Final answer:
The high unemployment rate among the disabled may primarily be a result of stigmatization, which includes discrimination and marginalization in multiple societal areas, leading to challenges in employment.
Explanation:
The high unemployment rate among the disabled may be a result of stigmatization. People with disabilities are often subject to social stigma which can marginalize and alienate them, impeding their ability to find employment.
Stigmatization can manifest as discrimination at work and in other areas of life, as people with disabilities become identified by their disability rather than their full identity.
Stigma often arises from a lack of understanding about the nature of disabilities and a tendency to blame individuals for their conditions. This can affect a persons ability to access and receive adequate health care, as well as encounter social support, which are essential for managing a disability.
Furthermore, social structures, such as health insurance policies in the United States, can exacerbate these challenges by providing inadequate coverage for less understood illnesses and treatments.
Employment opportunities might also be limited due to the types of available jobs and workplace demands, especially in areas where only physically demanding jobs are available.
Coupled with a societal view that traits like obesity arise from personal choice, rather than a complex interplay of factors, individuals with disabilities can face intense prejudice and discrimination that hinders their employment prospects.
The high unemployment rate among the disabled may be a result of all of the above.
The high unemployment rate among the disabled can be attributed to a variety of factors, including medicalization, obesity, and stigmatization.
Medicalization refers to the process by which aspects of human life come to be considered as medical problems.
When disabilities are medicalized, they may be seen primarily through the lens of medical diagnoses and treatments, potentially overshadowing the individual's abilities and capabilities in the workforce.
This can lead to discrimination and barriers to employment.
Addressing these issues requires a multifaceted approach that includes changes in societal attitudes, workplace accommodations, and inclusive employment policies.
Do you feel the United States has become an oligarchy? Why, or why not?
Answer:
It certainly has, since nowadays due the downside of capitalism, which has reached apex, the top 1% of the population holds more than 50% of the wealth and power, and the political campaign funding system has allowed that 1% buy the outcome of general elections, maintaining their positions as rulers permanently, and their political power is a direct consequence of their own wealth. Thus since power in USA rests on a small number of people, it turned into an Oligarchy.
Explanation:
In Asch’s study on conformity, what contributed to the ability of subjects to resist conforming?
A very small group of witnesses
The presence of an ally
The ability to keep one’s answer private
All of the above
Answer: the correct answer is all of the above.
Explanation: A very small group of witnesses, the presence of an ally, the ability to keep one’s answer private .
In Asch’s study on conformity, the factors that contributed to the ability of subjects to resist conforming is D. All of the above.
Asch’s study on conformity were a series of conformity experiments by Asch. He found out that people were willing to ignore reality and also give answers that were incorrect so that they'll be able to conform to a particular group.
In Asch’s study on conformity, the factors that contributed to the ability of subjects to resist conforming were a very small group of witnesses, the presence of an ally, and the ability to keep one’s answer private
Therefore, the correct option is All of the above.
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Which factor most increases the risk of an elderly person suffering mistreatment?
Bereavement due to widowhood
Having been abusive as a younger adult
Being frail to the point of dependency on care
The ability to bestow a large inheritance on survivors
Answer: the correct answer is being frail to the point of dependency on care .
Explanation: when elderly are weak, they might most likely be treated badly.
What factor makes class systems open?
They allow for movement between the classes.
People are more open-minded.
People are encouraged to socialize within their class.
They do not have clearly defined layers.
They allow for movement between the classes.
Open class systems are characterized by the ability to move between the classes, a phenomenon called social mobility. This mobility is influenced by factors such as education, employment, and wealth. Unlike closed systems, these opportunities allow for both upward and downward shifts in social status.
Explanation:The factor that makes class systems open is the ability for individuals to move between the classes. This movement, also known as social mobility, is influenced by factors such as education, employment, and income. It allows individuals to improve their socioeconomic status, moving from a lower class to a middle or upper class, or conversely, move down the classes due to loss of income, job, or other negative circumstances. Unlike closed class systems, like the caste system, where your social status is determined by birth, open class systems provide opportunities for upward or downward shift based on individual efforts and circumstances.
