The answer is job enrichment.
When implementing job enrichment, it typically means that the employee would receive additional responsibilities on top of the ones that he or she is already doing.
The employee might receive responsibilities that his or her superior has. It differs from job enlargement in that the latter means that the employee might receive workload from a job position that is at the same level as hers or his currently, but from a different work function.
Job enrichment is a strategy used in business to increase the complexity of a job, thereby providing employees with a greater sense of responsibility, achievement, and job satisfaction. Intrinsic motivation and Erikson's theory play significant roles in this process. It often leads to better job performance and employee retention.
Explanation:The process you are referring to here is known as job enrichment. Job enrichment is a technique used in business management and human resources to motivate employees. It involves increasing the complexity of a job to provide a greater sense of responsibility, accomplishment, and achievement. This strategy can help create a more fulfilling work environment.
For instance, employees may be provided with more challenging tasks or greater authority in their role. As a result, this offers opportunities for personal growth and professional development. This strategy draws on the concept of intrinsic motivation (motivation that comes from within an individual), which suggests that we are driven to perform tasks because we find them inherently rewarding. This relates to Erikson's theory of motivation and the need to achieve competence.
The satisfaction gained from job enrichment can often surpass the fulfillment received from salary increases alone, as research suggests a weak correlation between pay level and job satisfaction. Instead, factors like role clarity, variety, and responsibility play a more significant role in cultivating job satisfaction. Such strategies can lead to better job performance, employee retention, and a positive workplace culture.
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Betty is 18 years old. for the past five years she has been very committed to working with a group of her friends as a volunteer at a local hospital. she has also diligently studied the piano during this time. according to erikson, betty is developing the virtue of
These are examples of fidelity
According to Erikson's psychosocial stages, Betty's commitment to volunteering and studying piano signifies her development of the virtue of 'Fidelity' associated with both Adolescence and Early Adulthood stages. She is shaping her personal identity and showing her ability to commit herself to others.
Explanation:According to Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, 18-year-old Betty falls into the category of adolescence (ages 12-18). In this stage, individuals are developing their sense of self and personal identity.
However, Betty's activities, including her commitment as a volunteer at a local hospital and studying piano diligently, can also be interpreted as part of Early Adulthood stage (ages 18-40). In this stage, individuals explore relationships leading to longer term commitments with others outside the family unit, such as friendships, and love relationships. In the context of Erikson's theory, Betty's consistent commitment to extra-curricular activities like volunteering and piano show she is developing the virtue of Fidelity--- faithfulness, ability to commit oneself to others, and the ability to develop value and ideological commitments.
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Which nims management characteristic refers to the number of subordinates that directly report to a supervisor?
The correct answer is the manageable span of control.
In the FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) National Incident Management System, the manageable span of control is the management characteristic that refers to the number of subordinates that directly report to a supervisor.
In the FEMA, National Incident Management System, have the full control in management feature that refers to the number of subordinates that directly report to a supervisor.
What is the difference between in subordinate and supervisor?Supervisor has the great position in the management as the subordinates gives all the report to supervision and follow the order of supervisor. The major span of control of management is in the hands of supervisor.
Thus, In the FEMA, National Incident Management System, have the full control in management.
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The growth of big data techniques has expanded the use of which decision-making approach?
Big data has allowed companies to move a data driven decision making approach. Big data gives insight into questions and allows decision makers more information in determining the right path.
Answer:
The correct answer is classical.
Explanation:
The traditional approach to understanding classical decision making is based on the decision making of classical theory or the rational economic model. The classic vision of decision making has always integrated the concept of rationality decisions into the whole process.
The advantage of the classic model is to indicate a rational approach that can be applied in decision making in organizations.
Give that perspective, Huber (2008: 18) expresses that “classical decision theory considers that decision making acts in a world of complete certainty.” In that sense, decision makers are supposed to have objective elements to decide, that have the complete information and that they can consider all possible alternatives and their consequences before selecting the optimal solution.
Based on the above definition, it is clear that classical decision making and its theory derives from several assumptions. However, all these assumptions are not the reality within this modern information age. Hellriegel (2004) agreed that this process is supported by certain characteristics, which are very unrealistic in practice and are widely discussed today among the managerial field.
