Answer:
The first number indicates the number of carbon atoms and the second number indicates the number of double bonds.
The chemiosmotic hypothesis states that the energy for the production of ATP during photosynthesis comes from
a. the release of protons from water.b. the oxidation of NADP+.c. a proton gradient set up across the thylakoid membrane.d. the oxidation of CO2.e. glycolysis.
Answer:
c. a proton gradient set up across the thylakoid membrane
Explanation:
During the photosynthesis (this also occurs in cellular respiration in mitochondria), hydrogen ions (H+) move across the thylakoid membrane down their electrochemical gradient (from the area of their higher concentration to the area with hydrogen ions lower concentration). An ion gradient can be used for the production of ATP.
The chemiosmotic hypothesis suggests that the ATP in photosynthesis comes from a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane, created by light energy absorbed by chlorophyll, which splits water into protons and electrons.
Explanation:The chemiosmotic hypothesis in photosynthesis states that the energy for the production of ATP comes from a proton gradient set up across the thylakoid membrane. This gradient starts to form when light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll in the thylakoid membrane, causing water to split into protons (H+ ions) and electrons. These electrons are passed along an electron transport chain while the protons build up inside the thylakoid space, creating a high concentration of protons within the thylakoid membrane relative to the stroma (outer space). This difference in concentration creates a force (the proton motive force) which drives protons back across the membrane through ATP synthase. The flow of protons through ATP synthase powers the transformation of ADP to ATP.
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In gel electrophoresis DNA molecules migrate from _____ to _____ ends of the gel.
a, acidic ... basic
b, negative ... positive
c, basic ... acidic
d, long ... short
e, positive ... negative
Answer:
b, negative ... positive
Explanation:
Gel electrophoresis is a method used in molecular biology for DNA analysis. This method includes the separation of DNA fragments through the gel according to their size or shape under the influence of aplid electric current. Since the fragments of DNA are negatively charged, they will move from negative to positive end.
Small fragments will move faster than larger ones.
One of the major source of error is contamination of the DNA sample. This refers to the presence of foreign DNA in the sample of interest. As a consequence, the gel will have more bands.
Another errors might appear as a result of wrong concentration of the gel, wrong buffer pH, high/low concentration of dye etc.
Final answer:
DNA molecules migrate from the negative to the positive end of a gel in gel electrophoresis due to their negative charge.
Explanation:
In gel electrophoresis, DNA molecules migrate from the negative to the positive ends of the gel due to the net negative charge of the phosphate groups in the DNA backbone. This technique separates DNA fragments based on size - smaller molecules navigate through the gel's pores faster than larger ones. Consequently, the correct answer to the student's question is that DNA molecules migrate from negative to positive ends of the gel, which corresponds to option b.
3. Why is active transport necessary for the sodium-potassium pump to work? A. The sodium would never leave a cell while potassium can move against the gradient B. The potassium would never leave a cell while sodium can move against the gradient C. It allows sodium and potassium to move against their concentration gradient D. All channel movement requires active transport to equalize the cell
Answer:
Active transport necessary for the sodium-potassium pump to work because It allows sodium and potassium to move against their concentration gradient.
Explanation:
The transport of sodium ions outside the cell and potassium ions inside the cells is called active transport that requires the ATP hydrolysis. ATP provides the energy required for this procedure. This sodium-Potassium pump works to move the ions against their concentration gradient to keep the sodium concentration low inside the cells and potassium concentration high inside the cells.
Answer:
C. It allows sodium and potassium to move against their concentration gradient.
Explanation:
The transport of sodium ions outside the cell and potassium ions inside the cells is called active transport that requires the ATP hydrolysis. ATP provides the energy required for this procedure. This sodium-Potassium pump works to move the ions against their concentration gradient to keep the sodium concentration low inside the cells and potassium concentration high inside the cells.
what is one way water can cycle through a plant
Answer: transpiration
Explanation: Water is transpired from plants through the trunk, into the leaves and out through the stomata.
Answer:
Transpiration
Explanation: Transpiration can be defined as the process by which the water is moved out of the plants. This adds water in the atmosphere. The water is absorbed from the soil and travels through the xylem to the various parts of the plant.
The excess of water from the plants is moved out of the plants and tiny droplets can be seen on the tip of the leaves that helps in maintaining the amount of water in the plant.
How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis related?
Answer:
Products of photosynthesis are used in cellular respiration
Explanation:
Photosynthesis is a process performed by the plants (also some algae and bacteria) in which the energy of sunlight is transformed into chemical energy usable by those plants. Necessary components of this set of reactions are sunlight, water and CO2, while resulting products are glucose and oxygen. Products of photosynthesis are then used in the metabolic processes known as cellular respiration. During the cellular respiration, glucose and oxygen are used for the production of ATP, CO2 and water. Cellular respiration is performed in mitochondria of all living organisms.
Photosynthesis occur in the chloroplast, membrane organelles with photosynthetic pigments (such as chlorophyll).