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One reason critics oppose globalization is that it:has positive impacts on world trade
has negative impacts on the environment
concentrates wealth in the poorest countries
has negative impacts on political stability
One reason critics oppose globalization is that it: has positive impacts on world trade and negative impacts on political stability. Thus option A is correct.
What is globalization?The term "globalization" refers to the increasing connectivity of the economies, societies, and populations throughout the world as a result of technological, cross-border trade with other countries, and flows of capital, labor, and communication.
The process of globalization allows for seamless intermigration of people and things. The integration of markets, commerce, and investment with few impediments to hinder the flow of goods and services between nations is primarily an economic notion.
This is due to the fact that while looser, more lenient export laws could potentially lead to an increase in jobs in the United States, imports could have the complete opposite effect. As more products are manufactured abroad, jobs often decline as the United States imports more commodities from elsewhere. Therefore, option A is the correct option.
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One reason critics oppose globalization is that it has negative impacts on the environment. Option (b) is correct.
Given the growth in economic inequality and unemployment that has accompanied globalization's implementation, it is possible to view it as a new type of colonialism or imperialism. The benefits of globalization have drawn criticism for favoring the powerful and wealthy at the expense of the native populations of the nations.
The longtime detractors of globalization are having another moment, saying that over globalization is to blame for supply chain problems, high prices, and rising migration.
Therefore, Option (b) is correct.
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Many deaths in high-income nations are linked to __________________
lung cancer
obesity
mental illness
lack of clean water
Answer:
Many deaths in high-income nations are linked to obesity. ( second choice)
Many deaths in high-income nations are linked to obesity
Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health. A body mass index (BMI) over 25 is considered overweight, and over 30 is obese.
What is the main cause of obesity?Obesity is generally caused by eating too much and moving too little. If you consume high amounts of energy, particularly fat and sugars, but do not burn off the energy through exercise and physical activity, much of the surplus energy will be stored by the body as fat.
What are 3 causes of obesity?Food and Activity. People gain weight when they eat more calories than they burn through activity.Environment. The world around us influences our ability to maintain a healthy weight. Genetics.To learn more about obesity, refer
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A student wakes up late and realizes her sociology exam starts in five minutes. She jumps into her car and speeds down the road, where she is pulled over by a police officer. The student explains that she is running late, and the officer lets her off with a warning. The student’s actions are an example of _________.
primary deviance
positive deviance
secondary deviance
master deviance
the student's actions are an example of primary deviance.
The student’s actions are an example of primary deviance.
Dr. Dunn studies the way that children of different ages organize information in their memory. His research focus is primarily on _____ development.
- Dr. Dunn studies the way that children of different ages organize information in their memory. His research focus is primarily on cognitive development.
Dr. Dunn's research primarily focuses on cognitive development, which involves how children's thinking evolves as they grow, including memory, language, and problem-solving skills. Theories like Piaget's stages of development and research methods like longitudinal studies are central to this field. It recognizes the brain's adaptability and development through early adulthood.
Explanation:Dr. Dunn's research focus is primarily on cognitive development. Cognitive development is concerned with how children's thinking changes and evolves over time, as they grow from infancy through early adulthood. The study of cognitive development includes understanding how children learn to differentiate between appearance and reality, as well as how they develop memory, language, and problem-solving skills. Research has shown that minds develop through a combination of factors, not just a uniform blueprint.
For instance, to foster language skills, focusing on phonemic awareness from an early age may be beneficial. Moreover, engaging children in numerical games can help in their mathematical and scientific growth. This field also explores theories such as Piaget's stages of development, which include sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages, along with research methods like longitudinal and cross-sectional studies to test development hypotheses.
Overall, the adaptive nature of the brain is emphasized, and the idea that it's an organ developing throughout early adulthood is key to understanding cognitive development. From the habituation technique that reveals a newborn's ability to remember and learn to the role social development and attachment styles play, cognitive development is a rich and multifaceted field of study.
For individual people of a certain culture, the life course is ________.
the average age they will die
the lessons they must learn
the length of a typical bereavement period
the typical sequence of events in their lives
Answer:
the typical sequence of events in their lives
For individual people of a certain culture, the life course is life course the average age they will die the lessons they must learn the length of a typical bereavement period the typical sequence of events in their lives
For individual people of a certain culture, the life course refers to the typical sequence of events in their lives. This refers to milestones and important events that most members of that culture will experience, such as childhood, education, marriage, child-rearing, retirement, and death. The life course perspective is a sociological way of defining how our lives unfold in social and cultural context. However, it's important to remember that not everyone's life course follows this exact order or includes all of these stages, as personal choices, economic factors, and other societal influences can impact the sequence of life events.
