Of protons neutrons and electrons, which of these can never change in atom during an ordinary chemical or physical change

Final answer:

The change in electrical potential energy is equal to the work done to move a charge within an electric field, typically against or by the electric forces. Electrical potential energy can be calculated using the potential difference and the charge amount with the formula U = qV. An electron volt is used to measure energy changes in submicroscopic processes.

Explanation:

The change in electrical potential energy during the shrinking process can be understood as the work done to move a charge within an electric field. The work required to change the potential energy is equal to the change in potential energy of the system. In physics, work needed to bring a change in electric potential energy of a charge is done by or against the electric field. This concept is particularly relevant when considering potential difference and electron volts. The relationship between potential difference and electrical potential energy is that the potential difference (measured in volts) is the amount of electric potential energy per unit charge. An electron volt is a unit of energy that is equal to the energy gained by an electron when it moves through an electric potential difference of one volt. It is used to measure energy in submicroscopic processes. To determine the electric potential energy (U), given the potential difference (V) and the amount of charge (q), the equation U = qV can be used. When it comes to the potential energy itself, we often consider the change in potential energy because it is the change that results in observable physical effects, like the movement of charges or the work done by or against electric forces.

Answer:

Explanation: an atomic bomb was designed as a weapon of mass destruction, and a nuclear reactor is designed as an immense power source for large cities or universities.

Answer:

The answer is option B

Explanation:

The major organic molecules are considered as the building blocks for larger larger and more complex molecule that sustain life. These organic molecules are better known by the term "Biological Macromolecules".

Now, there are 4 categories of Biological macromolecules which are referred to as lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. The word organic is used to refer to the fact that his molecules contain the carbon element as is contained, indeed, by most molecules in any living entity.

Each macromolecule serves a vital function in a living cell. Proteins serve the point of quickening requisite chemical reactions and providing a structure to the cell. Lipids are involved in providing long term energy sources to the body by building up fat for example. Carbohydrates provide short-term energy as opposed to lipids for example in the form of cellulose. Nucleic acids are the conduits for genetic information and are contained in DNA fibers.

Final answer:

Lead is a pure substance and an element, while paint is a mixture, typically a homogeneous mixture due to its uniform appearance.

Explanation:

Lead is a pure substance. Specifically, it is an element, which means it is composed of only one type of atom, making its composition constant and its properties consistent throughout. Its chemical symbol is Pb and can be found in various applications from batteries to radiation shielding. Paint, on the other hand, is a mixture because it contains several different substances combined together, such as pigments, solvents, and binders. Modern paints are usually homogeneous mixtures, as their components are evenly dispersed throughout, giving them a uniform appearance.

The partial pressure of CO is 0.536 atom.

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure states that the total pressure of a mixture of non-reacting gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases. Mathematically, it can be represented as follows:

[tex]P_{total} \ = P_{1} + P_2 + P_3+...P_n[/tex]

If the total pressure is known as well as the number of moles of the gases in the mixture, the partial pressure of a component as can be calculated using the equation below:

[tex]P_x = P_{total} \times \frac{n_x}{n_total}[/tex]

where:

Pₓ is the partial pressure of gas X

P(total) = total pressure of the mixture

nₓ = number of moles of gas X

n(total) = total number of moles of gas

To solve the problem, first sort the given:

Then we plug in the given values into the equation above:

[tex]P_{CO} = 2.95 \ atm \times \frac{0.220 mol CO}{1.21 \ mol}\\\\\boxed {\boxed {P_{CO} = 0.536 \ atm}}}[/tex]

Keywords: Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure, mole ratio

The pressure of CO is [tex]\boxed{{\text{0}}{\text{.536 atm}}}[/tex]  .

