The three examples of cycles of inorganic nutrients are Nitrogen, carbon and sulphur cycle.
Nitrogen is required to make amino acids and DNA in organisms. Carbon is the main component of glucose through which organism make energy, about 18 per-cent of the human body comprises carbon. Sulphur is an important constituent of some proteins, amino acids and enzyme cofactors.
Explanation:
The biogeochemical cycles like the nitrogen cycle are responsible for converting nitrogen into many chemical forms as nitrates, nitrites, ammonia. This process involves degrade decomposing animal and plant matter and naturally cleaning the environment also nitrites and nitrates become biofertilizers. The plants take nitrogen through their roots and in turn primary consumer in food chain ie. organisms consume the plant and eventually releases nitrogen as a waste material, dead and decaying body to the soil and cycle goes on.
In the carbon cycle the carbon is exchanged from the atmosphere to the organisms and then again to the environment. Plants perform photosynthesis by using carbon dioxide, primary consumer eats it and gets nutrition to perform cellular respiration, in turn, gets energy which gets dissipated and stored as biomass eventually in the course consumer die and replenish the soil with carbon. The Carbon emitted will keep cycling through air, water and soil.
The sulphur cycle involves the movement of sulphur between rocks, water and living beings and plants. Plants ( producers) absorb sulphur dissolved in water and animal consume these plants to replenish their sulphur requirement. And when organism die, sulphur enter the cycle again.
There will be a transfer of these inorganic nutrients to the trophic level in food chain.
Final answer:
The question outlines three cycles of inorganic nutrients: the carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and phosphorus cycle. These cycles involve the absorption of nutrients by plants, their transfer through the food chain, and their eventual return to the ecosystem through various processes.
Explanation:
Biogeochemical cycles describe the flow of essential nutrients through the environment and organisms. The three main cycles include the carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and phosphorus cycle. These cycles ensure that vital nutrients are available for the various biological processes required for life.
Carbon Cycle
Plants absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and incorporate it into organic molecules. Animals acquire carbon when they consume plants or other organisms. Decomposers release carbon back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide through the process of decomposition.
Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen is essential for building amino acids and nucleic acids. Nitrogen fixation by bacteria converts atmospheric nitrogen into forms that plants can absorb from the soil. Through consumption and decomposition, nitrogen moves through the food chain and is eventually returned to the soil and atmosphere.
Phosphorus Cycle
Phosphorus is a crucial component of DNA and ATP. It is typically found in soil and rocks and is absorbed by plants' roots. As organisms consume plants and excrete waste, phosphorus returns to the soil or sediments, completing the cycle.
These nutrient cycles are interconnected and vital for maintaining ecosystem health.
A species in an ecosystem that plays a central role in the health of that ecosystem, and whose removal may cause the collapse of the ecosystem, is called a(n) _______.
Answer:
A species in an ecosystem that plays a central role in the health of that ecosystem, and whose removal may cause the collapse of the ecosystem, is called a(n) keystone species.
Explanation:
The keystone species are those whose role in the food chain (the process of transferring food energy through one living being to another) is essential for the ecosystem, and that, upon its disappearance, it would be seriously unbalanced, in other words, it is that species that exerts a direct influence on its population and that if removed would drastically produce a great impact on the entire ecosystem. The keystone species play a crucial role in the conservation of the health and stability of its ecosystem, although they are not the most abundant species of it.
A keystone species is a species that plays a central role in the health of an ecosystem and its removal can lead to the collapse of the ecosystem. They have a large impact on their environment and can control the abundance of other species or modify the physical structure of the ecosystem. Examples include the sea otter in kelp forest ecosystems and the African elephant in savannah ecosystems.
Explanation:Answer:A species in an ecosystem that plays a central role in the health of that ecosystem, and whose removal may cause the collapse of the ecosystem, is called a
keystone species
. Keystone species have a disproportionately large impact on their environment compared to their population size or biomass. They often control the abundance of other species or modify the physical structure of the ecosystem, thereby maintaining its balance and integrity.
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Viruses have the potential to bring bits of DNA from one species to another species and incorporate the DNA from one species into the permanent genome of another species. True or false?
Answer:
True. This process is called transduction.
