The evolution of teosinte into maize could be an example of either gradualism or punctuated equilibrium, and the question remains debated in scientific communities. Both theories describe different processes and rates at which evolutionary changes can occur, reflecting the complexity of evolutionary dynamics.
The question whether the evolution of teosinte into maize is an example of gradualism or punctuated equilibrium pertains to the two theories of evolutionary change. Gradualism proposes a continuous and slow change over time while punctuated equilibrium suggests long periods without significant change interspersed with rapid changes.
Looking at the fossil record, instances of the punctuated equilibrium model often appear where there are long periods of stasis followed by rapid and massive change. Gradualism, on the other hand, would show a slow accumulation of changes over a much longer period. Since research indicates that both sudden changes and more gradual transformations have played a role in speciation, with evidence of varying rates of evolution tied to factors like mutation rates and selection pressures, it’s clear that both processes have occurred throughout the history of life. The case of maize's evolution from teosinte is still a topic of scientific discussion and may not fit neatly into either category.
The evolution of teosinte into maize showcases aspects of both gradualism and punctuated equilibrium, with evidence from the fossil record indicating a complex pattern of evolutionary change.
The evolution of teosinte into maize is a debate between gradualism and punctuated equilibrium. Gradualism posits that species evolve through continuous and slow processes. In contrast, punctuated equilibrium suggests that species remain unchanged for long periods and evolution happens in rapid bursts, influenced by significant changes such as environmental pressures or allopatric speciation. The evolution of teosinte into maize doesn't conform strictly to one model but may exhibit traits of both, with a general trend towards gradual change peppered with periods of rapid evolution.
Observations suggest that while there can be long periods of little to no change, as in punctuated equilibrium, there are also phases where gradual changes accumulate over time. The fossil record, including that of teosinte and maize, often shows these patterns, indicating a complex evolutionary history that may not fully adhere to a single theory.
Organic molecules that perform many functions for living things and are made up of amino acid monomers are called
Answer:
The answer is proteins.
Organic molecules constructed from amino acid monomers that perform various functions for living organisms are known as proteins. These play a diverse range of roles in living systems, providing structure, regulation, or protection, and participating in transport and storage among other things.
Explanation:The organic molecules that function in many ways for living beings and are built from amino acid monomers are called proteins. Proteins are a significant type of organic molecules and play a versatile range of roles in living systems. Composed of amino acids arranged in a linear sequence, proteins may provide structure, regulation, contractility, or protection. They may also serve in transport, storage, or be part of membranes; or they can be toxins or enzymes.
Each cell in a living system may contain thousands of different proteins, each having a unique function. The structures of proteins, similar to their functionalities, vary widely. However, they all are polymers of amino acids.
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Where does the sinoatrial node send an impulse after it initiates the electrical signal?
I think atrioventricular node
20. What condition is required for ATP synthase to move hydrogen down its gradient? A. More ATP molecules ahead of the hydrogen than below it B. More hydrogen ions outside the membrane than inside it C. More hydrogen ions inside the membrane than outside it D. A day with 75 percent direct sunlight
Answer:
B
Explanation:
This H+ ion gradient is referred to as a proton motive force. It is created using energy from the Krebs cycle in the matrix of the mitochondria. As electrons are passed from one protein complex to another, reducing molecules such as NADH and FADH2, the protons are pumped to the intermembrane space of the mitochondria. ATP synthase uses this potential to generate ATP as the H+ ions move downgradient (back to the matrix) through channels in the protein enzyme.
1) Which theory states that all living things are composed of cells?A) cell theoryB) Hooke's ruleC) evolutionary theoryD) Mendel's law
Answer:
A) cell theory
Explanation:
Cell theory is widely accepted theory that exclaims that all living things are composed of basic units-cells. Living organisms might be composed of one cell-unicellular organisms or more than one-multicellular organisms.
There is only one exception-viruses. Viruses are non-cellular entities but they are considered as living forms.
Robert Hooke is responsible for the creation of this theory.
1. the sac-like structures of the sac fungi that carry its spores asci 2. a fertile hypha that bears spores (in molds) saprophyte 3. organisms that lack flowers, leaves, or chlorophyll and derive nourishment from dead or living organic matter hyphae 4. to sprout and grow from a seed or spore; often from a stage of dormancy mycelium 5. thread-like filaments of the molds germinate 6. a mass of hyphae conidiophore 7. an organism that lives on decaying organic matter; e.g., mushrooms, molds, mildew, rusts, and smuts fungi 8. a sac-like structure that holds the spores sporangium
Answer: The correct matches of the given statements are given below:
1. ASCI: The sac-like structures of the sac fungi that carry its spores.Asci refers to a sac like structure that is often produce by the fungi that belong to the phyllum Ascomycota. There are usually great differences among asci in term of shapes, sizes and colours. Spores are usually formed in these sacs.
