Rescorla's cognitive theory proposed that the real reason Pavlov's dogs salivated to conditioned stimuli was that these stimuli allowed them to predict what food would come.
Explanation:
Pavlovian theory explains that the stimulus is related with the conditioned response. To prove this Ivan Pavlov conducted some experiments regarding stimulus with his dogs. In this experiment he found that the objects or events are capable of triggering the conditioned response. A bell is used as a neutral stimulus in the experiment designed by Pavlov.
The change that occurs in the associative strength between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus is well explained by Rescorla’s theory.
The dog under experiment is presented with stimulus and food, and this process is repeated for several numbers of times. Finally the dogs started to salivate in response to the stimulus.
A core belief that members of the counseling profession hold concerning helping others with their mental health concerns is:_______
Answer and Explanation:
A core belief that members of the counseling profession hold concerning helping others with their mental health concerns is that it is responsibility of counselors to support people who experience mental health and emotional challenges, help them spot their issues, and prevent further deterioration by using the most appropriate ways that can effectively deal with personal mental and emotional problems.
Carol Gilligan has criticized Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development because:
A. it is based on a male norm that puts abstract principles above relationships.
B. it does not recognize higher-level moral reasoning in certain cultural groups.
C. Kohlberg underestimated the contribution of family relationships to moral development.
D. it places too much emphasis on moral thought and not enough emphasis on moral behavior.
The correct answer is letter A
Explanation: Gilligan is widely known for her book "In a Different Voice," Psychological Theory and Women's Development, published in 1982, which differs from Lawrence Kohlberg's interpretation of experimental psychology results on the course and moral differential development of girls and boys.
Allison lived in a foreign country for a year, and she didn't drive a car during that time. When she came back to the United States, she found it effortless to drive her car. Her ability to remember how to drive is an example of _____ memory.
Answer: Her ability to remember how to drive is an example of PROCEDURAL MEMORY.
Explanation: Procedural memory is a type of long term memory which allows an individual to remember how to to go through a process without conscious effort of any prior experience. It is an unconscious memory. examples are tying your shoe; boiling an egg etc.
Allison's ability to easily drive after a year of not doing so is an example of procedural memory, a subtype of long-term memory that enables us to perform learned tasks without conscious thought. This form of memory is responsible for many of our daily activities and can also be seen in situations like relearning a previously known language. The functioning of this type of memory is attributed to key brain structures like the hippocampus, amygdala, and cerebellum.
Explanation:Allison's ability to remember how to drive after a year of not doing so is an example of procedural memory. Procedural memory, a subtype of long-term memory, is responsible for encoding information on how to perform certain procedures or tasks, such as driving a car, brushing your teeth, or riding a bicycle. One doesn't have to consciously think about these tasks once they've been learned; the knowledge on how to perform them becomes implicit or automatic.
Procedural memory plays a prominent part in our daily lives, allowing us to perform a plethora of tasks without the need to constantly relearn them. Comparable to Allison’s driving ability could be someone’s ability to relearn a previously known language faster due to the relearning concept. Whitney, for example, was able to quickly relearn Spanish, a language she once knew, when presented with the opportunity.
Essentially, even when an action is not performed for a while, our implicit procedural memory allows us to recall and execute these learned tasks effortlessly. This is possible due to the intricate functionality of our brain structures including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cerebellum.
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In his book Crime and Everyday Life, Marcus Felson (2002) expands on "routine activity theory" as an explanation for why crime occurs. According to this theory, crimes happen when three elements come together: (a) a motivated offender, (b) an attractive victim, and (c) absence of capable guardians. Select one property crime and one violent crime. Apply routine activity theory to explain examples of each. Are you using theory in an inductive or deductive way?
Answer:
Property crime refers to the fact that an individual or group of individuals use force in order to obtain some benefit that would be monetary in the majority of cases
Explanation:
Property crime refers to the fact that an individual or group of individuals use force in order to obtain some benefit that would be monetary in the majority of cases, one example of this kind of crimes would be the robbery of a cellphone, in which the victim, a young female, is walking alone in the downtown streets at 5:30 am, really early in the morning in order to go to the workplace. The burglar is a drug addict, whose drugs are over at that time, and he takes advantage of the situation, an indefense woman and the police is not close to the scene. Therefore in this case, it is possible to see how the three necessary factors according to the routine activity theory meet: (a) a motivated offender, (b) an attractive victim, and (c) absence of capable guardians.