Explanation:
When a virus infects a host, it incorporates its genetic material into the host cell and uses the host cell to replicate its own material. When the virus breaks out of the host cell i.e. lyses the host cell, the host's DNA is cut into bits. The virus can then incorporate (take in) part of the host’s DNA into its own.
When this virus attacks a new host, the foreign DNA it got from host 1 can now be introduced to the second host. This is possible because viruses inject their DNA (or RNA) into their host.
When the second host replicates, the new DNA introduced by the virus will also be replicated to its offspring.
This process is has been recorded in bacteria. Viruses that infect bacteria are called bacteriophage.
When similar biological traits evolve in unrelated species due to similar environmental constraints, ____________ is said to have occurred.
Answer:
Convergent Evolution
Explanation:
Convergent evolution occurs when two unrelated species that have no common ancestor evolve independently in order to adapt to a similar environmental constraints to ensure survival.
An example of convergent evolution can be seen in birds, bats, flight/wing insects. They all do not share a common ancestor, but have evolved, separately, a similar structure for flight.
Another example can be seen in dolphins and sharks. These two different species share similar physical characteristics that make them adapt well in marine habitat that helps them to predate .
Convergent evolution refers to the process where similar biological traits evolve in unrelated species due to similar environmental conditions. Examples of this can be seen in the wings of bats and insects and the adaptation of species like the arctic fox and ptarmigan developing seasonal white phenotypes during winter.
Explanation:When similar biological traits evolve in unrelated species due to similar environmental constraints, convergent evolution is said to have occurred. For instance, the wings of bats and insects, which allow them to fly, are a result of convergent evolution as both species developed this capability independently to adapt to their environment. These structures are called analogous structures.Another evidence of convergent evolution is the adaptation of unrelated species, such as the arctic fox and ptarmigan, which have evolved seasonal white phenotypes during winter to blend in with their snowy surroundings. This similarity in physical features is due to similar selection pressures rather than shared ancestry.
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A nursing student learning about childbirth preparation in a maternity course correctly identifies which of the following to be a major determinant of the plans women make for childbirth?
Answer:
There are many determinants of plans women make for childbirth. The major is CULTURE
Explanation:
Many factors can determine a woman's plan for childbirth.
Culture stands out. Culture is the ideas, customs, and social behaviour of a particular people or society. Each woman is in a way connected to a particular culture.
Different societies or organization have childbirth practices. This ultimately has the greatest influence on the plans of women due to their deeply entrenched connection to their society. These childbirth practices ranges from fear of delivery, how to manage pain, what drugs to use, where to give birth, and which kind of delivery to choose.
Calcitonin is the main regulator of blood calcium levels. True or False
Answer: False
Explanation:
The parathyroid hormone is the main regulator of blood calcium levels. Calcitonin HELPS regulate blood calcium levels by going against the action of the parathyroid hormone. When blood calcium is low the parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone to help increase blood calcium levels. When blood calcium is too high, the thyroid hormone releases calcitonin which reduces the activity of osteoclasts consequently reducing blood calcium levels
Calcitonin does regulate blood calcium levels by decreasing high levels. It inhibits osteoclasts, stimulates osteoblasts, and promotes calcium excretion in the kidneys. However, parathyroid hormone (PTH) also plays a key regulatory role, increasing low calcium levels.
Explanation:The statement 'Calcitonin is the main regulator of blood calcium levels' is somewhat true, but needs additional clarification. Specifically, it is necessary to understand that the regulation of calcium levels in the body is a complex process involving multiple hormones, including both calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Calcitonin, produced by the parafollicular or C cells of the thyroid gland, responds to high levels of calcium in the blood. Its function is to lower these levels by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts (cells that break down bone), stimulating osteoblasts (cells that build bone), and promoting calcium excretion in the kidneys. This hormone thus acts to transfer calcium from the bloodstream and into the bones.
However, it's important to also mention the Parathyroid Hormone (PTH). PTH is released when calcium levels in the blood are low, and it works to increase these levels, acting in contrast to calcitonin. Therefore, both hormones work together to maintain calcium homeostasis in the body.
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What term is commonly used to describe foods that are grown without the use of synthetic pesticides?
Answer:
Organic food
Explanation:
Organic food is the food grown by the agriculturists and farmers following the practices of organic farming.
The organic farming practices include the use of biological pesticides, restrict the use of synthetic products, no use of irradiation and promote ecological balance and conserve biodiversity.