Which of the following statements is consistent with the principle of competitive exclusion?The random distribution of one competing species will have a positive impact on the population growth of the other competing species.Bird species generally do not compete for nesting sites.Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species.Two species with the same fundamental niche will exclude other competing species.Natural selection tends to increase competition between related species.
Answer:
Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species
Explanation:
The competitive exclusion describes relationship between two species that compete for the limiting sources, and cannot coexist. It is enough for one species to have slightly advantage to be dominant over the other. As a consequence, other species (the weaker one) will be extincted (shift to a different ecological niche).
The statement consistent with the principle of competitive exclusion is: Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species.
Explanation:The statement consistent with the principle of competitive exclusion is: Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species.
According to the competitive exclusion principle, when two species compete for the same resources, the one with a slight advantage in reproduction or adaptation will eventually outcompete and eliminate the other species. This is because traits that reduce competition will be selected for, resulting in the more well-adapted species driving the less adapted species to extinction. This process is driven by natural selection.
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What conditions are necessary for populations to remain in hardy-weinberg equilibrium
Answer:
Large population
Random mating
No evolutionary mechanisms (mutations, genetic flow,, genetic drift, natural selection)
Explanation:
According to Hardy-Weinberg model, allele frequence (or genotype frequencies) will remain constant through generations in the absence of disturbing factors, evolutionary mechanisms. Such constant population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (no evolving population). Factor that can disturb equilibrium of the population are nonrandom mating, mutations, gene flow, natural selection, genetic drift.
According to Hardy-Weinberg model:
p2+2pq+q2=1 (p+q=1)
p2 is the frequency of dominant homozygous genotype
2pq is is the frequency of heterozygous genotype
q2 is is the frequency of recessive homozygous genotype
Answer:
There are five conditions that disrupt the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium:
Natural selection
Mutation
Genetic drift
Migration (gene flow)
Nonrandom mating
Explanation:
The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was explored earlier in this lesson in relation to allele frequency and the number of genotypes and phenotypes. This equilibrium was developed by Godfrey Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg completely independent of one another. The equilibrium states that if there are no external forces of evolution on a population, then the allele frequency of that population will never change. The individuals within a population would all look the same as each other.
secondary succession could occur after a _______.
melting glacier has uncover bare and lifeless rock
group of animals has started to move into an area
volcanic eruption has created a new , nonliving island
disturbance has destroyed population in a community
Answer:
disturbance has destroyed population in a community
Explanation:
The secondary succession occurs after there has been some disturbance that has manged to badly damage or destroy the populations in a community. This basically means that after some catastrophic event that happened to a certain population or populations, other species moved in to colonize the freed space. There are countless examples of secondary succession in nature, and one of the best is when there is a strong volcanic eruption. The volcano manages to destroy the population of plants and animals in its close surroundings, but after the eruption ends, the space starts to be colonized by new plants and animals step by step until they create a new well functioning community.
Answer:
disturbance has destroyed population in a community
Explanation:
Emitting light through a series of chemical reactions by certain living organisms
Answer:
Are Bioluminescent organisms
Explanation:
Answer: bioluminecence
Explanation:
Which organelles contain genetic information that is used for specifying traits of an organism?
Answer:
Nucleus
Explanation:
The nucleus and mitochondria are the primary organelles that contain genetic information for specifying traits. The nucleus houses the majority of genetic material in chromosomes, while mitochondria have their own DNA, typically inherited from the mother.
Explanation:The organelles that contain genetic information used for specifying traits of an organism are mainly the nucleus and the mitochondria. The nucleus houses most of the genetic material in the form of chromosomes, which are long strings of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Sequences of DNA in these chromosomes make up genes that control or partially control visible traits. An organism's DNA and genes largely determine its characteristics.
Mitochondria, another essential organelle, have their own DNA separate from the nucleus. Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the mother and mutates at a rapid rate. This unique characteristic of mitochondrial DNA makes it useful in genetic studies and genealogy tracing.
Both of these organelles, the nucleus, and the mitochondria, play crucial roles in genetic inheritance and the specification of an organism's traits.
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Which of the following statements supports the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis?
A) A mutation in a single gene can result in a defective protein.
B) Sickle-cell anemia results in normal hemoglobin.
C) Multiple antibody genes can code for different related proteins, depending on the splicing that takes place post-transcriptionally.
D) Alkaptonuria results when individuals lack multiple enzymes involved in the catalysis of homogentisic acid.
Answer:
A) A mutation in a single gene can result in a defective protein.
Explanation:
This hypothesis states that one gene codes for one protein-enzyme, so consequently, if mutation occurs in that gene, the enzyme will not work properly. This hypothesis was very important for the fundamental discoveries of molecular biology, but it is oversimplified meaning that relationship between genes and proteins is much more complex.
The one gene-one enzyme hypothesis is supported by the statement 'A mutation in a single gene can result in a defective protein.' A mutation in a gene results in a defective or non-functional enzyme, which can affect the biochemical reaction the enzyme catalyzes.
Explanation:The statement that supports the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis is: A) A mutation in a single gene can result in a defective protein.