Further explanation:

Dalton’s law:

According to this law, the total pressure of the gaseous mixture is the sum of partial pressure of each gas. The given mixture contains CO, [tex]{{\text{F}}_2}[/tex]  and He. The expression to calculate partial pressure of CO is,

[tex]{P_{{\text{CO}}}} = {X_{{\text{CO}}}}\cdot {P_{{\text{total}}}}[/tex]                                                                        ….. (1)

Here,

[tex]{P_{{\text{CO}}}}[/tex] is the partial pressure of CO.

[tex]{P_{{\text{total}}}}[/tex] is the total pressure of the mixture.

[tex]{X_{{\text{CO}}}}[/tex] is the mole fraction of CO.

The mole fraction of CO is calculated as follows:

[tex]{X_{{\text{CO}}}} = \frac{{{\text{Number of moles of CO}}}}{{{\text{Total number of moles}}}}[/tex]                                             …… (2)

The formula to calculate total number of moles in the mixture is as follows:

[tex]{\text{Total number of moles}}={\text{Moles of}}\;{\text{CO}}+{\text{Moles of }}{{\text{F}}_2}+{\text{Moles}}\;{\text{of}}\;{\text{He}}[/tex]            …… (3)

Substitute 0.220 mol for the moles of CO, 0.350 mol for the moles of [tex]{{\text{F}}_2}[/tex]  and 0.640 mol for the moles of He in equation (3).

[tex]\begin{aligned}{\text{Total number of moles}}&={\text{0}}{\text{.220 mol}}+{\text{0}}{\text{.350 mol}}+{\text{0}}{\text{.640 mol}}\\&={\text{1}}{\text{.21 mol}}\\\end{aligned}[/tex]

Substitute 0.220 mol for the moles of CO and 1.21 mol for the total number of moles in equation (2).

[tex]\begin{aligned}{X_{{\text{CO}}}}&=\frac{{{\text{0}}{\text{.220 mol}}}}{{{\text{1}}{\text{.21 mol}}}}\\&= 0.1818\\\end{aligned}[/tex]

The value of [tex]{X_{{\text{CO}}}}[/tex]  is 0.1818.

The value of [tex]{P_{{\text{total}}}}[/tex]  is 2.95 atm.

Substitute these values in equation (1).

[tex]\begin{aligned}{P_{{\text{CO}}}}&=\left({0.1818}\right)\left({{\text{2}}{\text{.95 atm}}}\right)\\&=0.{\text{53631 atm}}\\&\approx0.{\text{536 atm}}\\\end{aligned}[/tex]

So the partial pressure of CO is 0.536 atm.

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Answer details:

Grade: Middle School

Subject: Chemistry

Chapter: Gases and the kinetic-molecular theory  

Keywords: moles, pressure, 0.220 mol, 0.640 mol, 0.0350 mol, 0.536 atm, 2.95 atm, He, CO, F2, moles of CO, moles of F2, moles of He, Dalton law and pressure of CO.

Answer:

when the nucleus decays

Explanation:

Seasonal temperatures do not directly affect the primary gravitational forces that cause tides, but a comparative investigation would be used to study potential indirect effects. Data comparison across seasons would explore any patterns in tidal changes related to temperature.

The impact of seasonal temperatures on tides is not direct but can be influenced by various factors such as thermal expansion of water or changes in atmospheric pressure. However, the primary causes of tides—gravitational forces from the Moon and the Sun—are not affected by seasonal temperatures.

To investigate the question 'Does seasonal temperature affect tides?' a comparative type of investigation would be most suitable. This approach involves collecting and comparing data over different seasons to identify any variance in tide patterns that could be related to changes in temperature.

When studying the mechanisms of temperature acclimation or seeking improvements in models of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, two scientific questions to pose might include 'How do regional variations in temperature affect the local marine hydrology and ecosystems?' and 'What is the relationship between atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and seasonal changes in temperature?'

The weight of a satellite in a geosynchronous orbit is zero. This is because the satellite is in free fall, and the only force acting on it is the gravitational force of the Earth.

