Answer:
The organism lives and replicates despite RNase and DNase treatment, but the organism dies when treated with protease
Explanation:
Final answer:
To demonstrate that RNA is necessary and sufficient for the earliest life forms, one could create an environment where RNA molecules self-replicate and catalyze essential biochemical reactions without DNA or proteins, providing evidence for the RNA world hypothesis.
Explanation:
The RNA world hypothesis suggests that the earliest life forms used RNA both for genetic information storage and catalytic functions, essentially fulfilling the roles of both DNA and proteins in modern organisms. To demonstrate that RNA can suffice for these functions in an artificially recreated life form, one could design an experiment showing that RNA molecules alone can replicate, synthesize proteins, and facilitate other life-sustaining reactions without the aid of either DNA or proteins. This could involve the synthesis of ribozymes, which are RNA molecules with enzymatic activity, capable of catalyzing their own replication and other biochemical reactions necessary for life. The continued functioning and replication of such a system in a controlled environment without the introduction of DNA or proteins would provide strong evidence supporting the RNA world hypothesis.
Gary has been diagnosed with dissociative amnesia. He demonstrates A. the partial or total inability to remember new information. B. the failure to recall previously stored personal information following a very stressful situation. C. the total inability to remember previously acquired information or past experiences. D. the making up of memories that never really existed.
Answer:
Answer is B. the failure to recall previously stored personal information following a very stressful situation.
Explanation:
Dissociative amnesia is a type of dissociative disorder, which occurs to people and make them forget certain information or unable to remember personal information. This is usually associated with a traumatic or stressful event.
Other type of dissociative disorder are , dissociative identity disorder and derealization disorder.
Symptoms or effects are memory loss and perception that things and people are not real.
In a humoral or antibody-mediated immune response, specific B cells are stimulated by Helper T cells to transform into plasma cells that secrete antibodies. What would be an important feature added to B cells In this transition process
Answer:
Explanation:
Specific B cells are stimulated by helper T cells to transform into plasma cells that secrete antibodies and during this process, the important features that is added to the B cells transition into plasma cell is the abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum combined with properly developed Golgi apparatus in other for the plasma cells formed now from B cells to have the needed surface area for immunoglobulin (antibody) production.
Both Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella typhi are capable of causing disease inside of otherwise healthy individuals. The ID50 of V. cholerae is 1,000,000 cells, while the ID50 of S. typhi is 10,000 cells. Based on this information, which of the following statements is true?
a.Both V. cholerae and S. typhi are pathogenic, but V. cholerae is more virulent than S. typhi.
b.Both V. cholerae and S. typhi are pathogenic, but S. typhi is more virulent than V. cholerae.
c.S. typhi is pathogenic, while V. cholerae is non-pathogenic.
d.V. cholerae is pathogenic, while S. typhi is non-pathogenic.
Answer:
b.Both V. cholerae and S. typhi are pathogenic, but S. typhi is more virulent than V. cholerae.
Explanation:
[tex]ID_{50}[/tex] or 50% Infectious Dose is the number of organisms (bacteria, viruses or fungi) required to produce disease in 50% of the hosts exposed to the organism.
An organism which has lesser [tex]ID_{50}[/tex] is said to be more virulent than the organism with greater [tex]ID_{50}[/tex]. There is an inverse relation between 50% Infectious Dose and virulence.
Since both Salmonella typhi and Vibrio cholerae are able to infect and produce disease so both of these organisms are pathogenic (able to cause disease). As lesser number of cells (10,000 cells) of Salmonella typhi are required to produce disease as compared to Vibrio cholerae (1,000,000 cells) so Salmonella typhi is more virulent than Vibrio cholerae.
The correct answer is that S. typhi is more virulent than V. cholerae, which is evident from its lower ID50 value, requiring fewer cells to cause disease.
Explanation:The question is asking which statement is true based on the ID50 values given for Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella typhi. The ID50 refers to the infectious dose required to cause disease in 50% of the exposed population. In this case, the ID50 of V. cholerae is 1,000,000 cells, and the ID50 of S. typhi is 10,000 cells. Therefore, the correct statement is option b: Both V. cholerae and S. typhi are pathogenic, but S. typhi is more virulent than V. cholerae, as indicated by its lower ID50, meaning it requires fewer cells to cause disease.