2. CONIDIOPHORE: A fertile hypha that bears spores (in molds).Conidiophore refers to fungal hypha that give rise to conidia. Conidia may be branched or unbranched. Their major function is to give rise to hypa that produce spores in fungi.
3. FUNGI: Organisms that lack flowers, leaves, or chlorophyll and derive nourishment from dead or living organic matter.Fungi are generally classified as saprophytes, this is because they feed on dead or living organic matter. They depend on other organisms for their nourishment because they lack chlorophyll, which they can use to produce their own food.
4. GERMINATE: To sprout and grow from a seed or spore; often from a stage of dormancy.A plant is said to germinate when new plants sprouts from a seed or from a dormant plant. Seeds and spores typically grow and develop into new plants via the process of germination. Germination time often differ from plants to plants.
5. HYPHAE: Thread-like filaments of the molds.A hypha refers to the long, branched filaments that is found in all fungi. They usually vary in structures and perform different functions in different species of fungi. Most fungi use hypha as their mean of vegetative reproduction.
6. MYCELIUM: A mass of hyphae.A network of hypha that grow together is referred to as mycelium. It is usually found on top of the soil. Mycellium usually grow out of the body of fungi and extend in all direction in a bid to search for water and nutrients for the fungi.
7. SAPROPHYTE: An organism that lives on decaying organic matter; e.g., mushrooms, molds, mildew, rusts, and smuts.Saprophytes refers to organisms that use decaying organic matter as their source of nourishment. Fungi are good examples of saprophytes. Saprophytes help in decomposing organic matters and making them available in the forms that plants can use, thus contributing to soil fertility.
8. SPORANGIUM: A sac-like structure that holds the spores.Sporangium is a sac like structure in which reproductive spores are manufactured and stored. Spores usually germinate and form new fungi when the conditions are favourable.
hope this helps! might need to zoom in a little.
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Which of the following processes can result in a new island population with a limited gene pool?A. artificial selectionB. gene poolC. founder effectD. bottleneck effect
The answer is C founder effect.
Which of the following is defined as a gene that controls the appearance of a certain trait?
A) dominant
B) recombinant
C) recessive
D) mutated
Answer:
A. Dominant
Explanation:
A dominant gene or allele is what determins the physical expression of a trait. A dominant allele masks recessive traits, which is why that even if it is combined with a recessive allele, the dominant trait is what is shown. For a recessive trait to appear, the organism should not have a dominant allele with it.
A gene that controls the appearance of a certain trait is known as a dominant gene. Dominant genes, when present, take precedence over all other types of genes (such as recessive, recombinant, and mutated ones) and cause the trait they control to be expressed.
Explanation:In the context of genetics, the term that defines a gene which controls the appearance of a certain trait is A) dominant. Dominant genes are those that take precedence over other genes for the same trait, which are known as recessive genes. If an organism inherits a dominant gene for a certain trait from one of its parents, that trait will be expressed, regardless of the gene inherited from the other parent. For example, if the dominant gene codes for dark hair and the recessive gene codes for blond hair, the organism will have dark hair even if it carries the recessive gene. On the other hand, recessive, recombinant, and mutated types of genes do not match your question's context. A recessive gene causes the trait it controls to appear only if no dominant genes are present, recombinant genes arise from the recombination of DNA segments during reproduction, and mutated genes are altered versions of their original form.
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If you were trying to increase the metabolism of a recipient cell, what type of hormone would best help you achieve this?
Answer:
thyroxine- This hormone can increase the basal metabolic rate
triiodothyronine- It affects almost every physiological process in the body, including growth and development, metabolism, body temperature, and heart rate.
Explanation:
Small sections of a dna molecule that determine genetic traits are called
Those small sections are called Genes
Albinism is a recessive trait in humans that is controlled by a single gene. how many recessive alleles must a person have to have albinism?
a. 2
b. 3
c. 1
d. 0
Answer: a. 2
If there is a dominant allele, it will overpower the recessive allele for albinism; therefore, a person must have 2 recessive alleles to have this recessive trait
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
In the Hardy Weinberg formula, what algebraic term is used to find the number of HETEROZYGOUS individuals in a population?