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According to national surveys, most U.S. parents support which type of sex education program in school?Abstinence only
Abstinence plus sexual safety
Sexual safety without promoting abstinence
No sex education
B ) Abstinence plus sexual safety
According to national surveys, most U.S. parents support comprehensive sex education programs in schools, which include both abstinence and sexual safety components.
Explanation:According to national surveys, most U.S. parents support comprehensive sex education programs in schools, which include both abstinence and sexual safety components. This approach aims to provide students with a wide range of information and skills to make informed choices about sex and relationships.
Comprehensive sex education programs typically cover topics such as contraception methods, STD prevention, consent, and healthy relationships. They emphasize the importance of abstinence as one method of preventing pregnancy and STDs but also recognize that some students may choose to engage in sexual activity and need information to protect themselves.
Support for comprehensive sex education programs is based on research that shows they are more effective in reducing rates of unintended pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections compared to abstinence-only programs. They also promote open communication between parents and children, fostering a healthier attitude towards sex.
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Compared to most Western societies, U.S. sexual attitudes are considered _______.conservative
liberal
permissive
free
Answer:
A. conservative
Explanation:
I've had this question before and remember the answer.
U.S. sexual attitudes are generally considered conservative in comparison to most Western societies.
Explanation:In comparison to most Western societies, U.S. sexual attitudes are generally considered conservative. This means that there is a tendency to uphold traditional values and beliefs regarding sexual behavior and relationships.
For example, there is a strong emphasis on abstinence education in many U.S. schools, and there may be social stigmas surrounding topics such as premarital sex.
It's important to note that attitudes towards sexuality can vary within different regions of the United States and among different demographic groups.
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A U.S. Department of Defense official has made it clear that, for a generous contribution, he would make sure your firm wins a hefty defense contract. In this situation, what "ethics check question" should you consider first?
The first ethics check question to consider is the legality and ethical nature of the proposed transaction with the Department of Defense official. Such an exchange would likely constitute bribery and corruption, violating ethical standards and U.S. law. Maintaining ethical standards is crucial for your firm's long-term reputation and the integrity of the industry.
Explanation:The first "ethics check question" you should consider is whether the action you're being proposed is ethical and legal. Engaging in a transaction with a U.S. Department of Defense official for a defense contract in exchange for a contribution is a clear form of bribery and corruption. This action would violate ethical standards and likely U.S. law, specifically the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) among other anti-corruption laws.
Additionally, you might want to consider the long-term implications of such an action on your firm and its reputation. Engaging in corrupt practices can result in legal consequences, loss of business, and severe damage to your firm's credibility. Dwight D. Eisenhower's warning about the Military-Industrial Complex highlights the potential for corruption and the unwarranted influence of the armaments industry on government officials, which is precisely the kind of situation you want to avoid.
Finally, it is important to remember that even if incentives might make unethical choices appear beneficial in the short term, the potential for harm and the impact on your personal and professional integrity should guide your decision-making process. Actions speak louder than words, and as a member of an organization, maintaining ethical standards helps build a better industry and society.
The racial term “African American” can refer to:
a black person living in the United States
people whose ancestors came to the United States through the slave trade
a white person who originated in Africa and now lives in the United States
any of the above
The racial term “African American” can refer to any of the above.
What is the approximate median age of the United States?
eighty-five
sixty-five
thirty-seven
eighteen
Answer:
Option Thirty-Seven.
Explanation:
According a stadistc source the median age of the population in the United States was around 38 years old.
The median age of a population is the point which half the population is older than that age and half is younger.
This median age has increased by just three years at last 50s.
Imagine you are in Asch’s study. Would you find it difficult to give the correct answer in that scenario? Why or why not? How would you change the study now to improve it?
In Asch's conformity study, it might be challenging to give the correct answer due to the pressure to conform to the group. The study could be improved by including more diverse participant groups and incorporating modern technology. Different individuals can react differently in such a scenario based on a variety of factors.