The second case, the violent crime, refers to the instance in which the offender wants to hurt his victim in a certain way. One example of this kind of crime could be when a kidnapped occurs, the criminal studies his victim in advance because he wants to politically pressure his adversary by kidnapping his daughter; all of this in order to force him organizing everything for his political party to lose the next elections. Once the elections have been completed and the criminal achieves his goal, he also asks his adversary to withdraw completely from politics and then releases his daughter. In this case, the criminal uses suffering as pressure to achieve his mission and it is possible to analyze as well as the 3 stages mentioned by "routine activity theory" (a) a motivated offender, (b) an attractive victim, and (c) absence of capable guardians; are carried out.
Answer:
As given in the statement of the problem,according to Marcus Felson(2002),this theory states that crimes happen when the three elements combine,so basically it is deducting an analysis so this is an deductive way to solve the problem.
According to the text, which of the following is not a childhood risk factor for persistent delinquency?
a.parental psychopathology
b.small family size
c.low intelligence
d.neighborhood disadvantage
Answer:
b
Explanation:
The method of dividing the project scope into many parts that, when combined, would constitute the project deliverable is called _____:
Answer:
decomposition
Explanation:
This is a technique used to divide and subdivide the scope of the project and the future to deliver, in smaller and more manageable parts. It is defined what work is going to be done and which is not. It is a hierarchical decomposition oriented to the deliverable product of work and achieve the objectives of the project.
As industrialization began to boom, Durkheim believed people were more susceptible to anomie because
A. Collective norms are weakened.
B. Society no longer has the support of the collective consciousness
C. Specialization of labor lead to alienation.
D. All of the above
Answer: All of the above.
Anomie thought as "normlessness" is a theory developed by Émile Durkheim is the withdrawal from usual social or ethical standards, norms and values that was previously accepted by the society.
Industrialization was the pioneer of both positive and negative effects in the society. One of the negative effect was anomie. Labour specialization lead to withdrawal which is a character of anomie. And all other options in the question.
Final answer:
Durkheim believed that during industrialization, people were more susceptible to anomie due to weakened collective norms, lack of support from the collective consciousness, and alienation resulting from labor specialization. The correct answer is D. All of the above.
Explanation:
As industrialization began to boom, Durkheim believed people were more susceptible to anomie because:
Collective norms are weakened.Society no longer has the support of the collective consciousness.Specialization of labor leads to alienation.
The correct answer to the student's question is D. All of the above. During the transition from traditional mechanical solidarity to a modern organic solidarity, Durkheim observed a state of normlessness and a weakening of the social fabric that had traditionally bonded people together. This state, known as anomie, emerges in times of great social upheaval, such as during industrialization, when society's previously prevalent norms and values become unclear, and social bonds weaken, leading to feelings of alienation and isolation among individuals.
Is there a conscious (or subconscious) process you explore when evaluating your options and how they may impact your desired outcome? Ex. You write down pro’s & con’s for a potential decision.
This is a personal question. Therefore, only you would be able to accurately analyze how it is that you evaluate options when making a decision. However, there are some common strategies that people follow when such a problem arises.
One example of such a strategy would be making a pros and cons list. This allows the person to better understand the problems and benefits of each approach. Another strategy would be working your way backwards. This involves thinking of the desired outcome first, and then retracing the steps that might lead you in that direction. A third example involves talking to people who have faced similar challenges and asking them for advice.
Describe a situation that might place a medical assistant in the position of being negligent or to be charged with medical malpractice.
Answer: Medical negligence is a careless or reckless action that falls below the legal standard for preventing unreasonable injury. As such medical negligence occurs when a medical personnel through careless acts cause damage or injury to a patient.
An example of a medical negligence can be a misdiagnosis Which is the incorrect identification of the nature and cause of an illness. In this situation, administration of the wrong drugs can cause serious harm to a patient. This is classified as medical negligence as it is caused by a careless act by a medical personnel.
• The YW serves girls 9-24, but they have a network of corporate women leaders we they want to cultivate. What topics would be of interest to each of these groups, such as who are the voices that resonate with each generation? A girl of 9-24 would not recognize Dorothy Height as someone older would.
Answer:
The main idea of YWCA has been to work for women without any kind of discrimination teaching women how to empower themselves and become leaders in their environment, in order to be an example for future generations.
