals.

  - These unhybridized ( p ) orbitals overlap laterally to form the π bond between the carbon atoms.

  - This lateral overlap of the ( p ) orbitals allows for the formation of the π bond, which is responsible for the double bond character between the carbon atoms in ethylene.

4. Conclusion:

  - Thus, the π bond in ethylene results from the overlap of unhybridized ( p ) atomic orbitals, making option D) sp2 hybrid orbitals the correct answer.

complete question given below:

The π bond in ethylene, H2C=CH2, results from the overlap of ________. A) sp3 hybrid orbitals B) s atomic orbitals C) sp hybrid orbitals D) sp2 hybrid orbitals E) p atomic orbitals

Answer:

Correct answer for Plato users

Explanation:

The answer is: The population of paddlefish will decrease, while the population of zooplankton will increase.

The paddlerfish is predator to zooplankton. An decrease in predator (in this example the paddlerfish) will increase the number and genetic variation in a population of zooplankton.

An decrease of food (in this example the paddlerfish) will decrease population of the lampreys.

Hman activity (hunting) decrease population of the paddlerfish.