At 8.5 percent interest, how long does it take to double your money? (do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places,
e.g., 32.16.) length of time 17 years at 8.5 percent interest, how long does it take to quadruple your money? (do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places,
e.g., 32.16.) length of time 34 years
Using the Rule of 72, it would take 8.47 years to double at 8.5% interest.
The rule of 72 is very simple: divide 72 by the fixed interest rate to determine number of years it will take for an investment to double.
To calculate the time it takes to double or quadruple your money, we can use the Rule of 72, a simple formula used to estimate the time it takes for an investment to double or quadruple at a fixed interest rate.
For doubling your money:
Time = 72 / Interest rate
Time = 72 / 8.5
Time ≈ 8.47 years
So, at 8.5 percent interest, it takes approximately 8.47 years to double your money.
For quadrupling your money:
Time = 72 / Interest rate
Time = 72 / 8.5
Time ≈ 16.94 years
So, at 8.5 percent interest, it takes approximately 16.94 years to quadruple your money.
The Rule of 72 is a quick and useful tool to estimate the time it takes for an investment to grow significantly based on the given interest rate.
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which skills are primarily established through a paper-style test vaa
it is Cursive handwriting
To be a team, a group must be composed of members with complementary skills.T/F
True, because you don't everyone good at the same thing. For example, if you want to make a car, you don't want everyone to just know how to build doors.
Under the Electronic Fund Transfer Act, which two banking practices are part of the consumer's responsibility?
Knowing rights and responsibilities relating to money transfers. Notifying the bank of lost credit or debit cards.
Answer:
Consumer is responsible for correct receiver data, name, account nbr, financial institutional name. Also is responsible for paying some financial operation tax for this transaction and eventually agreeing with the institutional terms and conditions of the transaction.
Explanation:
What is a system for ordering items that have little or no value at the end of a sales period?
a. single-period inventory model
b. rop
c. production order quantity model
d. eoq?
a. Single-period inventory model
In this model, inventory is ordered once at the beginning of the period, not replenished during the period, and anything left over at the end is scrapped.
Which of these statements is not true about project scheduling?
a. project scheduling encourages the setting of realistic time and cost estimates for each activity.
b. project scheduling helps make better use of resources by identifying the non-critical paths through the network.
c. project scheduling identifies the precedence relationships among activities.
d. project scheduling shows the relationship of each activity to others?
b. project scheduling helps make better use of resources by identifying the non-critical paths through the network. It would identify criticle paths
The statement which is not true about project scheduling is, “Project scheduling identifies the precedence relationships among activities.” Therefore, choice C is the correct option.
What is project scheduling?Project scheduling is an activity under project management that lists and schedules all the activities, tasks, and objectives related to that particular project. The project schedule makes the work more efficient and smoother since everything is planned prior to its start.
Project scheduling is a task which is genrally used by the managers to list and make a timeline of their projects in order to complete them timely.
Thus, the claim that "project scheduling identifies the precedence relationships among activities" is untrue in regard to the project schedules. As a result, option C is the best one.
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The managers at pork farm inc., a meat packing company, want to create more consumer demand for the company's products that are being overshadowed by its competitors. they have a meeting to decide the effective communication strategies that can be used to increase the popularity of pork farm inc.'s products among customers by highlighting their company's products. in this scenario, the managers at pork farm inc. are developing a _____.
Answer:
In this scenario, the managers at Pork Farm Inc. are developing a "promotional strategy".
Explanation:
When you are using Promotional strategy, it means that you want to influence your consumers and you want that most people buy your products. The goal of successful marketing promotion strategy include how you convince consumers that you have the best product and you will build good relationship with them.
The managers at Pork Farm Inc. are developing a marketing strategy that involves looking into effective advertising and communication techniques to increase the demand and popularity of their products.
Explanation:In the posed question, the managers at Pork Farm Inc. are in the process of creating a marketing strategy. This includes communication plans to increase the reputation and demand for their products, which are being overshadowed by competitors' offerings.
Advertising plays a significant role in these strategies. It has the power to differentiate products in the consumers' minds, as well as having the ability to make the demand for the products more inelastic. This indicates that it can make the demand more resilient to changes in price, or it can increase the demand altogether. Hence, making it possible for the company to either sell greater quantities or charge a higher price, thus increasing the company’s profit.