Explanation:
The YWCA (Young Women's Christian Association) is an organization that has worked for the benefit of women's opportunities in the world. This association was initially created in 1865 in The United Kingdom. The main idea of YWCA has been to work for women without any kind of discrimination teaching women how to empower themselves and become leaders in their environment, in order to be an example for future generations. That was the case of Dorothy Height who was an educator and a leader in the revolution of the civil rights movement.
Sara, a top-level manager, is usually preoccupied with immediate tasks and seldom has the time to give attention to individual employee concerns. Eric, her employee, is accustomed to this attitude of Sara. He does not bother to inform her about the difficulties he is facing in dealing with a new process. As a result, his productivity suffers. Eric behaves the way he does because he is convinced that even if he goes to Sara, his needs will be ignored. Sara's behavior best exemplifies:
The following is missing for the question to be complete:
Rehearsing
Selective expectation
Selective memory
Active listening
Answer: Selective expectation
Explanation: Selective expectation refers to the psychological cognitive bias that makes one perceive what they want or think they need to perceive. In other words, what someone expects to be the outcome of his action, such as Eric, affects his perception of Sara. This means that what Eric biases to happen if he wants to talk to Sara about his problems and difficulties in the workplace, determines his perception of Sara, meaning in Eric's opinion that Sara won't want or have the time to listen to him. However, apart from the biased expectation of determining someone's, say Eric's, observations, they are influenced by the degree to which something stands out. If Sara is often unable to deal with employees' problems because of a job that works, then it is visible and highlighted as something that will determine one's, Eric's, perception of her more often as a manager who is uninterested in employee problems, than a manager is stuck business.
Perhaps, if Eric would approach his problems decisively and eloquently, and without any expectation in advance, but only with a determined attitude to present his problems, Sara as a top manager would probably listen to him.
IRB continuing review of a greater than minimal risk approved protocol that is currently enrolling subjects must:
Answer:
: receive the majority support among the members who are attending the meeting. The review of research can be conducted at various measured intervals, however, it must not be less than once each year.
Explanation:
Thus The Institutional review board organizes these kinds of reviews of the researches. And for each research. the number of reviews must not be less than once each year. And if the risk is more, the number of reviews can be increased as well for ensuring 100% legitimate research outcome.
In studies that pose a greater than minimal risk, the Institutional Review Board (IRB) reviews the protocols, ensuring the risks to participants are minimized, there is informed consent from participants, and all risks and benefits are clearly outlined to the study participants.
Explanation:The Institutional Review Board (IRB) conducts regular reviews of approved experimental protocols that pose a greater than minimal risk to human subjects who are currently being enrolled in a study. The IRB's prime objective is to ensure the safety and dignity of human subjects in research studies. Any research institution that receives federal support must have access to an IRB.
The IRB examines these protocols with certain key principles in mind. Those are:
The risks to participants must be minimized and must be reasonable with respect to the anticipated benefits. Informed consent from participants is necessary. This means the risks must be clearly explained to the research subjects, who must give consent in writing. Researchers are obligated to maintain documentation of this consent. All risks and benefits must be clearly outlined to the study participants so they can give appropriate consent.
These safeguards and guidelines were conceived in response to historical instances of exploitation and abuse in human research, and they are crucial in maintaining ethical standards in contemporary research involving human subjects.
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Which of the following children is in Piaget's formal operational stage? Group of answer choices
Isaac, who can create a relationship between pieces of information that are not from the same category
Jonas, who can think through a process and then mentally reverse it
Beth, who can think in a logical, orderly fashion when dealing with concrete information
Abi, who can think abstractly about things she cannot perceive concretely
Answer:
Abi, who can think abstractly about things she cannot perceive concretely
Explanation:
One of the most influential and famous psychologists named Jean Piaget has given his theory on cognitive development in which he has mentioned four distinct stages including sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal-operational.
Formal-operational stage: According to Piaget's theory, the formal-operational stage is last i.e the fourth stage. This stage generally starts at the age of twelve years of a child and lasts through adulthood.
In this stage, the adolescents gain the capability of thinking abstractly by manipulating various ideas in their mind in the absence of any dependence on concrete manipulation. In short, the adolescents can think rationally without the mere presence of any object.
Policy-based initiatives based on premises of ___________________ theory typically feature multisystematic treatment efforts designed to provide at-risk kids with personal, social, education, and family services.