The algebraic term in the Hardy-Weinberg formula used to find the number of heterozygous individuals is 2pq, representing the frequency of the heterozygous genotype in a population.
In the context of the Hardy-Weinberg formula (p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1), the algebraic term used to find the number of heterozygous individuals in a population is 2pq.
This term represents the frequency of the heterozygous genotype in a population. If p is the frequency of the dominant allele and q is the frequency of the recessive allele, and these allele frequencies sum to 1 (p+q=1), then 2pq quantifies the expected proportion of individuals carrying one copy of each allele, known as heterozygotes.
For example, if p = 0.4 and q = 0.6, then the expected frequency of heterozygous individuals would be calculated as 2pq, which equals 2(0.4)(0.6) = 0.48 or 48% of the population.
Some photosynthetic organisms contain chloroplasts that lack photosystem II, yet are able to survive. The best way to detect the lack of photosystem II in these organisms would be Some photosynthetic organisms contain chloroplasts that lack photosystem II, yet are able to survive. The best way to detect the lack of photosystem II in these organisms would be to test for liberation of O2 in the light. to determine if they have thylakoids in the chloroplasts. to test for CO2 fixation in the dark. to the action spectrum for photosynthesis.
Answer:
to test for liberation of O2 in the light
Explanation:
Photosystem II is protein complex located in the thylakoid membrane of plants with the major role in light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Photons of sunlight are absorbed by photosystem II and electrons within the system consequently become excited (pass through the cofactors). Electrons are replaced by water and hydrogen ions and molecular oxygen are formed.
Photosystem II plays a role in photosynthesis by splitting water and releasing oxygen. Therefore, to detect the absence of it in photosynthetic organisms, you would test for the absence of oxygen. However, even without photosystem II, some organisms can photosynthesize using alternative systems.
Explanation:Photosystem II is a part of the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis and is primarily responsible for the splitting of water, releasing oxygen as a byproduct. Thus, the best way to detect the absence of photosystem II in a photosynthetic organism would be to test for the liberation or absence of oxygen (O2) in the light. If no oxygen is being released, it's likely that photosystem II is absent.
However, this doesn't necessarily mean that these organisms cannot survive. Not all photosynthetic organisms have the standard photosystem II. Some photosynthetic organisms, like certain types of bacteria and green sulfur bacteria, use different photosystems or alternative pathways to photosynthesize. They ensure the absorption of light energy, and the subsequent photochemical reactions happen differently, with the ability to operate without the need for oxygen evolution.
In conclusion, despite lacking photosystem II, these organisms have evolved alternative techniques for performing photosynthesis. They use the absorption of sunlight by alternative photosynthetic pigments, the photochemical conversion of light energy into chemical energy, and fixation of carbon into organic compounds, to survive.
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If the beak length of G. fortis is typically 12% longer than the beak depth, what is the predicted beak length of G. fortis individuals with the smallest beak depths observed on Santa Maria and San Cristobal Islands? a. about 8 mm b. about 10 mm c. about 11 mm d. about 18 mm
To find the predicted beak length of G. fortis individuals with the smallest observed beak depths of 9 mm, add 12% to this depth. The calculation gives an estimated beak length of about 10 mm, making option b the correct answer.
The beak length of Geospiza fortis is typically 12% longer than the beak depth. Observations on the smallest beak depths of G. fortis on Santa Maria and San Cristobal Islands show that the minimal beak depth is around 9 mm. To calculate the predicted beak length, we use the formula:
Beak Length = Beak Depth + (Beak Depth * 0.12)
Substituting the smallest observed beak depth:
Beak Length = 9 mm + (9 mm * 0.12)
= 9 mm + 1.08 mm
= 10.08 mm
Therefore, the predicted beak length is about 10 mm, making option b the correct answer.
When blood collects between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater in the subdural space?
Subdural hematoma !!!
Suppose that a genetic alteration resulted in the synthesis of cyclin-dependent kinases that no longer provided the "go" signal at the cellular checkpoint. predict the immediate outcome if this alters the normal cell life-cycle processes at the m checkpoint.
Answer:
The cyclin-dependent kinase will not signal for starting mitotic division.
Explanation:
The function of Cyclin-dependent kinase is to begin the mitotic division of cells. The distribution of equal chromosomes will be altered that would result in altered chromosome numbers in the progeny, or if the division is stopped then there would be reduction in the number of healthy cells as compared to damaged cells.