The key for Pork Farm Inc. is to clarify the unique benefits and values of their products compared to their competitors. The use of advertising and marketing can certainly aid in shaping consumers' perception and increasing demand.
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On march 12, medical waste services provides services on account to grace hospital for $10,200, terms 4/10, n/30. grace does not pay for services until march 31, missing the 4% sales discount.
In this case she would owe the full "net" amount of $10,200 within 30 days.
4/10 n/30 means a 4% discount if paid within 10 days and the full amount if paid more than 10 but 30 days or less.
Grace Hospital misses out on a 4% discount by paying after the 10-day period, resulting in a full payment of $10,200 for medical waste services. Hospitals require upfront payments because of rising costs due to unpaid bills, and without insurance, these payments can be prohibitively expensive.
Explanation:When Grace Hospital receives medical waste services on account with terms 4/10, n/30 for an amount of $10,200, this implies that they are eligible for a 4% discount if payment is made within 10 days. However, if they do not pay for the services until March 31, missing the discount period, Grace Hospital would be liable to pay the full invoice price of $10,200.
Hospitals often have to deal with patients who do not pay their bills, which has resulted in uncompensated care costs rising significantly. To avoid this financial strain, some hospitals require upfront payments for treatment, which can be financially burdensome for those without health insurance. Without insurance, payments can be very high, as illustrated by the case where a cancer patient was required to make an advance payment of $105,000 for treatment at a not-for-profit hospital in Texas. The difference in repayment comes from the fact that insurance companies have pre-negotiated reimbursement rates with hospitals, which can vary widely among providers like Medicaid, Medicare, and private insurers.
If marketable permits system is implemented in waste reduction, the overall reduction cost may be minimized as it will allow for pollution reduction where the cost is least expensive.
Every year the u.s. sugar industry, which is dominated by only a few firms, spends millions of dollars lobbying members of congress and contributing to their re-election campaigns. it does so for both democrats and republicans. one goal of these contributions is the preservation of the u.s. sugar quota, which limits the importation of less expensive sugar from other countries. ultimately, all of these activities are motivated by a desire among u.s. sugar producers to:
I assume there are choices here, but these companies want to limit cheap imports to ensure they are making high profit margins by maintaining a high price.
Answer:
rent seeking.
Explanation:
Rent seeking happens when one organization or a group of organizations makes a large economic rent at the expense of the general public through the manipulation of public policies. Rent seeking is usually tied to government corruption since these organizations need that the government imposes barriers or limitations to other competitors so that they can make larger profits, or they request unnecessary grants or subsidies.
In this case everyone loses except domestic sugar producers:
- Domestic sugar producers and their workers GAIN because they can sell their products at higher prices and therefore make higher profits.
- Consumers LOSE because they will pay a higher price for sugar and other products that use sugar as a key input, e.g. candy
- Industries that use sugar and their workers LOSE because they need to pay higher prices for a key input like sugar.
- The U.S. economy LOSE because it reduces jobs in other industries that use sugar as a key input, e.g. candy industry, bakeries, pharmaceuticals, beer brewers, etc. (a lot of industries use sugar in their manufacturing processes). When jobs are reduced, the whole economy suffers since consumption falls and social costs increase.
The percentage change in the price level from one time period to the next, whether the price level is measured in terms of money or as a price index, will be the
it would be the inflation rate
What could happen at each stage of the money creation process to prevent the money supply from increasing the full amount predicted by the deposit expansion multiplier?
Banks could hold on to their excess reserves and not loan them out, and people could hold on to their proceeds as cash. By holding on to the money and not putting it back into the money supply, it will keep the supply from continuing to increase at a high level.
Factors such as banks holding excess reserves, individuals preferring cash over deposits, withdrawals and loan repayments reducing reserves, and a lack of trust in banks can all impede the money creation process and inhibit the money supply from increasing as much as the deposit expansion multiplier might predict.
The money creation process can be affected at each stage, potentially preventing the full increase in the money supply as predicted by the deposit expansion multiplier. One factor that can hinder the multiplication of deposits is when banks choose to hold excess reserves rather than lending out all of their available funds.
Another factor is the preference of individuals to hold cash rather than depositing it into bank accounts, which interrupts the recycling of funds into new loans. Additionally, the withdrawal of cash from banks reduces their reserves, consequently decreasing the money supply.
