Hi!
The correct options would be:
1. Cathode - reduction
The cathode is the negatively charged electrode, and so has an excess of electrons. Cations (positively charged ions) are attracted to the cathode, and gain electrons to acquire a neutral charge. The process in which a gain of electron occurs is called reduction.
2. Anode - oxidation
The opposite occurs at the anode which is positively charged and attracts negatively charged ions, anions. These anions lose their electrons at the anode to acquire a neutral charge, and the process involving loss of electrons is known as oxidation.
3. Salt Bridge - ion transport
Salt bridge is a physical connection between the the anodic and cathodic half cells in an electrochemical cell and is a pathway that facilitates the flow of ions back and forth these half cells. Salt bridge is involved in maintaining a neutral condition in the electrochemical cells, and its absence would result in the accumulation of positive charge in the anodic cell, and negative charge in the cathodic cell.
4. Wire - electron transport
Wires have a universal role of being a pathway for the transport of electrons in circuit. This role is also the same in the wires involved in an electrochemical cells where they are used to transport electrons from the anodic half cell, and this electron transport results in the generation of electricity in the internal circuit of the electrochemical cell.
Hope this helps!
The more the particles an object has at a given temperature, the more thermal energy it has. True or false
This is im 90% sure false because if an object is bigger it doesnt mean that its temperature is higher :)
A piston in a heat engine does 500 joules of work, and 1400 joules of heat are added to the system. Determine the change in internal energy and explain how this example demonstrates the conservation of energy.
Answer : The change in internal energy is, 900 Joules.
Solution : Given,
Heat given to the system = +1400 J
Work done by the system = -500 J
Change in internal energy is equal to the sum of heat energy and work done.
Formula used :
[tex]\Delta U=q+w[/tex]
where,
[tex]\Delta U[/tex] = change in internal energy
q = heat energy
w = work done
As per question, heat is added to the system that means, q is positive and work done by the system that means, w is negative.
Now put all the given values in the above formula, we get
[tex]\Delta U=(+1400J)+(-500J)=900J[/tex]
Therefore, the change in internal energy is 900 J.
The change in internal energy depends on the heat energy and work done. As we will change in the heat energy and work done, then changes will occur in the internal energy. Hence, the energy is conserved.
How do you find out how many protons,electrons, and neutrons an atom has?
An atom's atomic number equals the number of protons and in a neutral atom, also, the number of electrons. The mass number equals the total number of protons and neutrons. Subtracting the atomic number from the mass number gives the number of neutrons.
Explanation:
In order to determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons an atom has, you need to understand the key terms: atomic number and mass number. The atomic number of an element represents the number of protons in an atom and, in a neutral atom, this also equals the number of electrons. The mass number (or atomic mass) is the total amount of protons and neutrons in an atom. To find out the number of neutrons in an atom, you subtract the atomic number from the mass number. Hence, if the atomic number (Z) represents the number of protons and the mass number (A) represents the number of protons plus neutrons, the formula A - Z = number of neutrons can be used to find the number of neutrons in an atom.
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The Global Positioning System, or GPS, uses a network of satellites that orbit the Earth to calculate and track locations. Which of the following best describes the signals sent and received by satellites?
A.
gravitational energy
B.
potential energy
C.
sound waves
D.
electromagnetic waves
Answer:
D
Explanation:
electromagnet STUDY ISLAND :)
Electromagnetic waves best describes the signals sent and received by satellites. Therefore, the correct option is option D.
What is electromagnetic waves?In classical physics, electromagnetic radiation refers to the movement of energy through a material medium or across empty space at the speed of light in the form of the magnetic and electrical fields that comprise up electromagnetic waves like electromagnetic radiation, visible light, including gamma rays.
Time-varying magnetic and electric fields are linked to one another at right angles or perpendicular towards the direction that of motion in such a wave. The strength and wavelength v of the time fluctuation of the magnetic and electricity fields define an electromagnetic wave. Electromagnetic waves best describes the signals sent and received by satellites.
Therefore, the correct option is option D.
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what is a stationary front?