Your undergraduate colleague accidentally mislabels tissue samples taken from different parts of a rat. In order to correct his mistake, you make slides from each sample and stain all tissue red and all nuclei blue. Upon analyzing one slide under a compound light microscope, you see many small reddish pink dots but no blue. This slide must be a sample of tissue from the rat's ___________. Select one: a. lungs b. thymus c. liver d. blood e. striated muscle
Answer:
The answer is blood
The body is organized in a particular manner and order. The cells identical in configuration and operation bind together to form a tissue. Different layers of comparable cells form tissue of the body which have a specific function in an organ.
The correct answer is:
Option D. blood.
This can be explained as:
The cells of the lungs, thymus, liver and striated muscles all have a nucleus that is why when stained will show a blue colour for the presence of nuclei.The cells of blood or the red blood cells are the sole eukaryotic cells that do not contain nuclei in their developed form.The blood cells expel the nuclei and other organelles from within so that it can transport more oxygen and haemoglobin.Therefore, the slide in the experiment is of a blood sample.
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The egyptian plover is a bird best known for its symbiotic relationship with what host animal?
Answer:
Nile crocodile
Explanation:
The Egyptian plover is a small bird with a very unusual friend in the animal kingdom. This bird actually has a symbiotic relationship with the Nile crocodile. It may seem very odd relationship, but it is one that works excellently for both sides. The crocodiles have sharp set of teeth, but they have spaces between them and can not move their jaws sideways. Because of this, very often there's meat stuck between the teeth of the crocodiles, and this is when the Egyptian plover comes on the scene. This little bird actually gets into the open mouth of the crocodiles, picking up the pieces of meat that have stuck between their teeth, and then continuing with its mission. The crocodiles do not try to eat this bird, but instead they stand still while it does its job. The relationship is beneficial for both sides, as the crocodiles have their own personal ''dentist'', while the plover gets free food.
Answer:
The nile crocodile
Explanation:
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile and the crocodile provides protection and meals
An organism that must get its energy from consuming other organisms is called __________
An organism that must get its energy from consuming other organisms is called a "heterotroph."
What part of a neuron carries signals toward the part of the cell that houses the nucleus?
Answer: The nodes of Ranvier
Explanation: The speed of impulse conduction along an axon are increased by this.
Answer: dendrite.
Explanation: The part of the neuron that carries impulses towards the cell body is dendrite.
The empirical method of study is based on ________.
Answer:
observation or experience
Explanation:
Empirical method is a study that uses indirect or direct observations in order to gain some knowledge. It uses empirical evidences-information that are collected through observation or experience.
Theory that is tested by empirical method involves the use of objective, that is observed, highly controlled and replicable.
The empirical method is a systematic way of acquiring knowledge based on observation, including experimentation. This method is grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be observed time and again. It includes steps like observation, formulation of a hypothesis, testing, and confirming or falsifying this hypothesis.
Explanation:The empirical method of study is based on objective and measurable observation, including experimentation. This scientific method is grounded in tangible evidence that can be observed and tested, regardless of who is conducting the observation. It is a way of gaining knowledge based on an empirical approach, involving a series of steps, including observing a phenomena, formulating a hypothesis, testing it, and confirming or falsifying the hypothesis.
For instance, in empirical political science, the number of votes a candidate receives is an empirical matter as votes can be counted. This showcases that empirical methods are based on facts that can be accounted for, measured, and verified to be true.
The scientific method involves developing and testing theories about matter, energy, or social world, based on empirical evidence. Consider psychological science, it's empirical, based on measurable data, not on hypothesis that can't be measured, like 'a bird sings because it's happy'.
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Denaturation of dna is a necessary step in southern blotting procedure because it separates double stranded dna into single stranded dna. True or false?
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Denaturation of DNA is a process in which DNA loses its structure (secondary, tertiary, quaternary). It is usually achieved via the use of high temperature, strong acid or base, concentrated salt etc. The denaturation of the double-stranded DNA is used in Southern blotting procedure so that single strands can bind to the membrane and become ready for hybridization.
Which of the following statements is consistent with the principle of competitive exclusion?
A) Bird species generally do not compete for nesting sites.
B) The random distribution of one competing species will have a positive impact on the population growth of the other competing species.
C) Two species with the same fundamental niche will exclude other competing species.
D) Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species.