Two highly inbred tobacco plants are crossed. One has dark green leaves. The other has yellow leaves. The F1 have light green leaves. Five hundred progeny from F1 × F1 crosses are analyzed. Their leaves show continuous variation in color, but none has dark green or yellow leaves. What do these data suggest about the number of genes determining this trait?
A) There are two genes that determine this trait.
B) There are more than four genes that determine this trait.
C) There are three genes that determine this trait.
D) There are four genes that determine this trait.
E) There is not enough information to estimate the number of genes.
Answer: Option B - There are more than four genes that determine this trait.
Explanation:
The tobacco plant species have its leaf colour with characteristics that changes gradually over a range of values, which refers to continuous variation.
Note that continuous variation keep expressing gene variants in successive generations of the tobacco plants, that differs from the parents. So, there are MORE THAN four genes controling the expression of varying phenotypes in the leaves
In some individuals, the immune system attacks substances such as grass pollen that are usually harmless, resulting in
Answer:
An allergic reaction
Explanation:
An allergic reaction occurs when our immune system misinterprets a harmless substance into a harmful antigen and initiate an over-expressed immune response against it. Some of these allergic substances are pollen, molds, insect stings, etc.
These allergens trigger the production of IgE antibodies in the body which interact with different cell and initiate the release of chemicals like histamine that cause symptoms of allergic reaction.
It can affect the nose, skin, lung, stomach lining, etc. Therefore the correct answer is an allergic reaction.
Final answer:
An allergy occurs when the immune system overreacts to harmless substances like grass pollen, causing symptoms such as sneezing and itchy eyes. Autoimmune diseases are more severe, where the immune system attacks the body's own tissues, requiring different treatments.
Explanation:
When the immune system attacks harmless substances such as grass pollen, the result is an allergy. Allergies occur when the immune system overreacts to allergens, which are typically non-threatening environmental proteins. Symptoms of an allergy might include sneezing, itchy eyes, redness, and more severe reactions like anaphylaxis. Unlike allergies, where the immune system reacts to external substances, autoimmune diseases involve the immune system attacking the body's own tissues, causing chronic inflammation and a range of symptoms depending on the condition, such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus.
Common allergens include pollen, dust mites, and specific foods. The immune system's response involves inflammation, which is intended to protect the body but instead causes symptoms characteristic of allergic reactions. Treatments for allergies aim to reduce symptoms, often through antihistamines and avoiding exposure to allergens. In contrast, autoimmune diseases are often treated with immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory drugs to alleviate symptoms.
Exposing inner mitochondrial membranes to ultrasonic vibrations will disrupt the membranes. However, the fragments will reseal "inside out." The little vesicles that result can still transfer electrons from NADH to oxygen and synthesize ATP. Which of the following statements about these inside-out membrane vesicles is true
These inside-out membrane vesicles will hydrolyze ATP to pump protons out of the interior of the vesicle to the exterior. Hence the correct option is a.
When inner mitochondrial membranes are exposed to ultrasonic vibrations and subsequently reseal "inside out," the resulting vesicles retain the ability to perform certain functions related to electron transfer and ATP synthesis. In this context, the vesicles utilize ATP to actively pump protons from the interior of the vesicle to the exterior. This process is analogous to the proton-pumping function of the inner mitochondrial membrane in intact mitochondria.
By hydrolyzing ATP, the vesicles generate the necessary energy to actively transport protons against their concentration gradient. This establishes a higher proton concentration outside the vesicles compared to the interior. This proton gradient serves as a potential energy source that can be harnessed for ATP synthesis, mimicking the electrochemical gradient established during the normal functioning of intact mitochondria.
The reversal of membrane orientation in these vesicles does not impede their capacity to perform essential proton-pumping and energy-transducing functions, highlighting the resilience and adaptability of biological membranes. Hence the correct option is a.
For complete question refer to image:
The zebra mussel, quagga mussel, and round goby
a. first appeared in North America in or near Lake St. Clair
b. likely reached the Great Lakes in the ballast of a freighter
c. have their native range in the Black and/or Caspian Seas
d. can all be found in deep waters
Answer:
d. can all be found in deep waters
a. first appeared in North America in or near Lake St. Clair (correct)
b. likely reached the Great Lakes in the ballast of a freighter (correct)
c. have their native range in the Black and/or Caspian Seas (correct)
Final answer:
The zebra mussel, quagga mussel, and round goby likely entered the Great Lakes through the discharge of ballast water from ships coming from the Ponto-Caspian region, causing significant ecological and economic damage.