Explanation:As an individual participating in Asch's conformity study, it might indeed be challenging to always give the correct answer. The pressure to conform to a group, even when they are obviously incorrect, can be powerful. This response might vary based on personal traits, such as confidence or the desire for social acceptance. The tendency to conform occurs due to what is known as the Asch effect.
In terms of changing the study, increasing heterogeneity in participant groups might be a subtle improvement, as this could better reflect real-life situations where diverse opinions exist. The study could also incorporate modern technology to observe if digital interactions have an impact on conformity behaviors.
It's important to remember that conformity can be influenced by a variety of factors, such as cultural norms, the complexity of the situation, and an individual's confidence in their own judgement. Hence, how each person might react in Asch's study could greatly differ.
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The concept that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs is known as
Answer:
Selective migration
Explanation:
Selective migration can be influenced by a couple of different factors.
For example, Those with high competitive drive tend to like to migrate from countries with communistic style into a free market countries.
Political stability and religious values could also be a factor. People who don't believe in god for example, tend to more likely to migrates to countries who do not mix religious laws with civil laws together.
Which statement best expresses the difference between power and authority?
Authority involves intimidation.
Authority is more subtle than power.
Authority is based on the perceived legitimacy of the individual in power.
Authority is inherited, but power is seized by military force.
Authority is based on the perceived legitimacy of the individual in the power statement best expresses the difference between power and authority. Therefore option C is correct.
What is Authority?The institutionalized and legal power that is part of a job role or position that enables the bearer to carry out their tasks successfully is known as authority. It is formally and legally assigned.
Authority is the key to a managerial position. In the sense that an organization is defined as a system of interactions between authorities, authority is the foundation of the group. In daily life, authority can mean many different things.
It can refer to someone with superior knowledge and abilities in a given field. It can also refer to specific officials like a police commissioner, a university vice-chancellor, or a company's managing director. The term "registered dealer" also has a different meaning, which is that of a legally binding arrangement.
Therefore option C is correct.
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What do you think are some of the contributing factors to obesity-related diseases in the United States?
Answer:
Poor nutrition and the lack of movement
Explanation:
Obesity is on the rise because of many contributing factors. The biggest two are poor nutrition and the lack of physical activity. Obesity related diseases, such as diabetics and coronary diseases, could well be avoided or at least reduced in numbers if people followed some basic health guidance and changed their lifestyles.
The availability of fast food, which is tasty but lacking in nutrients and full of chemicals, made it convenient for families not to cook. Ready or pre-cooked meals are preferred and people are ignorant of the health danger of such products.
The lack of physical activity is due to sedentary lifestyle of the majority of people nowadays. Being on social media has an impact as well, as people spend long hours playing with their phones or on their computers, neglecting physical exercise or an outdoor activity.
Which socialist perspective most emphasizes the ways in which religion helps to maintain social inequalities within a society?
Functional
Symbolic interactionist
Conflict theory
Feminist perspective
Answer is C) Conflict theory.
Conflict theory is the socialist perspective that most emphasizes the ways in which religion helps to maintain social inequalities within a society.
Conflict theorists consider religion to be a structure that supports social injustice.
What is conflict theory?According to the conflict theory, which was first put forth by Karl Marx, society is constantly at war with one another over scarce resources.
Conflict theory is predicated on three tenets: Self-interest drives people. Resources are scarce forever, which affects how societies function. Within and between social groups, conflict is common and inescapable.
Conflict theorists consider religion to be a structure that supports social injustice. For instance, Catholic parishioners have a low average income yet the Vatican is extremely wealthy. This viewpoint holds that religion has historically been used to defend the "divine prerogative" of repressive kings and to excuse inequitable social systems, such as the caste system in India.
Conflict theorists disagree with the way many religions propagate the notion that followers should be content with their current situation since it was divinely intended. Christian organisations have long used this power dynamic to keep the poor downtrodden and to convince them not to worry about what they lack because their "real" reward (from a religious perspective) will come after death.
Conflict theorists also emphasise how persons in positions of authority within a religion frequently have the power to impose behaviours, rituals, and beliefs through their interpretation of religious scriptures or through claims of direct divine contact.