A) A high pressure system equally matched to a low pressure system and not moving
B) High pressure system overtaking a low pressure system
C) Low pressure system overtaking a high pressure system
D) None of the above
None Of the Above
Is the answer
Hope this helped plz mark
Hi There!
Question - What is a stationary front?
Answer - None of the above.
Why - The reason I say this because in a stationary front its made of low pressure systems so its not A or B. The wind blows the low pressure system which cause precipitation. If its not D then is C.
Hope This Helps :)
When 5.000 g of NaHCO3 is added to 600.0 g of water in a ‘coffee cup calorimeter’, the temperature decreases from 22.35°C to 18.94°C.
a) Calculate qcalorimeter, in joules, assuming the specific heat capacity of the solution is the same as pure water: 4.186 Jg-1K-1.
Report your value to 4 significant figures, and do not include units in your answer.
Answer is: qcalorimeter is 8635.9273 J.
ΔT= 22.35°C - 18.94°C.
ΔT = 3.41°C = 3.41 K; temperature change.
m(H₂O) = 600.0 g; mass of water.
mr = 605.0; mass of solution.
cp= 4.186 J/g·K, specific heat capacity of the solution.
qcal = mr · ΔT· cp.
qcal = 605 g · 3.41 K · 4.186 J/g·K.
qcal = 8635.9273 J; amount of heat absorbed.
Amount of heat absorbed of calorimeter when 5g of NaHCO₃ is added to 600g of water in a ‘coffee cup calorimeter' is 700,396.4968 J.
How do we calculate required heat?Amount of absorbed heat will be calculated as:
Q = mcΔT, where
ΔT = change in temperature = 22.35°C - 18.94°C = 3.41°C = 276.56 K
m = mass of solution = (5g + 600g) = 605g
c = specific heat of calorimeter = 4.186 J/g.K
On putting these values on the above equation, we get
Q = (605)(4.186)(276.56)
Q = 700,396.4968 J
Hence heat of calorimeter is 700,396.4968 J.
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A 0.630 gram sample of a metal, M, reacts completely with sulfuric acid according to:A volume of 291 mL of hydrogen is collected over water; the water level in the collecting vessel is the same as the outside level. Atmospheric pressure is 756.0 Torr and the temperature is 25 °C. The vapor pressure of water at various temperatures can be found in this table. Calculate the molar mass of the metal.
Answer:
55.0 g/mol
Step-by-step explanation:
Step 1. Partial pressure of hydrogen
You are collecting the gas over water, so
[tex]p_{\text{atm}} = p_{\text{H}_{2}} + p_{\text{H}_{2}\text{O}}[/tex]
[tex]p_{\text{H}_{2}} = p_{\text{atm}} - p_{\text{H}_{2}\text{O}}[/tex]
[tex]p_{\text{atm}} = \text{756.0 Torr}[/tex]
At 25 °C,[tex]p_{\text{H}_{2}\text{O}} = \text{23.8 Torr}[/tex]
[tex]p_{\text{H}_{2}} = \text{756.0 Torr} - \text{23.8 Torr} = \text{732.2 Torr}[/tex]
===============
Step 2. Moles of H₂
We can use the Ideal Gas Law.
pV = nRT Divide both sides by RT
n = (pV)/(RT)
p = 732.2 Torr Convert to atmospheres
p = 732.2/760
p = 0.9634 atm
V = 291 mL Convert to litres
V = 0.291 L
R = 0.082 06 L·atm·K⁻¹mol⁻¹
T = 25 °C Convert to kelvins
T = (25 + 273.15 ) K = 298.15 K
n = (0.9632 × 0.291)/(0.082 06 × 298.15)
n = 0.2804/24.47
n = 0.011 46 mol
===============
Step 3. Moles of metal
The partial chemical equation is
M + H₂SO₄ ⟶ H₂ + …
The molar ratio of M:H₂ is 1 mol M:1 mol H₂.
Moles of M = 0.011 46× 1/1
Moles of M = 0.011 46 mol M
===============
Step 4. Atomic mass of M
Atomic mass = mass of M/moles of M
Atomic mass = 0.630/0.011 46
Atomic mass = 55.0 g/mol
Which of the following must be true about a reaction if it is only spontaneous at high temperatures?