The organic food provides many benefits as their nutrient content is high, the food is not contaminated with synthetic chemicals like growth hormones, are not genetically modified.
Thus, Organic food is the correct answer.
The incidence of colon cancer is much lower among Japanese populations living in Japan than among Caucasian populations in the United States. The incidence of colon cancer among Japanese living in the U.S. is similar to that of Caucasians living in the U.S. Circle the hypothesis that may explain the observation:________.
Answer:
# The circled hypothesis is that the scientists are testing;
• The incidence of colon cancer in Japanese and Caucasian people is higher in the United States than in Japan.
#The elements of the experiment in this context are in the category (IV, DV and Control)
The independent variable links to type of people being tested.
The dependent variable is the incidence of colon cancer.
The control is where the people live.
Explanation:
The vagina is at risk for infection because of its location and because it opens to the outside of the body. What is a protective mechanism of the vagina to keep it from becoming infected?
Answer:
The correct answer is- Normal vaginal pH is acidic (4 to 5), which protects from infection.
Explanation:
The vaginal part in woman have high tendency to get infection because of moist internal condition and its location but vagina also have a protective mechanism which protect it from the infection.
A woman's vagina contains many species of Lactobacillus genus which secrete lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide that maintains the low pH level in the vagina. So due to this reason, the normal pH of the vagina remains between 4-5 which does not allow pathogenic bacteria to flourish and cause infection.
Populations within California's Antelope Valley interact with their physical environment (e.g., sunlight and water) to sustain life. What level of life's organization would this be classified as?
Answer:
An ecosystem
Explanation:
Ecosystem is the functional unit which contains all the individual or organism in a definite place which interacts with their physical environment and also with each other. So the ecosystem is made from interaction between living and non-living things in a specified space volume.
Ecosystem have many communities, communities are made up of many population and population is made up of many individuals/ organisms.
Organisms → Population → Community → Ecosystem
Therefore populations within California's Antelope Valley interact with their physical environment classifies the ecosystem level of life's organization.
Pathogenesis is the term used to describe the sequence of cellular and tissue events that occur from the time of first contact with an etiologic agent until the disease becomes evident. What is another way of defining pathogenesis?
Answer:
You could also define it as how a disease develops
Explanation:
The organelles and biomolecules present in homogenized cells can be separated by centrifugation. Which of the following would be found at the top of a centrifugation gradient?
Answer:
ATP molecules
Explanation:
Density centrifugation is a method that separates components of a sample on the basis of their density or density gradient.
During centrifugation the sample will be layered according to their density and that is the principle of density centrifugation.
When centrifuging a sample containing homogenized cells. ATP molecules will be found at the top of the centrifugation gradient due to having a lighter density compared to the rest of the molecules.
The universal genetic language of dna is common to virtually all organisms on earth. True or False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
All living organisms have DNA which stored their genetic information.This genetic material may show a minute variation, but very similar in compositions. Therefore all organisms share common ancestry.
A disease breaks out among sheep in California. A scientist takes blood from the sheep and grows a previously unknown organism. That organism is then injected into a healthy sheep. The healthy sheep becomes sick with the same symptoms as the original sheep and dies. That sheep's blood is then cultured, and the original organism is isolated. This applies the principles of __________.
a) spontaneous generationb) Koch's postulatesc) epidemiologyd) vaccination
Answer:
The correct answer is b) Koch's postulates
Explanation:
Koch has given some postulates which determine whether a particular bacteria is a cause of a particular disease or not. The Koch postulates are as follows :
1. In every disease bacteria(microbe) is present.
2. This bacteria can be isolated from the host and can be grown in a pure culture.
3. This pure culture of bacteria if injected in a healthy host then it will cause that specific disease in the healthy host.
4. The bacteria can be recovered from the host again.
Therefore in the given question, Koch principles are applied.
You find a cell of a type you have never seen before. The cell has both a nucleus and a cell wall. Therefore, you conclude that it must be a ______ cell.a) liverb) plantc) prokaryoticd) animale) bacterial
The cell having both nucleus and a cell wall shows that it is a plant cell.
• Like animals and humans, plants also comprises several cells. The cells of plants are eukaryotic, which comprise a true nucleus along with many unique compositions known as organelles, which perform essential functions.