Answer:
developmental
Explanation:
The participation of a high percentage of adolescent boys in criminal acts represents a major threat to the human development and economic growth of a nation.
However, it is important to point out that not all adolescents who have committed any violation of the Law persist in this behavior throughout their lives; This occurs despite the risk of the effects of their criminogenic environments.
For preventive and rehabilitation purposes, the early identification of those individual and social characteristics that discriminate between adolescents who persist and do not persist in criminal antisocial behavior during the course of their life, constitutes an important strategy for the design of effective policies in the field of the prevention of youth violence.
The fact that dirt and contamination were threats to our ancestors suggests:_______
Answer:
It may help with awareness or obsessive - compulsive disorder
Explanation:
Once counselors have disclosed their legal questions to their immediate supervisors and have received a response either from the supervisor or from an attorney who is advising them as to proper course of action. What is essential?
Answer: It is essential they follow legal advice given to them even if they do not agree.
A counsel is a process who gives legal advice to people. Counselors have bosses and supervisors. In any case they are unable to offer advice and they seek help from their bosses, they are obligated to follow the advice even if they disagree as this the expected behaviour.
In second grade, Reina was earning A's on her math tests, which included multiplication and division. According to Jean Piaget, what stage of cognitive development is Reina in?a. The preoperational stage b. The concrete operational stage c. The formal operational stage d. The generalized other stage
Answer: The stage of cognitive development that Reina is in is the The concrete operational stage.
Explanation: According to Jean Piaget's theory of development, there are four stages of development. They are; sensorimotor; preoperational; concrete; and formal operational stages.
The concrete operational stage occurs in children between the age of 7 to 11 and in this stage, the child has learned to think in a logical manner if they are familiar with the concepts. Reina earning A's on her math tests is because she's already familiar with the concepts of multiplication and division.
The power outage took out Bill's television; bored, he decided to go for a walk. The outage also took out Shayna's air conditioning, and she was driven from her sweltering third-floor apartment. Thus the two happened to be walking by each other when the meteor blazed through the sky. They both watched in amazement and then began talking. And that was the start of a love that has lasted 35 years.
what is the question
Explanation:
Which of the following is NOT a fundamental assumption of conversation analysis?
Group of answer choices:
O Conversation is a socially structured activity
O Conversation include established rules of human behavior
O Pauses in conversation are as important as the words in a conversation
O The same utterance should have the same meaning in a different context
O All of the above statements are fundamental assumptions of conversation analysis
The correct answer is D) The same utterance should have the same meaning in a different context.
The option that is NOT a fundamental assumption of conversation analysis is "The same utterance should have the same meaning in a different context."
We are talking about the study of the type of conversations people have when they are interacting on a daily basis. It could be in the family environment, in school, in the workplace, or in any activity. That is a conversation analysis. It is part of sociolinguistics, and Harvey Sacks is one of the first sociologists to refer to this topic.
PLZ ANSWER ASAP PLZ
Which response best describes a similarity between the video presentation and the text version of Kennedy's speech?
A. both recommended that America should intervene military in countries struggling for Independence.
B. Both convey that Americans have a history of avoiding conflict that must be preserved to maintain peace.
C. both emphasize that America has a responsibility to defend the human rights around the world.
D. both stressed the Americans must leave the task of effecting change in the hands of the government
The correct answer is letter C.
Explanation: In his speech he always talked about good things and helped the nation in difficult moments. Kennedy's most vehement speeches seemed to be delivered at the most critical times for the nation.
"The correct option is C. both emphasize that America has a responsibility to defend the human rights around the world response best describes a similarity between the video presentation and the text version of Kennedy's speech.
In both the video presentation and the text version of Kennedy's speech, there is a clear emphasis on America's responsibility to defend human rights globally. This theme is a central tenet of Kennedy's rhetoric and is reflected in his call to action for Americans to support the fight for freedom and democracy around the world.
Option A is incorrect because, while Kennedy did speak about America's role in supporting countries struggling for independence, his speech did not explicitly recommend military intervention as the means to do so.
Option B is not accurate as Kennedy's speech does not convey a message of avoiding conflict. Instead, it suggests that America should be actively involved in global affairs to ensure peace and freedom.
Option D is also incorrect because Kennedy's speech does not suggest that Americans must leave the task of effecting change solely in the hands of the government. Rather, he calls for a collective effort, including the contributions of individual citizens, to uphold democratic values and human rights."