Supporting answer
Hence option C is correct answer
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To study the effects of fast food on lifestyle, health, and culture, from which group would a researcher ethically be unable to accept funding?
A fast-food restaurant
A nonprofit health organization
A private hospital
A governmental agency like Health and Social Services
Answer:
A fast food restaurant
Explanation:
it would give the appearance of impropriety if the effects were positive which would make the results questionable to others.
Answer:
A fast-food restaurant
Explanation:
For ethical reasons, the researcher should not accept money from a fast-food restaurant. It is very possible that after the researcher performs his research, his conclusions are negative for the restaurant. However, if the restaurant funded the research, the researcher might feel pressured to come up with positive results. Moreover, people might question the objectivity of the research if they found out that it was funded by a fast-food restaurant.
A boy throwing rocks during a demonstration might be an example of ___________.
structural conduciveness
structural strain
precipitating factors
mobilization for action
The correct answer is C. Precipitating factors
Explanation:
In collective behavior, "precipitating factors" refers to one of the factors or triggers of collective behaviors or those factors or behavior from individuals that represent a cause for a collective response and that usually linked to a dramatic event that led to others. This is the case of a "boy throwing rocks during a demonstration" because this action becomes a factor for a specific response from a collectivity but during this stage the collectivity has not mobilized for action or act to achieve a purpose; additionally as part of precipitating factors this situation is linked to a dramatical event that can create further actions from a group of people.
Because she plans on achieving success in marketing, Tammie is taking courses on managing social media. This is an example of ________.
cultural innovation
social control
social placement
socialization
This is an example of social placement.
Because she plans on achieving success in marketing, Tammie is taking courses on managing social media. This is an example of social placement. Correct option is c.
Social placement refers to the process by which individuals are assigned or directed to specific positions or roles in society based on their skills, abilities, or qualifications. In this case, Tammie is taking courses on managing social media to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills for success in marketing. By doing so, she is actively positioning herself and preparing herself for a specific role or position in the field of marketing, utilizing education and training as a means of social placement.
Tammie's decision to take courses on managing social media is driven by her aspirations for success in marketing, suggesting a conscious effort to acquire the relevant skills and knowledge needed for her desired profession. This aligns with the concept of social placement, as she is taking deliberate steps to position herself within a particular industry or occupation.
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When benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stitches years later his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog now when people ask about his scar he distanctly remembers the dog biting him the is an example of the
Answer:
misinformation effect paradigm
Explanation:
misinformation effect paradigm occurs when an individual misinterpreted the memories that he/she had due to the information that the individual receive post event.
From the information above, the mother tell Benito that the scar is coming from the dog (not what actually happens). Since the mother is a trustworthy figure in his life, Benito start to unconsciously replace his memory with the new information that given by the mother and create misinformation effect paradigm without he even realizing it.
Benito's scenario is an example of the construction of false memories, which occurs when a person remembers something that did not happen or remembers it differently due to misleading information.
The scenario described with Benito is an example of the construction of false memories. False memories are a phenomenon where a person recalls something that did not happen or recalls it differently from the way it actually happened. This misinformation effect can happen when someone is provided with misleading information, which they then integrate into their memory of an event.
In Benito's case, his mother's incorrect story about his scar being the result of a dog bite has led to Benito 'remembering' an event that didn't occur. Over time, these misinformed memories can become very vivid, to the point where the individual is confident they are true. This is a significant concept in the study of memory within the field of psychology and has important implications in legal settings, such as eyewitness testimonies.
If the prices of all goods and services produced in the economy rose while the quantity of all goods and services stayed the same, which would rise? A. nominal GDP but not real GDP. B. both real GDP and nominal GDP. C. real GDP but not nominal GDP. D. neither nominal GDP nor real GDP.
Answer:
A. nominal GDP but not real GDP
Explanation:
Answer:
A. nominal GDP but not real GDP.
Explanation:
Nominal GDP refers to the value of GDP calculated at current prices, ie the year in which the product was produced and traded. Real GDP is calculated at constant prices, where a base year is chosen, thus eliminating the effect of inflation.