• Some of the main organelles of a plant cell are cell wall, nucleus, cell membrane, plastids, chloroplasts, central vacuole, mitochondria and ribosomes.
• The cell wall is a rigid layer formed of glycoproteins, cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose, and lignin. It is situated external to the cell membrane. The main role of cell wall is to provide structural support and protection to the cell.
• Nucleus is a membrane-bound composition, which is found in all the eukaryotic cells. Its main function is to store hereditary information and DNA needed for metabolism, division, and growth of cells.
• Cell wall is unique and found only in plant cells.
Thus, it can be said that the cell having cell wall and nucleus is a plant cell.
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Glycolipids are the major molecule involved in determining human blood types. The glycolipid for the A blood type is a different glycolipid than for the B blood type. How are these molecules produced?
A the lipid part is produced in the smooth ER; the carbohydrate part is added on the external plasma membrane
B the lipid part is produced in the rough ER; the carbohydrate part is added in the Golgi complex
C the lipid part is produced in the rough ER; the carbohydrate part is added on the external plasma membrane
D the lipid part is produced in the smooth ER; the carbohydrate part is added in the Golgi complex
a) the lipid part is produced in the smooth ER; the carbohydrate part is added on the external plasma membrane
Answer: D) the lipid part is produced in the smooth ER; the carbohydrate part is added in the Golgi complex
Explanation:
Glycolipids are lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic (covalent) bond.
Synthesis of glycolipids proceed by a series of enzymes that sequentially add sugars to the lipid. Glycosphingolipids are derived from lactosylceramide (LacCer; β-D-galactosyl(1→4)-β-D-glucosyl-ceramide) where the first step is the acylation and desaturation of D-erythro-sphinganine. Ceramide is glucosylated then β-galactosylated extracellularly to form lactosylceramide. Further elongation can occur via glycosyltransferases and sulfotransferases. For example, the biosynthesis of a major glycoglycerolipid in plants involves the transfer of a galactosyl from UDP-Gal onto diacylglycerol to produce β-galactosyldiacylglycerol via galactosyltransferases. An additional transfer of a galactosyl from UDP-Gal forms α-D-galactosyl-(1,6)-O-β-D-galactosyldiacylglycerol.
Freud proposed a theory that suggests that unconscious forces act to influence personality and behavior. This is called the ______ perspective. A.psychosocial B.psychosexual C.psychoanalytic behavioral
Answer:
Option C, Psychoanalytic theory
Explanation:
Freud stated that behaviour of an individual is dependent on three major components which are – id, ego and superego. There need to be a balance between the three forces so that a balance could be maintained between what we have, what we desire and how we approach to fulfill the desire.
The interaction between these three essential mind components varies with time as a person grows from a child to an adult. At each stage a child faces a clash between his/her emotions, biological and social drives.
Hence, option C is correct
Answer:
Psychoanalytic
Explanation:
Freud was the famous psychologists and proposed different theories to explain the psychology of the humans. Freud also gave the psychoanalytic and psychosexual theory in psychology.
The psychoanalytic theory states that human personality development depends on the three factors - ego, super ego and id. These factors may positive and negatively regulate the behavior and personality of teh individual with different people.
Thus, the correct answer is option (C).
What is the process by which a trait present in an ancestral organism is modified by natural selection over time in descendants of that ancestor?
Answer:
Answer is descent with modification.
Explanation:
Natural selection occurs when an organism which possess favorable heritable traits for survival and reproduction have or leave young ones or offsprings more than its peers, resulting in the increase of the trait in frequency and generation.
Descent with modification as explained by Darwin, is the notion that there will be changes in species over time , and this will produce or give rise to new species , which will be sharing the same ancestor.
An advantage of asexual reproduction is that it ________. An advantage of asexual reproduction is that it ________. allows the species to endure long periods of unstable environmental conditions enhances genetic variability in the species maintains successful genetic combinations without modification produces offspring that respond effectively to new pathogens allows a species to easily rid itself of harmful mutations.
An advantage of asexual reproduction is that it ________.
a) allows the species to endure long periods of unstable environmental conditions
b) enhances genetic variability in the species
c) maintains successful genetic combinations without modification
d) produces offspring that respond effectively to new pathogens
e) allows a species to easily rid itself of harmful mutations.