It is exothermic, with both negative enthalpy and entropy changes.
It is endothermic, with both positive enthalpy and entropy changes.
It is exothermic, with a negative enthalpy and positive entropy change.
It is endothermic, with a positive enthalpy and negative entropy change.
2. If the reaction between two solutions has a positive enthalpy change, which of the following best describes the reaction? (2 points)
It is exothermic and heat is added to the system.
It is endothermic and heat is added to the system.
It is exothermic and heat is lost to the surroundings.
3) Which statement below best describes the relationship of the reaction below? (2 points)
3A + B yields 2AB
The rate of formation of AB is twice the disappearance of A.
For every two AB produced, the reaction requires three A.
The rate of disappearance of A is two times the formation of AB.
4) Describe how you would use the information depicted on the potential energy diagram below to determine the amount of required activation energy and the enthalpy change of the reaction. (2 points)
(see chart)
Reactions spontaneous at high temperatures are endothermic with both positive enthalpy and entropy changes, and positive enthalpy change implies an endothermic reaction. In 3A + B yields 2AB, for every two AB produced, three A are required. On a potential energy diagram, activation energy and enthalpy change are found by comparing potential energy of different stages.
Explanation:If a reaction is only spontaneous at high temperatures, then it must be endothermic, with both positive enthalpy and entropy changes. When a reaction has a positive enthalpy change, this means it's endothermic and heat is added to the system. In response to part 3 of your question, for the reaction 3A + B yields 2AB, it's accurate to say that for every two AB produced, the reaction requires three A.
Now, regarding how to use a potential energy diagram to find out about required activation energy and enthalpy change of a reaction: The activation energy is represented by the difference in potential energy from the reactants to the top-most point (peak) of the diagram.
The enthalpy change of the reaction, on the other hand, is determined by the difference in potential energy between the reactants and the products. If the products have less potential energy than the reactants, the reaction is exothermic; if they have more, the reaction is endothermic.
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Two solutions are mixed, bringing together ions of Na+, PO43−, V3+, and Cl−. Use the solubility rules to identify the composition of the salt that precipitates out of the solution. A. VPO4 B. Na3PO4 C. VCl3 D. NaCl
Correct answer is: A
Answer: The correct answer is Option A.
Explanation:
We are given some ions, which are: [tex]Na^+,PO_4^{3-},V^{3+}\text{ and }Cl^-[/tex]
The compounds which may be formed from these ions will be [tex]Na_3PO_4,NaCl,VPO_4\text{ and }VCl_3[/tex]
Precipitates are defined as the substances which are not soluble in water at any temperatures. They remain undissolved in water.
Out of the formed salts, the soluble ones are [tex]Na_3PO_4,NaCl\text{ and }VCl_3[/tex]
[tex]VPO_4[/tex] remains insoluble in water and thus, the correct answer is Option A.
According to Kirchhoff’s third law, when light from a blackbody having a continuous spectrum passes through a cool transparent gas, are observed in the continuous spectrum
When light with a continuous spectrum (emitted by a black body) passes through a cool transparent gas, dark lines are observed in the continuous spectrum.
Answer is dark lines
When light from a black body having a continuous spectrum passes through a cool transparent gas, observed in the continuous spectrum are absorption and emission.
What is a black body?The black body is an object or material of black color which absorbs the lights of every type of wavelength either it is blue of the lowest wavelength or red of the highest wavelength.
The radiation emitted by a black body is called the radiation of a black body. The stars almost act like a black body. The amount of radiation emitted by the length of each wavelength depends only on the temperature of the object.
Therefore, light from a blackbody having a continuous spectrum passes through a cool transparent gas, observed in the continuous spectrum are absorption and emission.
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A sulfur atom has a mass number of 31, 16 protons, 15 protons, and 18 electrons. What is the charge of this atom
Answer:
It should be -2; like hydrogen sulfide H2S
Explanation:
How does atom electronegativity affect bond character and molecular polarity?