E) Natural selection tends to increase competition between related species.
Answer:
D) Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species.
Explanation:
The competitive exclusion describes relationship between two species that compete for the limiting sources, and cannot coexist. It is enough for one species to have slightly advantage to be dominant over the other. As a consequence, other species (the weaker one) will be extincted (shift to a different ecological niche).
A red flowered pea crossed with a white flowered pea produces all red flowered offspring. If two of the F1 pea plants were crossed, their offspring would most likely be ...................... A) 3 red : 1 white B) 2 red : 2 white C) 3 white : 1 red D) All white E) All red
Answer:2 red
Explanation:
How is the outgroup determined in a cladogram?
Answer:
It is usually the first branch of the cladogram
Explanation:
Since outgroup is group of organisms that do not share characteristic with other groups (or share it a little), this means that this group is at least related group with other in cladogram.
Cladistic classification is classification in which organisms are put in group based on their shared characteristics and the most recent common ancestor. So, organisms of the same group are are closely related. Cladistic analysis are methods for the estimation of relationships among organisms and it includes the use of data on the traits of those organisms. The result of cladistic analysis is a diagram-tree which is called cladogram. Cladogram represents relations among organisms.
THIS IS WORTH 30 POINTS!
What conclusion can be drawn from embryological development?
A. The presence of gill slits and tails in early vertebrate embryosshows that they may share a common ancestor.
B. Many organisms have structures with no apparent function found during embryo development.
C. Insect and bird wings are similar in function but not in structure.
D. Paleontologists have used fossils to trace the evolution of the modern camel.
your anwer is c) The two types of wings share a common function (and therefore are both called ... the bird wing and insect wing did not arise from an original ancestral structure ... When the gill slits became supported by cartilaginous elements, the first set of
The phase of matter with atoms that are tightly packed and can only vibrate next to each other a Liquid b Plasma c Gas d Solid
The answer is D. solid
Which tenet of Darwin's theory of natural selection is best exemplified by the data in the graph?
The height of sorghum plants varies due to mutations.
Sorghum plants with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.
All the sorghum plants in the region compete for sunlight.
Sorghum plants can produce more offspring than can survive.
Yea, I agree too, Sorghum plants can produce more offspring than can survive.
An animal that feeds on dead or decaying plant or animal material is called
A detritivore is an organism that feeds on dead or decaying material.
Detritivores are animals that feed on dead or decaying organic materials. Saprophyte is also used to describe organisms that feed on dead organic materials, often referring to plants and fungi.
Explanation:An animal that feeds on dead or decaying plant or animal material is known as a detritivore. Detritivores, which are a subtype of heterotrophs, decompose organic matter from dead organisms or their organic wastes. They are a crucial part of a detrital food web, a type of food web that consists of organisms feeding on decaying organic matter. Another word used for an organism that feeds on dead matter is saprophyte, although it is mainly used for plants and fungi.
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Why is it evolutionarily adaptive for flytraps to “eat” insects?
Answer:
because the flytraps evolved and adapted to eating insects in order to survive and its part of their niche to keep the insect population at a gradual rate
Mast cells play what key role in initiating an immune response?
Mast cell release histamine and heparins molecules that are significant in initiating/mediating the inflammatory response. This is why mast cells are highly granulated and are categorized as granulocytes. An example of such a response is when an allergen bind to the IgE of a mast cell inducing secondary communication mechanism inside the cell leading to release of the transmitters.
Final answer:
Mast cells initiate an immune response by releasing histamine and other inflammatory mediators. They have roles in both promoting and modulating inflammation, particularly in allergic reactions such as asthma and food allergies.
Explanation:
Mast cells play a crucial role in initiating an immune response by detecting injury to nearby cells and releasing histamine, which jump-starts the inflammatory response. These cells contain granules with a plethora of mediators such as eosinophil chemotactic factor, neutrophil chemotactic factor, platelet activating factor, and a range of cytokines including IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and TNF-alpha. They are also involved in synthesizing leukotrienes and prostaglandins that enhance inflammation through mechanisms such as vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, and increased mucous production.
However, beyond being pro-inflammatory, mast cells also exhibit immunomodulatory effects in allergic inflammation. They are seen as troublesome due to their substantial role in IgE-dependent allergic hypersensitivity reactions, like allergic asthma and food allergies. Despite this, recent findings suggest that mast cells can also have suppressive effects that modulate allergic responses, showing their dual nature in the body's reaction to allergens and infections.