Loan repayments have a similar effect, with the repayment reducing checkable deposits and thus the money supply. Finally, a lack of re-depositing funds, often due to a mistrust in the banking system, can also impair the money multiplier's effectiveness. This situation can be observed in economies with a significant level of mattress savings, where the circulation of money through loans is substantially diminished.
An evaluation of head start found that benefits were apparent for children _____.
The evaluation of Head Start found that benefits were apparent for children from low-income families. The Head Start program provides early childhood education to address the preschool deficit faced by low-income students. While studies show initial benefits, the long-term impact may diminish over time.
Explanation:The evaluation of Head Start found that benefits were apparent for children from low-income families. The Head Start program was developed to provide early childhood education to families with limited educational and financial resources. It aims to address the preschool deficit faced by low-income students and improve their academic outcomes. Studies have shown that children who attend Head Start programs perform better in the first year of school compared to those who did not attend. However, it is important to note that the benefits of the program may diminish over time, as evidenced by a study in Tennessee where control group children surpassed the academic performance of Head Start participants by third grade.
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One disadvantage of a functional structure is that it cannot be converted into an ambidextrous structure. frequently lacks effective communication channels across departments. does not facilitate rich and extensive communication between members of the same department. does not allow the setting up of cross-functional teams.
Frequently lacks effective communication channels across departments. Communication between departments can be an issue in this structure.
Kimlon informatics is owed $5,000 from a client for its services. the recovery period is 100 days, but kimlon needs the money immediately. it sells the right of collecting money from its client to quikcollect, a collection agency. here, kimlon informatics is the
Assignor They are the assignor because they transfering the debt to the collection agency. The collection agency will then recieve performance, in this case they will get the money.
Persuasive requests are generally more effective when they are written using the ____________________ organizational strategy
Persuasive requests are generally more effective when they are written using the indirect strategy.
An indirect strategy is not exactly direct but they are slowly persuading and being straight forward about the message with their consumers. Persuasive request are more effective when written you are being forward about the request but not overly pushy like a direct strategy would be.
Scenario 2: an investment tax credit effectively lowers the tax bill of any firm that purchases new capital in the relevant time period. suppose the government implements a new investment tax credit.
Interest rates rise and savings rates rise
Any company that invests in new capital within the applicable period will effectively have its tax burden reduced by an investment tax credit.
Why Investment is necessary?A successful strategy to invest your money and possibly increase your wealth is to open an investment account. Your money may see value growth that exceeds inflation if you make wise investment decisions. Compounding's effectiveness and the risk-return trade-off are the main causes of investing's higher growth potential.
Any company that invests in new capital within the applicable period will effectively have its tax burden reduced by an investment tax credit. This will motivate businesses to increase investment at all interest rates. The demand curve would be shifted to the right as the demand for loanable money rose.
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Which of the following about middle-income nations is true? Middle-income nations are generally more industrialized than wealthy and poor nations. They consist primarily of the nations of North America and Western Europe; Australia, Japan, and New Zealand; and certain other nations in the Middle East and Asia. Middle-income nations are generally less industrialized than wealthy nations but more industrialized than poor nations. Many of them were the first nations to become industrialized starting in the 19th century, when the Industrial Revolution began. Many of these nations rely heavily on one or two crops.
Middle-income nations are generally less industrialized than wealthy nations but more industrialized than poor nations.
Middle-income nations are generally less industrialized than wealthy nations but more industrialized than poor nations is true about Middle-income nations.
What is a Middle-income nation?By size, population, and economic level, Middle Income Countries (MICs) throughout the world are a heterogeneous bunch. Lower middle-income economies are those with a GNI per capita between $1,036 and $4,045, whereas higher middle-income economies are those with a GNI per capita above $4,046 and $12,535 are considered to be these countries.
The term "middle-income trap" refers to a situation in which a middle-income country is no longer able to compete internationally in the production of standardized, labor-intensive goods due to relatively high wages, but is also unable to compete effectively on a large enough scale in higher value-added activities due to relatively low productivity.
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A student working on a history project decided to find a 95 percent confidence interval for the difference in mean age at the time of election to office for former american presidents versus former british prime ministers. the student found the ages at the time of election to office for the members of both groups, which included all of the american presidents and all of the british prime ministers, and used a calculator to find the 95 percent confidence interval based on the t-distribution. this procedure is not appropriate in this context because
This was not the appropriate measurement because the entire populations were counted, so you would be able to just calculate the actual differences in mean and a confidence interval should not be used.