In case of heteroatomic molecules there is possibility of difference in electro negativity of the two hetero atoms bonded, this results in development of charges on the two atoms
more electronegative element will have a negative charge
less electronegative element will have a positive charge
Case
a) if the difference is less than 0.4 the molecule is nonpolar.
b) if the difference is from 0.4 to 1.7 the molecule is polar covalent.
c) if the difference is more than than 1.7 the molecule ionic (polar).
The percentage composition of oxygen in the compound Ca(ClO3)2 is approximately
assume you have 1 mole (or any other number, it doesn't matter). Mass = 206.98 g/mole. This is straight from the molar mass so that's why I like to use 1 mole
From the chemical formula, 1 mole of Ca(ClO3)2 contains 6 moles of oxygen atoms.
Mass of 6 moles of O atoms = 6 moles * 16 g/mole = 96 g
mass % oxygen = 96 g / 206.98 g * 100 = 46.4%.
You could also do it on a mole percent. 1 mole of Ca(ClO3)2 contains 9 moles of atoms.
6 moles of these are oxygen atoms so the mole % = 6 moles / 9 moles * 100 = 66.7 mole %
If you mean percent by weight or percent by composition? Ca(ClO3)2 is 67% O by composition (number of atoms) and, as calculated by Ricki, 46% by weight.
The percentage composition of oxygen in the compound Ca(ClO₃)₂is approximately is 46.38%.
What is percent composition?Percent composition is defined as a convenient way to record concentration of solution.It is a expression which relates one element to compound as,mass of element/mass of compound ×100.Percent compositions helps in determination of amount of an element which is present in the compound.
Percent composition of a compound or an element is usually in terms of grams of an element or a compound.
In the given example, molar mass of calcium chlorate is 206.98 g/mole and that oxygen present in it is 96 g/mol,substituting these values in above formula we have, 206.98/96×100=46.38 %
Thus, the percentage composition of oxygen in the compound Ca(ClO₃)₂is approximately is 46.38%.
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Choose the TRUE statement.
A. Mass is another word for inertia. B. Weight is another word for mass.C. The mass of an object can be measured by its inertia. D. The weight of an object can be measured by its volume.
Mass is calculated by using an objects inertia. Since inertia is a quality of matter that resists motion, we can apply an increasing force to an object until it accelerates.
Then, by measuring its acceleration we can now determine its mass using the simple equation F=m×a, except rewritten as m=Fa.
So we divide the force that we applied by the acceleration rate and we get the objects mass.
Without inertia this cannot be done.
∴ Answer is C
The true statement among the options is C, stating that the mass of an object can be measured by its inertia. This highlights the direct relationship between an object's mass and its inertia, distinguishing mass from weight, which is gravity-dependent.
The question asks to choose the TRUE statement from the given options regarding mass, weight, and inertia. The correct answer is C. The mass of an object can be measured by its inertia. This statement is true because mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object and determines its inertia - i.e., its resistance to changes in motion. Newton's first law, often called the law of inertia, illustrates that objects with more mass (more "stuff") have more inertia. Hence, an object's mass, an intrinsic property that does not change with location, can indeed be measured by its inertia. Weight, however, is the force of gravity acting on an object and can vary based on the object's location in a gravitational field.
How is Earth's surface most likely to change as water freezes and expands on a mountain side over time?
A.) Erosion will cause the ice to crack the rock.
B.) Physical weathering will cause the ice to crack the rock.
C.) Deposition will cause the water to break the rock into sediment.
D.) Chemical weathering will cause the water to dissolve the rock.
B. Physical weathering will cause the ice to crack the rock.
Answer:
The correct answer is B.
Explanation:
The Earth's surface as water freezes and expands on a mountain slope will cause ice to break the rock. This occurs because the ice occupies a larger volume than the liquid, so it displaces the rock and causes it to break. When the water that accumulates in the rocks freezes, its volume increases in solid-state and exerts a greater pressure, enough to break the rock.
Have a nice day!
An isotope contains 15 protons, 15 electrons, and 17 neutrons. What is the identity of the isotope?