(Option b)
Explanation:
The zebra mussel, quagga mussel, and round goby likely reached the Great Lakes in the ballast of a freighter from the Ponto-Caspian region, which includes the Black and Caspian Seas. These species were introduced to North American waterways as a consequence of ships discharging ballast water from their ports of origin into destination ports. This practice has led to significant economic and ecological impacts, such as the zebra mussel causing millions of dollars in clean-up costs and altering the food chains within the lakes.
The introduction of these species has created challenges for native species by out-competing them for resources, and has resulted in alterations to the local ecosystems. The zebra and quagga mussels, in particular, are invasive species that have been transported to unconnected bodies of water and have caused significant damage to American waterways and infrastructure.
during a natural disaster part of a plnt was damaged if the plant can no longer grow and produce new root cells which of the plant likley suffered damage on weggy
The question is incomplete as it does not have the options which are:
A. Phloem
B. Xylem
C. Apical meristem
D. Root cap
Answer:
The correct answer will be option- Root cap
Explanation:
The plant growth takes place not only above the surface but below the surface also in the roots. Roots continually grow to absorb more water and nutrients to support the growth of the plant.
The roots are protected by a layer of protective cells forming a structure called root cap below the root. The root cap protects the roots, secretes a substance which helps the growth of the root and the sense gravity.
In the given question since the roots are not able to grow therefore the damaged part will be the root cap.
Thus, the root cap is the correct answer.
Hattie, aged 55, is awakened by excruciating pain that radiates from her right abdomen to the lumbar and inguinal regions on the same side. The pain does not occur continuously but recurs at intervals of 3–4 minutes. Diagnose her problem, and cite factors that might favor its occurrence. Also, explain why Hattie’s pain comes in "waves."
Answer:
Hattie has a calculus in her ureter, or kidney stone. Frequent urinary tract bacterial infections, urinary retention, high levels of calcium in the blood, and alkaline urine are predisposing conditions. Her pain comes in waves when peristalsis waves travel at intervals through the ureter. The pain comes when the ureter walls close in during this period on the hard kidney stone
The physiology instructor explains to the nursing students that beta-2 stimulation leads to:
Answer: increase in the diameter of the bronchioles leading to increase in the amount of air that can be let in and out during breathing and dilation of the vessels of skeletal muscles to account for the increased blood flow.
Explanation:
Beta receptors are a class of cell receptors present on the cell surface and tissues of effector organs and tissues innervated by the sympathetic nervous system and mediate certain physiological response when bounded by certain adrenergic agents.
Beta 2 receptors are those receptors that bind with epinephrine, a hormone and neurotransmitter (adrenaline) whose signaling mediate physiological response like smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation.
Which agent would be used to counteract a severe reaction occurring with the use of neostigmine?
Answer:
Neostigmine act as Cholinesterase inhibitors.it inhibits enzyme Cholinesterase as a competitive reversible antagonists.
This is an enzyme which normally breakdown neurotransmitter acetycholine at the neuromuscular junction (cholinergic synapses). and therefore the termination of synaptic neurotransmission.
Acetycholine is a cholinergic neurotransmitter that ensures transmission of cholinergic nervous signal/synapses at neuromuscular juntion.
Neostigmine inhibiting actions therefore promotes accumulation of acetycholine and thus extended the transmission of cholinergic synapses,
This is expllained the reason why neostigmine mechanisms is used for treatment of neuromuscular disorders e.g autoimmune diseases Myasthenia graviis (weakling of body muscles.
Therfore to counter the advserse effect of Neostigmine ;
which include; salvation, head ache, increased muscus secreation,muscle itching,dizziness,
Intravenous application of 0.04mg/kg/dose of atropine sulphate should be given with respect to each dose of Neostigmine administered.
.
Explanation:
What are the different kinds of agents that attack plants and animals? What are some of the ways that pests and diseases impact crops? How long have rust diseases been recognized as an agricultural problem? How has ergot of rye affected social history?