Basically if you were doing this test with the ages of all college freshman and only had a sample that was a percentage of all college freshman ever, you would need to use a confidence interval to show the range in possibilities since there is no way you could ever measure every single person.
But for US presidents and British Prime Ministers, there is a relatively small number of people so it is not difficult to actually go out and count every single one. A confidence interval shows how likely your sample matches the population- if your sample is the entire population there is no need for a confidence interval since it would be 100%.
The procedure was inappropriate because the entire populations of both American presidents and British prime ministers were included in the analysis, allowing for direct calculation of the mean difference without the need for a confidence interval.
The student working on a history project may have conducted an improper statistical analysis when seeking to find a 95 percent confidence interval for the difference in mean age at the time of election to office for former American presidents versus former British prime ministers. The most appropriate answer to why this procedure is not suitable in this context is the entire population was measured in both cases, so the actual difference in means can be computed and a confidence interval should not be used.
Since all of the American presidents and all of the British prime ministers were included, there is no need to use inferential statistics such as a t-distribution-based confidence interval. Inferential statistics are used to estimate population parameters based on sample data, but when the entire population is accessible, no estimation or inference is required, and the true parameter (in this case, the actual mean difference) can be simply calculated.
Hence, the correct answer is B) B) The entire population was measured in both cases, so the actual difference in means can be computed and a confidence interval should not be used.
Some of the leading companies that participated in the solar energy industry have discussed the possibility of establishing an ambitious B2B electronic purchasing project, tentatively labeled "SolExchange." What might be the potential benefits from establishing such an exchange and what are some of the potential services that SolExchange might provide for its members?
Answer:
Below are some of the advantages B2B electronic purchasing project
Explanation:
Promotion of the green economy: solar energy production is environmental friendly compared to other mechanism, through the eastened B2B electronic purchase project, more people shall obtain soslar energy hence less environmental polution.Creation of jobs: B2B electronic purchasing project is a new idea in town, and as of many ideas, there has to be people who shall help see it a success through providing skilled and non skilled labour.Increase of supply efficiency: B2B aims at bringing the solar products online, as it is today, online services and products are just a click away!POTENCIAL SERVICES
Product payment services.Product adverisement.Seller buyer connection platform.Security services for buyer and seller.Final answer:
SolExchange could bring major benefits to the solar energy industry by centralizing procurement and reducing transaction costs. It could provide a marketplace for solar equipment, installation services, and battery storage solutions, thereby addressing solar energy's intermittency and high initial costs. Such a platform could expedite the spread of solar solutions, especially in developing nations.
Explanation:
Potential Benefits and Services of SolExchange
Establishing a B2B electronic purchasing project like SolExchange could offer multiple potential benefits to its members, particularly within the solar energy industry. For one, it would act as a miniature model of what society may one day hope to incorporate in a solar-dominated energy landscape. SolExchange could serve as a centralized platform for the efficient procurement of solar-related goods and services, increasing the accessibility and reducing the costs of transactions among businesses.
As for potential services, SolExchange might provide a marketplace for buying and selling solar energy equipment like photovoltaic (PV) panels and solar thermal systems. Additionally, it could facilitate the exchange of services related to installation, maintenance, and financing of solar projects. Given that intermittency and high up-front costs have been significant obstacles for solar adoption, SolExchange could help mitigate these barriers by providing battery storage solutions, efficient logistics, bulk purchasing discounts, and perhaps even a platform for carbon credit trading. All this would ideally contribute to lowering the overall cost of solar energy and accelerating the industry's growth.
Given solar's promise as an abundant and feasible energy source, platforms like SolExchange could play an instrumental role in maximizing its potential. Voluntary exchanges on a private market could benefit the solar industry just as they have within other sectors like cell phone market, offering a system where the principles of supply and demand dictate a more efficient and effective distribution of resources. With the collaboration of leading companies, SolExchange could expand solar energy's reach, which is particularly crucial for less developed nations looking to adopt clean energy solutions and improve their infrastructure.