The isotope is phosphorus-32.
It possesses 15 protons that make it phosphorus, 15 electrons, thus, the charges get balanced, and it is electrically neutral. It has 17 neutrons, so in combination, it has 32 protons/neutrons in the nucleus. Therefore, the name is phosphorus-32.
The phosphorus-32 is a beta-emitter with a half-life of 14.3 days that is, used regularly in life-science projects, mainly to generate radiolabeled RNA and DNA probes, like for application in Southern Blots and Northern Blots.
Answer:
32P
Explanation:
After a baseball has been pitched, it moves toward the catcher. While the ball is in the air, how does its vertical speed change over time?
A.It speeds up.
B.It slows down.
C.It stays constant.
I think it would either be (A) or (B)
It would slow down or stay constant - but it wouldn't speed up.
I think the answer is C. because I got this question wrong when I picked answer choice B. And it would be impossible for the ball to speed up.
How is work input related to effort force
[tex]W_{I}= F_{I}[/tex]×[tex]D_{I}[/tex]
where [tex]W_{I}[/tex] is the work input
[tex]F_{I}[/tex] is effort force or force input
[tex]D_{I}[/tex] is the input distance
What is the nuclear charge of lithium-6 and lithium-7?
The nuclear charge of lithium-6 and lithium-7 is +3 for both isotopes. This is because both isotopes have 3 protons. The difference in isotopes lies only in the number of neutrons.
To understand the nuclear charge of lithium isotopes, it is essential to know that the nuclear charge (Z) is determined by the number of protons in an atom. Lithium, regardless of its isotope, always has 3 protons. Therefore, the nuclear charge of lithium-6 is +3 and the nuclear charge of lithium-7 is also +3.
Here's a brief description of both isotopes:
Lithium-6: This isotope contains 3 protons, 3 neutrons, and 3 electrons. Its atomic number is 3, and its mass number is 6.Lithium-7: This isotope also contains 3 protons but has 4 neutrons. Its atomic number is 3, and its mass number is 7.Regardless of the difference in their neutrons, the nuclear charge remains the same for both isotopes because the nuclear charge depends solely on the number of protons present.
Which of the following is most clearly an example of a physical change?
A. A solid dissolves when added to a liquid
B. A solution color when something is added
C. Two liquids produce heat when mixed together
D. A gas is released when two solutions are combined
Answer: Option (A) is the correct answer.
Explanation:
Physical change is defined as a change that does not bring any changes in the chemical properties of a substance.
For example, solubility, density, volume etc are all physical changes.
When sugar dissolves in water then it is a physical change.
Whereas color change may not necessarily shows a physical change because a chemical change can also lead to color change of a solution or substance.
For example, rusting of iron is a chemical reaction in which color change also occurs.
Hence, we can conclude that a solid dissolves when added to a liquid is most clearly an example of a physical change.
what will the charge oxidiation state be for boron
3+
So, compounds of boron contain boron in a positive oxidation state, generally +3. The sum of oxidation numbers of all constituent atoms of a given molecule or ion is equal to zero or the charge of the ion, respectively. ... In most of the stable compounds of boron, its oxidation number is +3
"The charge oxidation state for boron in its compounds is typically +3.
To understand why boron typically has an oxidation state of +3, one must consider the electron configuration of boron and its position in the periodic table. Boron is the first element in group 13 (IIIa) and has an electron configuration of [tex]1s^2 2s^2 2p^1[/tex]. This means it has three electrons in its outermost shell.
In chemical compounds, boron tends to form three covalent bonds with other atoms to fill its outer shell, achieving an octet configuration similar to that of noble gases. By sharing its three valence electrons with other atoms, boron effectively loses three electrons, which corresponds to an oxidation state of +3.
For example, in the compound boron trifluoride (BF3), boron forms three covalent bonds with fluorine atoms. Each fluorine atom has seven electrons in its outer shell and needs one more electron to complete its octet. By sharing one electron with boron, each fluorine atom completes its octet, and boron, by sharing three electrons, also achieves a stable configuration. In this compound, boron has an oxidation state of +3 because it has effectively lost three electrons to the more electronegative fluorine atoms.