In operant conditioning, _____ is associated with a voluntary response.
a. reflexive response; consequence of that response
b. nonreflexive response; consequence of that response
c. environmental event; reflexive response
d. environmental event; consequence of that event
The correct answer is letter B
Operant conditioning is a learning method that uses reinforcement or punishment to increase or decrease the likelihood that behavior will recur in the future.
Operant conditioning, also called instrumental conditioning, is a learning method that makes use of the association of reinforcements (rewards) and punishments with a particular behavior or pattern of behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence of that behavior.
Final answer:
In operant conditioning, a nonreflexive (voluntary) response is associated with the consequences of that response, distinguishing it from classical conditioning which associates involuntary responses with a preceding stimulus.
Explanation:
In operant conditioning, a voluntary response is associated with the consequence of that response. This means that behaviors are not triggered by prior stimuli in the way they are in classical conditioning, but are instead initiated by the organism, leading to consequences that may either reinforce or discourage the repetition of that behavior. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is b. nonreflexive response; consequence of that response.
Operant conditioning operates on the environment and is maintained by its consequences, which can consist of rewards (reinforcement) or punishments. The choice of behavior is influenced by the expected outcome, thus reinforcing the idea that operant conditioning shapes voluntary behaviors through their consequences, not prior stimuli.
Edward Leamer of the University of California , Los Angeles, argues that "housing is the business cycle." Why would spending on housing be likely to fluctuate more than spending by households on consumer durables , such as automobiles or furniture, or spending by firms on plant and equipment?
Answer:
Explanation: Each housing market transaction is subject to a fixed cost, which gives rise to S-s policy rules for housing transactions: existing homeowners change the size of their houses only if there is a sufficiently large change in the state of the economy (i.e., in interest rates, in their taste for housing etc.
a significant negative relationship between interest rates and housing prices, which can rationalize a large part of the recent boom in housing prices in the US and around the world.
Answer:
According to the author there is only evidence in theory that the rates of interests paid in the residential investment have a deep effect on the economy in general
Explanation:
According to the author there is only evidence in theory that the rates of interests paid in the residential investment have a deep effect on the economy in general. Nevertheless, he explains how this theory is similar to the explanation about the effects of alcohol and how this explanation does not affect the way in which consumers buy it every time more and more. He says, in the housing business the same occurs. The author also mentions how in the majority of the text books the economic recessions are attributed to the residential investment effect, however in the real life practice it continuous to be a business that is always on track after it starts. Talking about consumer durables, the author explains how those decline a quarter of the housing volume and he attributes everything to a common denominator: interests and employment.
Car companies build wind tunnels to test the aerodynamics and the handling capabilities of their car designs. The many variables that can be precisely controlled inside the wind tunnel are considered ________ factors.
Answer: they are considered ENDOGENOUS factors.
Explanation: An endogenous factor is an influence that is originated from within a system.
The wind tunnels used to test the aerodynamics has different types of influence controlling it. Some might be exogenous (originating from outside) or endogenous (originating from inside).
All of the following are fundamentalassumptions that I-O psychologistsmake when they apply the individualdifferences model except:
a. The attribute levels of variouspeople in a group can be brought tothe same level through training.
b. Different jobs require differentattributes
c. Adults have a variety of attributes,the levels of which remain relativelystable over time.
d. The attributes can be measuredaccurately.
Answer: The attribute levels of various people in a group can be brought to the same level through training.
Explanation: I-O psychologists known as Industrial organisational psychologists are psychologists that incorporate psychological theories and principles to organizations. They focus on the health of the mind and body of employees in an organisation.
Generally psychologist believe that every individual is unique in their own way and therefore they never assume that all individuals working in an organisation can attain the same level of attributes.
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is one of the treaties that have made history in the past. During this period, the Mexico army got defeated and that is the period when the nation decided to enter into the peace agreement so as to put an end to the war. The treaty involved payment of 15 million dollars to Mexico by the United States. Moreover, Article V of the Treaty recognizes the Rio Grande as the southern U.S. border.Which of the sentences above best reflects correct grammar and skillful communication?a. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is one of the treaties that have made history in the past.b. During this period, the Mexico army got defeated and that is the period when the nation decided to enter into the peace agreement so as to put an end to the war.c. The treaty involved payment of 15 million dollars to Mexico by the United States.d. Moreover, Article V of the Treaty recognizes the Rio Grande as the southern U.S. border.