Answer:
c) maintains successful genetic combinations without modification
Explanation:
Asexual reproduction occurs as a process whereby a parent organism reproduces an offspring by itself. All the genes from the single parent organism are passed to the offspring. Asexual reproduction can be via spore formation as it is seen in some protozoans, Binary fission (in Amoeba proteus) etc. In Asexual reproduction there are no exchange of genetic information, therefore Asexual reproduction does not allow or give room for changes in numbers of chromosomes and as such they maintains successful genetic combinations without modification.
Final answer:
Asexual reproduction's advantage is that it maintains successful genetic combinations without modification and enables easier colonization of new habitats due to no need for a mate.
Explanation:
An advantage of asexual reproduction is that it maintains successful genetic combinations without modification. This reproductive strategy is beneficial in a stable or predictable environment as it allows for quick reproduction and all offspring are already adapted to the environment. Another significant advantage is that it facilitates the colonization of new habitats since an individual does not need to find a mate, which is especially beneficial for species with limited mobility or those living in sparse populations.
A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was 6 feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive.
How many of their daughters might be expected to be color-blind dwarfs?
A) all
B) none
C) half
D) one out of four
E) three out of four
You examine a cell by electron microscopy and find a molecule on the outside of the cell and in vesicles in the cytoplasm. The most likely explanation is that this substance moved into the cell by______________.
The molecule observed outside the cell and within cytoplasmic vesicles likely entered the cell through endocytosis, a form of active vesicle transport in which the cell membrane envelopes material to internalize it.
Explanation:The most likely explanation for finding a molecule on the outside of the cell and in vesicles in the cytoplasm is that this substance moved into the cell by endocytosis. Endocytosis is a process through which cells ingest material by enveloping it in a portion of their cell membrane, creating a vesicle that is then internalized. If large molecules, such as proteins, need to enter a cell, vesicle transport is necessary, since these molecules cannot pass through the plasma membrane because of their size. Vesicle transport is an active transport process, requiring energy, and it includes two principal mechanisms - endocytosis and exocytosis.
During endocytosis, the cell membrane can either form a vesicle around the substance to internalize it, which is then processed within the cell, or in some cases, fuse with a lysosome to break down the material. Phagocytosis and pinocytosis are two forms of endocytosis; phagocytosis involves the engulfment of large particles, while pinocytosis involves the encapsulation of liquids or small particles. These internalized vesicles can be observed via electron microscopy within the cytoplasm, supporting the hypothesis that endocytosis has occurred.
Why doesn't the united states use 100 renewable energy
There are not enough sources of renewable energy
Renewable energy producers don't qualify for tax incentives
Fossil fuels are still relatively inexpensive compared to renewable energy
Final answer:
The United States has not fully adopted renewable energy due to the efficiency and economic advantages of fossil fuels, and the complexity of transitioning energy infrastructures. Financial and political challenges, along with global energy consumption patterns linked to economic well-being, also play roles in this slow transition.
Explanation:
The United States has not transitioned completely to renewable energy for several reasons. Despite advancements in technology, renewable sources like solar and wind energy have not yet achieved a level of efficiency to fully replace fossil fuels. Economic factors are significant; fossil fuels continue to be relatively inexpensive compared to renewable energy, and thus remain a staple in energy consumption. Moreover, the energy sector is influenced by existing infrastructure and market factors that favor the use of fossil fuels.
While there are climate change concerns and growing support for renewable energy, financial dis-incentives for fossil fuels are politically controversial and are not globally consistent. In addition, the United States and other countries' standards of living, as indicated by GDP per capita, are closely tied to higher energy consumption, much of which is still sourced from non-renewable resources. In terms of energy security, renewable energy sources offer an advantage by reducing dependence on foreign oil.
Lastly, the deployment of renewable technologies is affected by many variables such as land availability, technological costs, competition with fossil fuels, and overall energy demand. With approximately 10% of the U.S. energy coming from renewable sources, there is a growing trend towards cleaner energy, but full reliance on renewables has yet to be achieved. Transitioning to renewable energy is a complex and gradual process impacted by technological, economic, and political factors.