Weight is defined as the force of gravity acting on an object. In a geosynchronous orbit, the satellite is orbiting the Earth at the same rate that the Earth is rotating. This means that the satellite is always over the same spot on the equator. The satellite is also at an altitude of approximately 35,768 kilometers, which is very high above the Earth's surface.

At this altitude, the gravitational force of the Earth is much weaker than it is at sea level. In fact, it is only about 0.223 times the gravitational force at sea level.

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In a geosynchronous orbit, a 2000 kg satellite experiences a weight of approximately 0.223 N. This significant reduction occurs due to the increased distance from the Earth's center.

The weight of an object, including a satellite, is the gravitational force it experiences due to Earth's gravity. In a geosynchronous orbit, a satellite orbits Earth at a distance where its orbital period matches the Earth's rotation period, typically around 35,786 kilometers above the equator.

The formula to calculate the gravitational force (weight) on the satellite is given by Newton's law of universal gravitation: F = G * (m1 * m2) / r²

where: G is the gravitational constant, approximately 6.67430 x10⁻¹¹ N(m/kg)²

m1 is the mass of the Earth, approximately 5.972 x 1024 kg

m2 is the mass of the satellite, 2000 kg in this case

r is the distance from the center of the Earth to the satellite, about 42,164 kilometers (radius of Earth + altitude of geosynchronous orbit)

Plugging in these values, we get: F = (6.67430 x 10⁻¹¹ N(m/kg)²) * (5.972 x 10²⁴ kg) * (2000 kg) / (4.2164 x 10⁷ m)²

Weight, of approximately 0.223 N.

Final answer:

Assuming an average atomic mass of about 20.18 amu, the mass of the neon sample is approximately 0.338 grams.

Explanation:

To calculate the mass of a sample of neon (Ne) containing 1.01×1022 atoms, we use the concept of the mole, which is the base unit for the amount of substance in the International System of Units (SI). Firstly, we find the molar mass of neon, which is the mass of one mole of neon atoms, based on its isotopic composition. Neon has three naturally occurring isotopes: Ne-20, Ne-21, and Ne-22.

The average atomic mass of neon can be calculated from the abundances and masses of its isotopes. For example, neon might consist of 90.48% Ne-20 with a mass of 19.992 u, 0.27% Ne-21 with a mass of 20.994 u, and 9.25% Ne-22 with a mass of 21.991 u.

Using the average atomic mass of neon and Avogadro's number (6.022×1023 atoms/mol), we could find the molar mass and then calculate the mass of the neon sample as follows:

m = (number of atoms ÷ Avogadro's number) × molar mass of neon

Without the exact average atomic mass, we cannot complete this calculation. However, if we assume an average atomic mass around 20.18 amu (as is typical for neon), we can get an estimate:

m = (1.01×1022 atoms ÷ 6.022×1023 atoms/mol) × 20.18 g/mol
m ≈ 0.338 g

The mass of the neon sample is therefore approximately 0.338 grams.

Explanation:

As the shielding effect is the effect which occurs when electrons shield each other from being attracted by the nucleus.

The effective nuclear charge is the net effective positive charge experienced by the electrons in an atom.

The electronic configuration of bromine is as follows.

      [tex]1s^{2} 2s^{2} 2^p{6} 3s^{2} 3p^{6} 3d^{10} 4s^{2} 4p^{5}[/tex]

Since, 1s orbital is closure to the nucleus hence it will experience the greatest nuclear charge.

The atomic orbital in which an electron in a bromine atom experience the greatest effective nuclear charge is the 1s atomic orbital.

The electron configuration of bromine is as follows;

From Coulumb's law of electrostatic forces, the greater the distance between charges, the less is the effective nuclear charge felt.

Ultimately, the orbital in a bromine atom which experiences the greatest effective nuclear charge is the 1s orbital.

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Answer: It is equal to the sum of number of neutrons and protons.