The correct answer is letter D.
The Mexican War was an armed conflict between Mexico and the United States between 1846 and 1848, the immediate cause of which was the US annexation of Texas territory in 1845. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed by US diplomat Nicholas P Trist and the representatives of the Mexican government, Don Luis Gonzaga Cuevas, Don Bernardo Couto and Don Miguel Atristian.
To establish peace relations between countries and end the war, this treaty was proclaimed. In general terms, the document defined the surrender of part of the Mexican territory to the United States, including California, and in return the payment of a $ 15 million indemnity.
The ________ hypothesis refers to an escape hatch or a loophole that defenders of a theory or belief can use to insulate their belief from falsification.
a. ad hoc immunizing
b. confirmatory
c. representativeness
d. availability heuristic
Answer:
a)
Explanation:
Ad hoc immunizing, which is a hypothesis added to a theory in order to save it from being falsified. Some times is employed to compensate for anomalies not anticipated by the theory in its unmodified form
A psychologist conducts an experiment by feeding pigeons blue and red seeds that are otherwise identical. The blue seeds contain a chemical that makes the birds sick. The psychologist wants to know how long it will take the birds to learn that only the red seeds are good to eat. Which psychologist would most likely conduct this experiment?
A. John B. Watson (behaviorist)
B. Abraham Maslow (humanist)
C. Wilhelm Wundt (structuralist)
D. Sigmund Freud (psychoanalyst)
E. Wolfgang Köhler (Gestaltist)
The correct answer is letter A
Explanation: Because he is a Behaviorist. Behaviorism is a term that covers several theories of psychology that has as its main object of study behavior.
Strict behaviorists believed that all behaviors were the result of conditioning. Anyone could be trained to act in a particular way given the right conditioning.
A researcher wishes to determine the difference in two population means. To do this, she randomly samples 9 items from each population and computes a 90% confidence interval. The sample from the first population produces a mean of 780 with a standard deviation of 240. The sample from the second population produces a mean of 890 with a standard deviation of 280. Assume that the values are normally distributed in each population. The point estimate for the difference in the means of these two populations is _______.
Answer:
-110
Explanation:
The point estimate has been indicated which represents the difference between the mean of the first population and that of the second population.
Hence, point estimate = mean of the first population - mean of the second population
= 780 - 890
= -110
What important theological issue did the Nicene Creed address?
Answer:
It addressed the nature of Christ's divinity.
Explanation:
The Nicene Creed (also known as Nicaeno-Constantinopolitan Creed) is a well-known statement of belief used in Christian church. It focus on the nature of Christ (divinity and humanity), how Jesus Christ is fully and completely human and divine, and how these natures are also distinct.
For the psychopath, becoming adept as a serial killer requires perfecting this.
a. rationalization and unconscious pretense
b. rationalization and conscious pretense
c. conscious pretense
d. rationalization
Answer:
A). rationalization and unconscious pretense
Explanation:
A serial killer has a controversial feelings, and a person adept with these ideas can't understand their acts as ordinary people does. Their behavior are justified and explained in a seemingly rational or logical manner to avoid the true explanation and then consciously considered tolerable - or even admirable and superior - by plausible means. And the unconscious pretense happens because of the lack of comprehension about socialization, and the inability to perform a true feeling.
Final answer:
For a psychopath to excel as a serial killer, rationalization and conscious pretense are essential skills.
Explanation:
For a psychopath to become adept as a serial killer, mastering certain psychological mechanisms is key. Among these, rationalization and conscious pretense play crucial roles. Rationalization involves the cognitive distortion of facts to make an action seem less threatening, while conscious pretense refers to the deliberate faking or pretending of emotions or relationships that the individual does not genuinely feel or value. This combination allows psychopathic individuals to justify their harmful actions and manipulate their social environments effectively.
Historically, psychopathy has been characterized by an outward appearance of normality concealing deep emotional and interpersonal deficits, as described by Hervey Cleckley in “The Mask of Sanity.” Psychopaths' ability to rationalize their behavior and engage in conscious pretense enables them to blend into society while committing acts that satisfy their own deviant impulses.
Theory and research, such as that by Edwin H. Sutherland on differential association and by Sykes and Matza on techniques of neutralization, suggest that learning and cognitive strategies are vital in how individuals justify deviant or criminal behavior. This underscores the importance of both rationalization and conscious pretense in the functioning of psychopathic serial killers.