The nursing instructor is preparing an illustration which will point out the various functions of the placenta during the pregnancy. Which hormones should the instructor point out are secreted by the placenta during the pregnancy? Select all that apply.
a. progesterone
b. testosterone
c. estrogen
d. human chorionic gonadotropin
e. prolactin
Answer:
The answer is option a.progesterone, c.estrogen and option d. human chorionic gonadotropin.
Explanation:
These hormones serve various functions.
I. Human chorionic gonadotropin: this signals the mother that pregnancy has occurred by maintaining the production of progesterone from the corpus luteum. This is what is detected during a pregnancy test.
ii. Progesterone maintains the pregnancy by supporting the lining of the uterus.
iii. estrogen stimulates the growth of the womb to accommodate the growing fetish.
Studies of large human populations have determined that the penetrance of a particular PRSS1 mutation, Arg122His, is 86%. What does this means for individuals with the predisposing genotype?
Answer:
It means that they have an 86% chance of showing the associated phenotype.
Explanation:
Arg122His is associated with the gene that carries the genetic characteristics. Its percentage gives the chance of getting the phenotypic appearance. Two particular elements are composed in a gene, phenotype and genotype. Phenotype gives the actual look of an organism where genotype is the genetic information. PRSS1 in any organism is responsible for protein coding gene that instructs for the production of certain types of enzymes.The 86% penetrance of the PRSS1 mutation, Arg122His, indicates the likelihood of individuals, who carry this genotype, manifesting the associated disorder. This figure is based on Mendelian inheritance patterns and large population studies, but real-life scenarios might deviate due to chance and other factors.
Explanation:The PRSS1 mutation, Arg122His, which has a penetrance of 86% indicates a high probability that an individual with this predisposing genotype will express it phenotypically, that is, the mutation will manifest in identifiable characteristics or symptoms. This statistic is founded on the pattern of Mendelian inheritance, where genes dominate phenotypic expression depending on their dominance or recessiveness. However, real life doesn't always follow this exact pattern due to the influence of chance and other factors.
For instance, if parents are both heterozygous for a recessive genetic disorder such as cystic fibrosis, theoretically, one in four of their children would be expected to have the disease. However, they might have multiple children, none of whom is affected, or conversely, they may have just a few children who are all affected. Likewise, the penetrance of a genetic mutation such as Arg122His in the PRSS1 gene does not guarantee that 86% of the carriers of this genotype will manifest the associated disorder, but it provides a probable ratio based on large-scale population studies.
This form of genetic influence, where the presence of the mutation doesn’t guarantee the manifestation of the associated disorder, is an example of Autosomal Dominant Inheritance. Therefore, in the case of the Arg122His mutation in the PRSS1 gene, having the mutation yields an approximately 86% chance the carrier may exhibit symptoms.
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Some neurons enable you to grasp objects by relaying outgoing messages to the musclesin your arms and hands. These neurons are called:_______ A) motor neurons.B) sensory neurons.C) reflexes.D) neural prosthetics.
Answer: The correct answer is motor neuron
Explanation:
Motor neuron conducts impulses/messages from the brain or spinal cord to the effector (organs like arms and hands which brings about a response)
This relayed message then cause the muscle of the hand to contract and be withdrawn from the painful stimulus and preventing injury to the hand or arm tissue
the movement of small, nonpolar molecules along a concentration gradient by spontaeous random motion to achieve a uniform distribution is termed__________
Answer:
Simple diffusion
Explanation:
When the small and nonpolar molecules move from the region of their higher concentration to that of their lower concentration, the process is called simple diffusion. It is a passive process. This means that it does not require the input of energy to transport the substances. During simple diffusion, substances move along the concentration gradient to equalize their distribution. Diffusion does not require a living system and is exhibited both inside and outside the living beings.
In sickle-cell disease, malformation of red blood cells is caused by only one mistake for one amino acid in the genetic code for hemoglobin.
A. True
B. False
Answer:
A. True
Explanation:
Hemoglobin is a protein and has two distinct types of polypeptide chains. These are called the alpha and beta subunits. The gene that code for the beta chain undergoes a mutation in a single base that causes sickle cell anemia. Here, adenine base in the genetic code for glutamic acid is substituted with a thymine base.
The genetic code for glutamic acid in the beta chain gene is GAG. The "A" is replaced with "T" and the new code "GTG" codes for valine. Therefore, the mutated hemoglobin has valine in place of glutamic acid. This makes these mutated protein molecules to form aggregates resulting in a change in the shape of RBCs carrying them.