Similarly, in other boron compounds like boron trioxide[tex](B_2O_3)[/tex]or boron nitride (BN), boron also exhibits an oxidation state of +3. This is a characteristic feature of boron's chemical behavior and is a direct consequence of its electron configuration and its position in the periodic table.
If the altitude of an isosceles right triangle has a length of x units, what is the length of one leg of the large right triangle in terms of x?
Hi,
An isosceles triangle is a triangle containing two sides of same length & one side of larger length.
Suppose we have a isosceles triangle ABC as depicted in the figure attached.
Here we see that side AB is equal to the side BC
The angle at point A is same as the angle at point C that is almost 45 degrees, Moreover, triangle BDC and ABD are also isosceles.
If: BD=AD=x , then , BD=DC=x
We can see in the figure that AC is equal to AD+ DC
Which means, AC= x+ x= 2x
Now we need to find out the length of AB, here we will use Pythagorean Theorem.
AC^2 = AB^2 + BC^2
Since BC= AB, so we can write it as:
AC^2 = 2AB^2
Taking sq. root on both sides
AC= 2AB
AB= AC/√2
Putting the value of AC as 2x
AB= 2x/√2
Which means AB= x√2
Therefore,the length of one leg of the large right triangle in terms of x will be x√2
Hope it helps!
Answer:
X square root 2
Explanation:
Hello hello hello! I am taking this quiz right now and will take it down if it is wrong and correct it, but I think it is right!
The rhythmic use of spoken or semi-sung lyrics is called:
a.
Singing
c.
Rapping
b.
Hip Hop
d.
Chanting
C. Rapping, is your answer.
Sometimes clothes removed from the dryer cling together. What kinds of charges are on the clothes ?
The answer is "opposite charges."
When clothes are removed from the dryer and cling together, it is because static electricity is created from the clothes rubbing together in the dryer. This results in an imbalance of electrical charge on the clothes, with some having a net positive charge and others a net negative charge, which makes them attract and stick to each other.
Explanation:When clothes are removed from the dryer and they cling together, this is due to the presence of static electricity. Static electricity occurs when materials are rubbed together, causing an exchange of electrons. This exchange results in the materials being electrically charged. In the case of your dryer, the process of tumbling and rubbing the clothes together can strip electrons from the clothes and deposit them on other pieces.
This creates an imbalance in charge, leading to some clothes having a net positive charge and others with a net negative charge. The positively charged clothes are attracted to the negatively charged ones, and this attraction causes the clothes to stick together. The force that brings these different charged clothes together is called electrostatic force. If the clothes are damp, the presence of water molecules can suppress the charge, reducing the static cling.
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How does the gravity of the sun and the moon affect the earths tides
Long, the ocean tides we experience on earth are caused by the sum of the moon's gravitational gradient and the sun's gravitational gradient. When the sun and the moon are aligned, or nearly aligned, their gravitational gradient fields add together constructively, leading to extra strong tides (high tide is extra high and low tide is extra low). This alignment happens when the moon is a new moon or a full moon, which occurs about every two weeks. The moon takes about a month to orbit the earth, hence strong tides occur about twice a month. In contrast, when the sun and the moon are unaligned, their gravitational gradients tend to cancel out, leading to weak tides (high tide is not very high and low tide is not very low). But even when the sun and moon are perfectly unaligned (they form a 90 degree angle relative to the earth), there are still tides because the moon's gravitational gradient is stronger than the sun's. The sun's gravitational gradient never completely cancels out the moon's. The biweekly strong tides are called "spring tides" even though they occur all year long. The name does not refer to the season "Spring", but to the verb "spring" which means to leap forth, because the strong high tides leap higher up the shore. The biweekly weak tides are called "neap tides".
The Sun and Moon's gravity causes Earth's tides, with the Moon having a greater effect due to its proximity. Spring tides happen when the Earth, Moon, and Sun are aligned, and neap tides occur when the Sun and Moon are at a 90° angle.