Answer:
Explanation:Agents that attack plants are
fungi, bacteria, mollicutes, parasitic
Agents that attack animals are: virus, bacterial, Humans, infectious diseases and living organism
[18/12, 11:07 am] +234 703 566 9727: By causing changes in crop growth
Changes in photosynthesis
Both positive and negativity
Redundant in crop production
Delayed in in production
One of the nutrient cycles moves from an atmospheric gaseous form to the soil through both abiotic and biotic processes, moves through the food web, then is returned to the soil or to the atmosphere. Which cycle fits this description?
A) Nitrogen
B) Carbon
C) Phosphorus
D) Water
Answer:A) Nitrogen
Explanation: nitrogen cycle ensures the movement of nutrients through the biosphere.it ensures that nitrogen is constantly reused and made available.
Nitrogen gas is available in the atmosphere but plants and animals cannot use it in that form.it must be converted to compounds such as ammonia or nitrate.
It is gotten from the atmosphere during rainfalls where it Is broken down and combines with oxygen to from nitrogen peroxide.
Nitrogen can also be fixated into ammonia by saprophytic bacteria.
Also when plants die their body tissues are broken down to form ammonia.ammonia can be oxidized into nitrates and nitrite which plants can use.
Nitrites can be released back into the atmosphere through denitrifying bacteria and the cycle continues.
Interrelatedness is a central factor of environmental science. Which of the following is an example of interrelatedness?
A. The production of red clover plants in fields in England to the number of cats in the area.
B. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone National Park to the amount of livestock.
C. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone National Park to the water flow through the landscape.
D. A & B only.
E.A & C only.
F. All of the above.
Answer:
Option F
Explanation:
Interrelatedness is a concept in which the unrelated factors are even unrelated in some or the other forms.
When anything is taken out or placed into this system, it has impact on each and every related or unrelated object of thing.
For instance, when wolves were placed in the Yellowstone national park then lot of changes were produced such as change in the water flow of the park, increase in variety of trees species especially the aspen, rodents became predominant, population of elk declined etc.
Similarly when red clover plants were introduced in England, the population of cat reduced as the population of mice reduced.
Suppose the individuals making up a population of tree frogs came in a variety of colors. How does this type of diversity most likely affect the tree frog population?
Variety of colors in tree frogs signifies genetic variance and contributes to their survivability. Environmental changes such as pollution can lead to diversifying selection, favoring colorations that provide better camouflage. Such genetic diversity is crucial for the population's adaptability and overall likelihood of survival.
The variety of colors found within a population of tree frogs represents a form of biodiversity that can influence the population's resilience and adaptability. This color diversity most likely reflects genetic variance in the population. When environmental changes occur, such as pollution that affects habitat color, natural selection may favor individuals whose coloration better matches their environment. This process can lead to a shift in the population’s genetic variance toward the phenotypes that provide better camouflage and survival advantages, a phenomenon known as diversifying selection.
For example, if a population's environment becomes darker due to pollution, individuals with darker colors may have a higher survival rate as they are better camouflaged against predators. Over time, this can result in an increased frequency of the darker phenotype in the population. In contrast, a fishing event that selectively removes the most colorful individuals can reduce the frequency of those phenotypes, potentially affecting the population's color diversity.
Hypothesis: If i add the egg to vinegar then the shell will dissolve within 24 hours
0 hours:
The egg is shiny
Smaller than a usual egg
16 centimeters
24 hours:
Powdery
Even smaller
17/2 centimeters
48 hours:
Still powdery
The egg got bigger
18 centimeters
72 hours:
Discolored
No shell
18 centimeters
Evaluate the lab and data collected. What type of transport occurred in this lab? Explain your answer, including evidence from your experiment to support your explanation.
Answer :
Vinegar is a weak acid. This is used to make a naked egg. When an egg is added in the vinegar for one day / 24 hrs, it reacts with the eggshell. The calcium carbonate shell gets dissolve.
Then an egg without shell is formed and the size of the egg does not change. The calcium carbonate reacts with acetic acid and forms carbon dioxide.
When the shell-less egg is kept in the vinegar for 48 hrs i.e. 2 days again, the water content in it enters into the eggs through the membrane. Then the egg gets somewhat bigger.
Otherwise, for 24 hrs, vinegar is acting like an isotonic solution and only dissolves the shell. This experiment would be done for showing the osmosis process through the cell membrane.
What is the function of restriction endonucleases in bacteria?
Answer:
This is an incomplete question without the options.