Explanation:

Atomic mass of an element is defined as the sum of number of neutrons and number of protons that are present in an atom. It is represented as 'A'.

A = Atomic mass = Number of neutrons + Number of protons

For an element X having 5 protons and 6 neutrons, the atomic mass will be:

Atomic mass = 5 + 6

Hence, this is equal to the sum of number of neutrons and protons.

The atomic mass of an element is equal to the weighted average mass of its isotopes.

The atomic mass of an element is equal to the weighted average mass of the isotopes of that element. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons. The atomic mass is determined by the abundance of each isotope and its respective mass. For example, carbon has two main isotopes, carbon-12 and carbon-13, with atomic masses of 12 and 13 respectively. The atomic mass of carbon, therefore, is a weighted average of these two isotopes.

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A bicyclist pedaling up a hill primarily increases their potential energy. Kinetic energy, the energy of motion, may decrease on an uphill climb but is still present. In such situations, energy conversion and loss due to friction are significant concepts.

The type of energy involved when a bicyclist is pedaling up a hill is primarily potential energy. As the cyclist moves uphill, they are working against gravity, which stores energy in the form of gravitational potential energy. This type of energy is associated with the position or height of an object, and the higher the cyclist goes up the hill, the more potential energy is accumulated.

On the other hand, kinetic energy is the energy of motion, which the cyclist has while pedaling. When riding up a hill, the cyclist's kinetic energy may decrease as they slow down due to the incline and the gravitational force working against them. However, any movement still equates to some level of kinetic energy being present. To increase kinetic energy, the cyclist would have to pedal harder, which might indeed make them feel exhausted, as they would be exerting more force to overcome the hill's slope.

In physics problems like this, energy conversion is a key point of discussion. For example, when a car ascends a hill, its kinetic energy is converted into potential energy. And when a car or a bicycle descends a hill, the potential energy is converted back into kinetic energy.

It's also important to note that in many real-world situations, not all the kinetic energy is converted into potential energy. Some of the energy is inevitably lost as heat due to friction, such as tire friction which warms up the tires, or brake friction which heats up the brakes.

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Answer: Option (B) is the correct answer.

Explanation:

Strong acids are the acids which completely dissociate in a solution of water. Similarly like strong acids, strong bases also dissociate completely into a solution of water.

For example, [tex]HCl \rightarrow H^{+} + Cl^{-}[/tex]

                      [tex]NaOH \rightarrow Na^{+} + OH^{-}[/tex]

Also, there is little or no reverse reactions when strong acids and bases completely dissociate into ions.

Thus, we can conclude that strong acids and strong bases have in common that they both dissociate completely, with little or no reverse reactions.

In a chemical equation, reactants are the starting substances, located on the left side, and products are the substances formed, located on the right side. The combustion of methane, for example, has methane and oxygen as reactants and carbon dioxide and water as the products.

To understand a chemical reaction, you need to first identify the reactants and products. Reactants are the substances that exist before the chemical reaction takes place and are usually located on the left side of a chemical equation. On the opposite side of the equation, you find the products, which are the new substances formed as a result of the chemical reaction.

For example, in the combustion of methane, methane (CH4) and oxygen (O2) are the reactants, while carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) are the products:

CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

The chemical equation is balanced by ensuring that the number of atoms for each element is the same on both sides of the equation. This often involves adding coefficients before the chemical formulas of the reactants and products.

The most accurate description of ionic and covalent bonding is that option C. Ionic bonds happen when valence electrons are transferred between ions. Whereas, in covalent electrons are shared.

Ionic bonding involves the complete transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another.

In contrast, covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons between two atoms.

The complete question is as follows:

Which is the most accurate description of ionic and covalent bonding?

A. Both bonds happen when valence electrons are shared between atoms.

B. Both bonds happen when valence electrons are transferred between ions.

C. Ionic bonds happen when valence electrons are transferred between ions.

D. Ionic bonds happen when valence electrons are shared between atoms.