In a sample of double-stranded DNA, 20 \ , percent of the nitrogenous bases are guanine (G). What percentage of the nitrogenous bases in the sample are cytosine (C)?
Answer:
20%
Explanation:
If a DNA molecule is double-stranded, the guanine base of one strand pairs with cytosine of another strand. Therefore, a double-stranded DNA always has the same proportions of guanine and cytosine ratio. This holds true for adenine and thymine bases as well which also form a complementary base pair. It is also called Chargaff's rule. Therefore, if a double-stranded DNA has 20% guanine, then the same DNA sample would have 20% of the cytosine base.
Which is not part of Darwin's theory of natural selection?
A- Some organisms are better suited to their environment.
B- Some genes are better than other genes.
C -Traits vary among members of a population.
D -Organisms produce large numbers of offspring.
Answer: its not A
Explanation:
The answer which is not part of Darwin's theory of natural selection is B- Some genes are better than other genes, as Darwin's theory focuses on trait suitability rather than gene quality.
Explanation:The option which is not part of Darwin's theory of natural selection is B- Some genes are better than other genes. Darwin's theory does not state that some genes are inherently better; rather, it suggests that certain traits may be more advantageous than others in a particular environment, leading to differential survival and reproduction. The correct aspects of Darwin's theory include A - the variation of traits among individuals, C - that traits must vary within a population, and D- organisms produce a large number of offspring. Darwin's theory describes natural selection as the process where organisms with traits better suited to their environment tend to survive longer and produce more offspring. This, in turn, allows those traits to become more common in the population over generations.
Important elements of natural selection include the variation of inherited traits in a population, the overproduction of offspring, and the resulting competition for limited resources. Over time, these mechanisms can lead to the adaptation of populations to their environments, but not to the creation of perfect organisms or inherently 'superior' genes.
A genetic counselor is consulted by a young man who is worried about developing Huntington's disease, an inherited disorder caused by a dominant allele of a single gene. The young man explains that his cousin was recently diagnosed with Huntington's disease, and the news has caused him to consider his own risk of developing the disorder. Which of the following questions will best help the genetic counselor to evaluate the risk of the young man developing Huntington's disease and transmitting it to his children?
(A) Were you and your cousin born in the same geographical area?
(B) Were your parents or grandparents ever diagnosed with Huntington's disease?
(C) Were you in physical contact with a person diagnosed with Huntington's disease?
(D) Were you ever exposed to substances that are suspected of causing Huntington's disease?
Answer: B - Were your parents or grandparents ever diagnosed with Huntington's disease?
Explanation: In autosomal dominant disorder, affected offsprings must have an affected parent. Unaffected parents do not transmit the disease.
Since the disease is caused by a dominant allele, the young man would only be at risk of having Huntington's disease if his parents or grandparents had ever been diagnosed with the disease. He needs not to worry if his parents or grandparents had never been diagnosed with the disease.
His cousin who has been diagnosed with the disease could have inherited the allele from his other parent.
The questions that will help the genetic counselor to evaluate the risk of the young man developing Huntington's disease is were your parents or grandparents ever diagnosed with Huntington's disease?. The Option B is correct.
What is the family history of Huntington's disease?In order to evaluate the risk of the young man developing Huntington's disease and transmitting it to his children, the genetic counselor should inquire about the family history of the disease. Huntington's disease is an inherited disorder, so understanding the presence of the disease in the young man's immediate family can provide valuable information.
By asking whether his parents or grandparents have ever been diagnosed with Huntington's disease, the genetic counselor can assess the potential genetic risk factors involved. If there is a history of the disease in the family, it increases the likelihood that the young man may carry the gene mutation responsible for Huntington's disease. Therefore, the Option B is correct.
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Phosphorus (P) often occurs as a waxy solid in its natural state. Ifyou subdivide a piece of phosphorus until you have the smallest concievable amount, do you end up with an atom or an element?
Answer:
An atom
Explanation:
An atom is defined as the smallest, indivisible unit of a substance.
Elements are defined as the simplest part of a substance that can no longer be broken down in a reaction.
Elemental phosphorus is a substance and when a piece is subdivided until it becomes physically impossible to divide further, then it becomes an atom of phosphorus.
The correct answer is atom.