Here are the options to pick from
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Within a six-base DNA recognition sequence, an enzyme that cuts between the 3rd and 4th bases from the 5' end will generate blunt ends.
a)True
b)False
a) True
What is the function of restriction endonucleases in bacteria?
a) They serve no function.
b)They allow bacteria to genetically recombine with other bacteria.
c) They allow bacteria to engineer new DNA fragments.
d)They provide a defense mechanism against infection by viruses.
Our answer is surely D
d)They provide a defense mechanism against infection by viruses.
Explanation:
Restriction enzyme/restriction endonuclease:
Are produced by bacteria for cleaveing DNA at specific sites. Restriction enzymes cleave foreign DNA in the bacterial cell to fight against infecting organisms.
Pls Note:
Restriction enzyme are used by
bacteria to defend against bacterial viruses called bacteriophages or phages
What is an example of a biotic factor in a biome?: * A. scavengers B. producers C. soil
Answer:
The correct answer is A. scavengers and B. producers
Explanation:
Two types of factors are found in a biome biotic and abiotic factor. All the living things in any biome comes under biotic factors like animals, plants, and microbes and all the non-living things present in the biome are non-biotic factors for example soil, temperature, air, water, salt, etc.
So biome is made up of both living and non-living factors. Scavengers are the organisms that feed on dead and decaying matter and producers are the organisms that make their own food. Most of the producers are plants.
So both scavengers and producers are living organisms therefore both are examples of biotic factors.
A biotic factor in a biome is a living component such as scavengers or producers. Hence, option A is correct.
An example of a biotic factor in a biome could be scavengers or producers. Biotic factors refer to the living components within an ecosystem, such as animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms. Scavengers, which are animals that consume dead organisms, and producers, which are organisms such as plants that use sunlight to produce energy through photosynthesis, are essential biotic factors that contribute to the biological makeup of a biome and affect the flow of energy through an ecosystem.
Sustainable use is often defined as the use of natural resources at a rate that meets the needs of the present human population but which also allows future generations to use the resource to meet their needs. Which of these BEST illustrates the concept of sustainable use? A) Crops are rotated in a farmers field to maximize grain yields. B) A fishing trawler use a large net to catch a school of small fish. C) A logging company reseeds and replants in a forested area after cutting down trees for timber. D) Coal is mined using underground tunnels to avoid the destruction of surface soils by strip mining. algae → water flea → small fish → big fish Use the food chain to answer the question. What would MOST LIKELY happen to the population of the water flea if the algae decreased? A) It would increase. B) It would decrease. C) It would not change. D) It would first increase, then decrease.
Answer:
1. A
2. B
Explanation:
1. In a sustainable practice, resources are used judicially to fulfill the current demand and also preserved for catering the demand of future generation. The overall objective is to save resources.
In crop rotation, the agricultural field is used effectively by growing crops with alternate nutrients and mineral demand. Also this saves the soil from getting eroded and allows the land to replenish its lost minerals and nutrients.
Hence, option A is correct
2.
This is a linear food chain and as per the sequence given in question it is clear that water fleas feed upon algae. Thus, if population of algae reduces, the population of water fleas will also decrease.
Option B is correct
Match the lobe of the cerebrum with its function. Involved in hearing and smell General sensory functions, such as touch and taste Processes visual input and helps store visual memories Voluntary motor functions, verbal communication, and personality
Answer:
A-Temporal Lobe, B- Parietal Lobe, C- Occipital Lobe, D- Frontal Lobe
Explanation:
The brain is an organ that is divided into three main parts which are "Brain Stem", "Cerebellum" and the biggest one "Cerebrum" which is responsible for most of our cognitive functions.
And the cerebrum is then divided into 4 lobes which their functions are given in the question.
Temporal Lobe has functions such as hearing and it includes the auditory cortex which is responsible for interpreting language inputs.
Parietal Lobe is located at the back of the brain and is responsible for processing most sensory inputs especially inputs that we receive from touching.
Occipital Lobe is the section of the cerebrum which processes all visual informations, the objects around us, their colors and movements etc.
The fourth and maybe the most vital section of the cerebrum, Frontal Lobe is the part which is responsible for forming and controlling our personalities, memories, emotions etc.
I hope this answer helps.
The temporal lobe is involved with hearing and smell, the parietal lobe with general sensory functions such as touch and taste, the occipital lobe processes visual input and helps store visual memory, whereas the frontal lobe is associated with voluntary motor functions, verbal communication, and personality.