According to these concepts we can state that in a situation where the prices of all goods and services produced in the economy increase while the quantity of all goods and services remain the same, nominal GDP would increase and real GDP would remain the same, because whereas nominal GDP is influenced at current prices while real GDP is influenced at constant prices.
While teaching his son to learn cycling, Mark initially held his bike to help him to maintain his balance. Once his son was able to balance himself, Mark gradually let go of the support. This temporary support that Mark provides to his son is known as _____.
Answer:
Scaffolding
Explanation:
Scaffolding refers to an effort to create temporary helps to sustain a learning process that is conducted by an individual. The purpose of scaffolding is essentially to accelerate the learning rate and optimize basic understanding of a certain concept.
Even though scaffolding tend to greatly accelerate the learning process in the beginning of the curve, it would become less and less effective as the learning materials become more complicated.
People who spend more money on binoculars tend to know more about birds than people who spend less or none. This observation was almost certainly based on what kind of study? a. Double-blind study b. Correlation c. Anecdote d. Single-blind study
Answer:
B. Correlation
Explanation:
Correlation study will focus on finding out relationships that exist between different variables. (The relationships could include a causal and effect relationship).
People who spend more money on binoculars tend to spend their time looking at far away objects that cannot be observed by normal eyes (such as behavior). So there is a strong correlation between having expensive binoculars and knowing the behaviors and characteristics of the animal.
What are the most commonly diagnosed mental disorders in the United States?
ADHD
Mood disorders
Autism spectrum disorders
Anxiety disorders
The commonly diagnosed mental disorders in United States are Anxiety disorders, Mood disorders, and ADHD. Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent, followed by Mood disorders and then ADHD. Autism spectrum disorders are also diagnosed but are less prevalent than the other three.
Explanation:The most commonly diagnosed mental disorders in the United States are Anxiety disorders, Mood disorders, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Anxiety disorders, including Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder, and Social Anxiety Disorder, are the most prevalent, affecting approximately 18% of the population. Mood disorders, such as Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder, impact about 9% of Americans. ADHD is a common disorder that often begins in childhood with symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Autism spectrum disorders are also relatively common but are less prevalent than the aforementioned disorders.
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Jason was at the bank when it was robbed. Although it happened some time ago, whenever he walks into the bank he feels scared. Using classical conditioning, name the conditioned response.
Answer:
I'm pretty sure it's unconditioned stimulus.
Explanation:
After what had happened at the bank, Jason always reacts as scared because he doesn't want to be in a situation of danger like that again.
Answer:
Feeling scared
Explanation:
This is an example of classical conditioning. Jason faced a situation that he found scary, which was being at the bank when it was robbed. Even though he has subsequently been at the bank without experiencing a robbery, the two events are now associated in his mind. Therefore, being at the bank elicits a conditioned response, which is the feeling of being scared.
Sidewalk ramps and Braille signs are examples of _______________.
disabilities
accommodations required by the Americans with Disabilities Act
forms of accessibility for people with disabilities
both b and c
Answer:
Both B and C
Explanation:
Sidewalk ramps and Braille are forms of accessibility for people with disabilities. If a person has to use a wheelchair and access a building, a ramp is the only way to do so. Braille is used on signs for disabled people in order to read needed information. Both are forms of accessibility for people with disabilities who would not be able to function correctly without them.
The American with Disabilities Act of 1990 prohibits any kind of discrimination based of disability. The Act requires employers to provide reasonable accommodations to people with disabilities and imposes disability requirements on public accommodations.
Early in life Thomas was diagnosed with _____ intellectual disability. He lives with his parents, spending his days at a local adult day-care facility. Through tutoring he has reached an elementary school level of education and is able to do simple tasks to help out around the house.
Answer: Early in life Thomas was diagnosed with SEVERE intellectual disability. He lives with his parents, spending his days at a local adult day-care facility. Through tutoring he has reached an elementary school level of education and is able to do simple tasks to help out around the house.
Explanation:
Answer:
Moderate
Explanation:
There are several levels of intellectual disability. In modern times, we classify these into mild, moderate and severe. Mild disabilities are those that impair the person the least. In general, people with mild disabilities can live on their own and be functional adults. In this case, Thomas has a mild disability. Although he has reached an elementary school level of education and can do simple tasks around the house, he cannot live as an independent adult.