Situational theories of leadership propose that the effectiveness of a particular leader style depends on the situation.T/F
The model states that there is no one best style of leadership. Instead, a leader's effectiveness is based on the situation. This is the result of two factors – "leadership style" and "situational favorableness" (later called "situational control").
Suppose that jack, sophia, and hal enter into a contract to close on the business without the non-competition agreement. jack states that he would probably sign the non-competition agreement if they included an extra $100,000. a month later, hal and sophia bring jack $100,000. what is the result?
If jack does not accept the $100,000 there is a valid contract for the sales business, with out a non competition clause.
Candidates' campaign managers and political consultants have shown increasing sophistication in creating newsworthy events for journalists and tv camera crews to cover, an effort commonly referred to as
This is managed news coverage
The work of your group would be better done in teams if the members of the team are? ________.
Interdependent fits here group members can work well alone, but also come together
Answer:
Interdependent
Explanation:
Interdependent defines that when two or more people work together or depend on each other. Most of the organization's employees are depended on each other for example an employee is dependent on the team leader. For achieving the goal of the organization, an organization always follow the hierarchy level, it indicates interdependencies between each other or from one person to another.
Therefore, Independent can be seen in our day to day lives for example husband, the wife is interdependent, owner and servant, etc. So, Interdependence plays an important role in our lives.
Shockingly inadequate consideration can indicate the existence of what exceptions? choose three:
This can indicate fraud, duress, or undue influence.
In contracts, "consideration" is the things of value each side gives up in an exchange. So if one side gives $1 for a cup of coffee, that might be ok. Now, consider if the contract was to sell your entire house for $1! That would be a shockingly inadequate exchange because even the cheapest home is worth way more than $1.
In that case, the judge might look at why someone would be willing to give up so much for so little. Were they falsely told there home was worth nothing or maybe told that they would get $1 upfront and more later? That would be fraud. Were they told to sign the contract with a gun pointed at their head? That is an example of duress. Finally, did the person helping them with the contract have undue influence? If your boss, parent, or favorite celebrity advises you to do something that you don't want to do, but you worry about what they will thing if you don't, then you were a victim of their undue influence.
Shockingly inadequate consideration can suggest legal exceptions such as a sham contract, undue influence or duress, and unconscionable terms. These scenarios often require further evaluation since contracts should be fair and entered freely. Language that points out exceptions helps critique flawed reasoning or assumptions in an argument.
Shockingly inadequate consideration can indicate the existence of several legal exceptions. When a contract or a transaction is assessed, inadequate consideration might suggest that:
The contract might be a sham, meant to cover up something else or it is not intended to be a genuine commercial transaction.There might have been undue influence or duress involved. For example, when one party unfairly pressures the other into the contract.The agreement could be unconscionable, where the terms are so unjust that they shock the conscience of the court.These exceptions come into play since agreements must be entered into by both parties freely and with terms that are reasonably fair. Such scenarios might invalidate a contract or demand a more in-depth legal investigation. Phrases such as
"The argument is based on the idea that"
,
"The reason given is that"
, or
"The author does not acknowledge that"
provide language to describe exceptions. These phrases can be used to highlight potential flaws in the reasoning or assumptions embedded in an argument or analysis.
A limited liability company is best thought of as a cross between a partnership and a:
An LLC is a cross between a partnership and a corporation, because you have the flexibility of a partnership but more of the legal and financial protections that a corporation has.
"what has worked for you before?" identify the stage from the five-stage counseling model where an interviewer would most likely use this question.
The Restory stage.
The 5 stages of the well-formed counseling session are:
1. Empathic relationship
2. Story and strengths
3. Goals
4. Restore - This question would fall under this stage because it's a recap of what worked well and what didn't work to figure out what are the next steps to take.
5. Action
In psychology, the five-stage counseling model includes the preparation stage where understanding what has worked before is essential.
The five-stage counseling model is part of the Stages of Change model in psychology.
When an interviewer asks 'what has worked for you before?' they are likely in the preparation stage of the counseling model.
In this stage, individuals are actively preparing to make a change, reflecting on past experiences that have been successful can help in strategizing for future change.
The net public debt is equal to
a. gross government debt minus all government interagency borrowing.
b. gross government debt minus government debt owned by u.s. citizens.
c. gross government debt irrespective of who owns it.
d. gross government debt minus government debt owned by foreign citizens.
gross government debt minus all government interagency borrowing