Explanation:The cerebrum is divided into four lobes, each corresponding to certain functions. The lobe involved in hearing and smell is the temporal lobe. The one responsible for general sensory functions, such as touch and taste is the parietal lobe. The lobe that processes visual input and helps store visual memories is the occipital lobe. Lastly, the lobe associated with voluntary motor functions, verbal communication, and personality is the frontal lobe.
Learn more about Cerebrum lobes and functions here:https://brainly.com/question/33716485
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What is the term for a top predator that contributes to the maintenance of species diversity among its animal prey?
A) keystone species
B) keystone mutualist
C) landscape species
D) primary consumer
E) tertiary consumer
Answer:
Option A, keystone species
Explanation:
Keystone species are responsible for controlling any species from becoming dominant over all other species. The keystone species are found at the top of all the energy pyramids and food chains.
They control the explosion of population of prey and hence regulate the overall ecological diversity.
Some common example of keystone species is as follows –
Bison, prairie dog, large mammalian predators,
Hence, option A is correct
How do plants, fungi, and bacteria avoid the damaging effects of a hypotonic environment?
Answer:
The plants, fungi and bacteria has a rigid covering which prevents the entrance of water inside the plants.
The covering is made of cellulose which is a polymer that is like a wax coat on the plants which does not allows the water to move from outside to the inside of the plants.
The water is transported by the vascular tissues only in the adequate amount which is not in excess amount.
One of the neurotransmitters can become decreased in the area of the corpus striatum. This results in the manifestations of Parkinson's disease. Which neurotransmitter will cause this?
The question is incomplete as it does not have the options-
A) Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
B) Acetylcholine
C) Dopamine
D) Serotonin
Answer:
The correct answer will be option- Dopamine
Explanation:
Parkinson's disease is one of the movement disorders which gets worse with time. The disease is caused due to the degeneration of the neurons in the brain which are responsible for the body movement.
Although many brain areas are affected the most common result is due to the loss of neurons in the substantia nigra in which the neurons produce a neurotransmitter called dopamine which is responsible for the body movements.
Thus, Dopamine is the correct answer.
Answer: Dopamine
Explanation:
The level of the neurotransmitter named dopamine is decreased in the area of corpus striatum.
In case of this disease certain nerve cells in the brain die. There is a significant decrease in the level of the dopamine. It causes abnormal activity and the symptoms of Parkinson's disease is shown.
The symptoms are stiffness in the muscles of the body, abnormal postures, imbalanced reactions and the writings may be small.
All these symptoms of the Parkinson's disease which is caused due to the decreased level of the dopamine.
A karyogram that contains 23 pairs of chromosomes with a different pair for the 23rd pair would describe a(n)
A. autosomal pair
B. male
C. female
D. disorder
Answer:B
Explanation:
The last pair are sex chromosomes. Different pair is XY which is a male chromosome. Same pair is XX which is Female
A young person comes into a doctor's office with severe arthritis in his joints, floppy-looking ears and a strangely shaped nose. Based only on these three observations, what type of connective tissue is functioning abnormally in this person?
Answer:
Cartilage.
Explanation:
Cartilage acts as the connective tissue of the body shows high flexibility and elasticity. The main function of the cartilage is the protection of the end of the long bones.
The cartilage contains chondrocytes that helps in the formation of the extracellular matrix. The cartilage gets damaged in case of the arthritis and may strange the shape nose. The cartilage functioning is improper in the patient.
Thus, the answer is cartilage.
What effect would adding additional substrate, in the presence of a noncompetitive inhibitor, have on the enzymatic reaction?
Answer:
no effect will occur.
Explanation:
non-competitive enzyme do conformational changes in active site of enzyme by attaching to the other side rather than active side which prevent the substrate to attach to the active site, in results it stops the enzyme to work while competitive inhibitors compete with substrate for active site so increase substrate in competitive inhibitor condition can overcome the its effect.