Explanation:The gravity of the Sun and the Moon significantly affects the Earth's tides through a phenomenon known as the tidal effect. Although the gravitational pull of the Sun is nearly 200 times that of the Moon, the tidal effect of the Moon is stronger because of its closer proximity to Earth. The gravitational forces of these celestial bodies cause bulges in Earth's oceans, creating high tides on the sides of Earth closest and farthest from the Moon, and to a lesser extent, from the Sun. This variability in high tides is due to the different positions of the Sun and Moon relative to Earth. The largest tides, known as spring tides, occur when the Earth, Moon, and Sun are aligned, while the smallest tides, neap tides, happen when the Sun and Moon are at 90° angles relative to Earth.
what is the electronegativity in the determination of the ionic or covalent character of a bond
Polar Covalent is the name used to describe bonds that have both ionic and covalent character because the electrons are shared unequally. The Pauling Scale is used to assign electronegativity to atoms. It ranges from to 4.00 (fluorine).
Final answer:
The electronegativity difference between two atoms in a bond determines the ionic or covalent character of the bond. A greater difference in electronegativity indicates a more polarized electron distribution and larger partial charges of the atoms. Small or zero electronegativity differences indicate nonpolar covalent bonds.
Explanation:
The electronegativity in the determination of the ionic or covalent character of a bond is calculated by finding the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms in the bond. Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself in a chemical bond. The greater the difference in electronegativity, the more polarized the electron distribution and the larger the partial charges of the atoms. If the electronegativity difference is very small or zero, the bond is covalent and nonpolar. When the difference is large, the bond is polar covalent or ionic.
What is another name for thermal energy ?
It's internal energy or heat energy.
Electron configurations based on Aufbau order of filling agree mostly with those derived experimentally, yet there are quite exceptions where errors in Aufbau configurations arise due to one (rarely two) misplaced electron. With the help of examples, discuss some of the limitations of Aufbau order.
1) Aufbau principle is a scheme used to reproduce the electron configurations of the ground states of atoms by successively filling subshells with electrons in a specific order, filling subshells in the following order: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f.
First exceptions to the Aufbau principle is for example chromium atom (Cr).
Chromium has atomic number 24, it means it has 24 protons and 24 electrons.
The Aufbau principle predicts the configuration [Ar] 3d⁴ 4s².
But the correct electron configuration of chromim atom is:
₂₄Cr 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d⁵ 4s¹ or [Ar] 3d⁵ 4s¹.
In chromium, half full d-sub level (3d) is more stable than a partially filled d sub-level (3d⁴), that is why an electron from the 4s orbital goes to a 3d orbital.
2) Second example is gallium atom (Ga).
Gallium has atomic number 31, it has 31 protons and 31 electrons.
The Aufbau principle predicts the configuration:
₃₁Ga 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p¹.
The correct electron configuration for gallium atom is:
₃₁Ga 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p¹.
That is because 3d subshell has lower energy, when is filled with electrons, than 4s subshell.
Valence electrons are in 4s and 4p orbitals, because when gallium loses three electrons, it has electron configuration:
₃₁Ga³⁺ 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰.
If too much current tries to flow in a circuit, wires can overheat and start a fire. Fortunately, household circuits usually have ________ to prevent this from happening.
A. switches B. copper wiring C. several resistors D. circuit breaker
D. circuit breaker
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Choose the number of significant figures 60.0
In this case there are 3 significant figures.
Any zeroes after another number, (i.e. 9300.000), you consider these numbers.
If there is something like 0.0060, this would be two significant digits.
Zeroes before a number are not significant, anything after are.
Hope this helps any confusion!
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Answer:
3 significant figures
Explanation:
The rules for deciding which digits in a measurement are significant are as follows:
1) All nonzero digits are significant.
2) Sandwiched (or embedded) zeros, those between significant digits, are significant.
3) Leading zeros, which are zeros at the beginning of a decimal number less than 1, are not significant.
4) Trailing zeros, which are zeros at the end of a number, are significant only if the number has a decimal point.
By rule 4 since 60.0 has a decimal point all 3 figures are significant