Purple spots is a homozygous recessive genetic trait in martians (assume their hereditary patterns match that of eukaryotes on earth). If 25 in 10,000 martian babies have spots, what are the expected frequencies of the dominant S and recessive s alleles in a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
Select one:
a. S = 0.9500, s = 0.0500
b. S = 0.0005, s = 0.9995
c. S = 0.9605, s = 0.0395
d. S = 0.0005, s = 0.0025
Answer:
a. S = 0.9500, s = 0.0500
Explanation:
if 25 in 10000 have spots, it means there are 500 s allele in the population and 9500 S allele.
the allele frequency is thus;
S = 9500/10000 =0.9500
s = 500/10000 = 0.0500
Which is the biological importance of the molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
Answer:
It helps to provide chemical energy.
Explanation:
ATP: Adenosine triphosphate is known as the molecules of nucleotides. They help to transfer, and store energy within the cell. ATP also helps to synthesis of nucleic acids.
By the hydrolysis of 3rd phosphate group present in the ATP molecule energy is released. After the release of phosphate group the resulting adenosine diphosphate can absorb the energy, and gain the group. This process allow ATP to store energy.
Final answer:
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the primary energy-carrying molecule in cells, essential for driving metabolic processes and bioenergetics. It releases energy through phosphorylation reactions, making it integral to cellular functions like muscle contraction, nerve signals, and the synthesis of RNA and DNA.
Explanation:
The Biological Importance of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is fundamentally crucial in biology, acting as the energy-carrying molecule that cells use to power a wide array of metabolic processes. Composed of an adenine nucleoside base, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups (α, β, and γ), ATP is commonly referred to as the 'molecular unit of currency' for intracellular energy transfer. This molecule is involved in bioenergetics, the study of energy flow through living systems, making it critical for cellular function.
ATP can donate a phosphate group to become adenosine diphosphate (ADP), or further down to adenosine monophosphate (AMP), during this energy transfer process. This phosphoryl transfer reaction releases energy that is then harnessed to perform cellular work such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and chemical synthesis. As such, ATP is not only the major energy currency of the cell but is also a monomer for RNA synthesis and, after conversion, for DNA synthesis, playing a substantial role in numerous biochemical pathways.
Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe a characteristic of the autonomic nervous system?
a. Autonomic pathways consist of two types of motor neurons.
b. ANS stimulation of involuntary effectors is always excitatory.
c. The output (motor) portion of the ANS can be divided into two principal branches.
d. The postganglionic neuron lies entirely in the peripheral nervous system.
e. All of the choices describe characteristics of the ANS.
Answer:
e. All of the choices describe characteristics of the ANS.
Explanation:
The autonomic nervous system is a regulatory and control system that influences the functions of internal organs.
Autonomic pathways consist of two types of motor neurons, these are the preganglionic neuron and the postganglionic neuron.
ANS stimulation of involuntary effectors is always excitatory. In the preganglionic autonomic neurons, and all postganglionic parasympathetic neurons are usually (cholinergic i.e receptors that bins with acetylcholine), as a result they release acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter. The cholinergic effects of preganglionic autonomic neurons are always excitatory.
The postganglionic neuron lies entirely in the peripheral nervous system.Yes!, this is so because the ganglion cells that give rise to postganglionic axons lies through the gray rami communicans and join the peripheral nerves of the peripheral nervous system.
Final answer:
The autonomic nervous system can have both excitatory and inhibitory effects on involuntary processes in the body.
Explanation:
The correct answer is b. ANS stimulation of involuntary effectors is always excitatory. This statement does not accurately describe a characteristic of the autonomic nervous system. While the autonomic nervous system generally functions to regulate involuntary processes in the body, its stimulation of effectors can be either excitatory or inhibitory depending on the situation. For example, the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system can cause an increase in heart rate (excitatory) or a decrease in digestive activity (inhibitory). Essentially, the autonomic nervous system modulates organ function to maintain homeostasis in the body, and its effects can be both excitatory and inhibitory.
In the global carbon cycle, carbon flows from heterotrophs to autotrophs in the form of1. carbon dioxide2. sugars3. ozone4. carbohydrates
Answer:
1. Carbon dioxide
Explanation:
During photosynthesis, autotrophs such as green plants, algae, etc. remove carbon dioxide from the air and incorporate it into complex organic compounds such as glucose. Plants use much of the glucose to produce their own biomass. Heterotrophs feed on autotrophs and obtain these organic compounds from them. Heterotrophs perform cellular respiration during which oxidation of organic compounds produces ATP molecules. The process of cellular respiration returns carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Autotrophs obtain this CO2 from the air for photosynthesis and the cycle continues.