The one gene-one enzyme hypothesis, proposed by George Beadle and Edward Tatum, suggests that individual genes dictate the production of specific enzymes, which in turn catalyze individual biochemical reactions within the cell. When there is a mutation in a specific gene, it can result in a defective or non-functional enzyme, thus affecting the biochemical reaction that the enzyme is supposed to catalyze.
An example of this concept can be observed in genetic disorders such as phenylketonuria, where a mutation in a single gene that codes for an enzyme (phenylalanine hydroxylase) necessary to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine, leads to its build-up in the body, causing harmful effects.
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Which of the following is not a required process for the survival of animals? A. Elimination of waste B. Movement C. Response to stimuli D. Absorption of nutrients and oxygen
Answer:
B. Movement
Explanation:
Movement is not a required process for the survival of animals.
This means that animals can survive without moving.
For example, during hibernation, a snake survives resting in a particular place without movement.
If a person's movement is confined to zero, the person can still survive, but if absorption of nutrients and oxygen stops, then the person shall die.
Answer:
B. Movement
Explanation:
What change in the frog's environment could have affected their population? A) lots of flies located in and around the bog B) a new species of frog being introduced to the bog C) decreased amounts of precipitation leading to a drought D) an old tree falling over and beginning to decompose in the bog
Answer:
The answer should be B
Explanation:
Answer:
It is c.)
Explanation:
The essential difference between an experiment and an observational study is that a. observational studies always involve large numbers of subjects, but experiments never dob. in an experiment, information is gathered only on animals or things, but in an observational study, only information about people is gatheredc. an experiment imposes treatment on the subjects, but an experiment does not
d. an observational study imposes treatments on the subjects, but an observational study does not
Answer:
An experiment imposes treatment on the subjects, but an observational study does not
Explanation:
Observational studies are research studies in which an effect, process behaviour etc. are observed, without any change. For example, observation of the possible effect of a treatment on subjects.
On the other hand, experimental studies are studies in which the treatment is included. Experimental studies are randomized, meaning that subjects that are in experiment are randomly put to a treated group or a control group.
If the environment were to change dramatically
or if a new plant disease were to be introduced,
which plant species would be the most likely to
have individuals that could survive the disease?
(1) Species A
(3) Species
(2) Species
(4) Species D
Final answer:
The plant species with the greatest genetic diversity, which in this case is Genus B, would most likely survive a new disease due to a higher chance of having advantageous traits. Option 3.
Explanation:
If a new plant disease were introduced or if there was a dramatic environmental change, the plant species most likely to have individuals survive the disease would be the one with the greatest genetic diversity. According to the information provided, Genus B has greater genetic diversity compared to Genus A, which means Genus B is more likely to have traits that confer an advantage in a new environment. Moreover, it is suggested that plant species that are pest-resistant such as those that could thrive in warm temperatures may have a better chance of survival in certain climate changes.
Considering the other options provided, such as drought resistance in different climates, these qualities are not directly linked to disease resistance. Therefore, they are less relevant when considering a plant species' ability to survive a new plant disease. Additionally, while Species D may have different feeding habits (according to option d provided), this is less relevant to disease resistance.
Ultimately, the adaptive traits that come with greater genetic diversity can provide a buffer against disease by potentially having various resistance genes and mechanisms. Therefore, species within Genus B with greater genetic diversity would be the most likely to survive a plant disease.
What is the largest artery in the human body
The combined portions of earth in which all living things exist is called the
Answer:
The answer is the Biosphere.
Explanation:
A good way to remember this is to recall 'Bio' means 'Life.'
Final answer:
The biosphere refers to the combined portions of Earth where living organisms exist, including land, water, and air that support life. It encompasses different biomes and interacts with other spheres like the lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere.
Explanation:
The combined portions of Earth in which all living things exist is called the biosphere. The biosphere is the part of Earth where all life exists, encompassing all of the land, water, and air where living things can be found. It is often described as the global ecosystem because it integrates all living beings with their physical environment, forming an interdependent network. The biosphere includes a variety of biomes, which are large ecological areas on the planet's surface, such as forests, grasslands, deserts, and oceans.
It interacts with other 'spheres' including the lithosphere (the rigid outer layer of the earth), the atmosphere (the layer of gases surrounding our planet), and the hydrosphere (all the water on Earth). The biosphere is not just limited to the surface or near-surface environments. It extends from the deepest ocean floors up to the lower levels of the atmosphere where living organisms can still be found. Essentially, the biosphere is the narrow zone on and around Earth where conditions are suitable for life as we know it.
A person breaks a bone and has it set and put in a cast, but it does not heal. What would be the best thing for the doctor to investigate as a possible cause?
The bone marrow, which should have supplied the growing bone with blood
The ligaments, which should have held the ends of the bone together while it mended
The synovial fluid in the bone, which should have carried nutrients to the growing bone
The osteoblasts, which should have been building the new bone
Answer:
The osteoblasts, which should have been building the new bone
Explanation:
Bones are the one of the types of connective tissues and have hard extracellular matrix. Osteoblasts are the cells that serve in formation of extracellular matrix of bones as these cells secrete collagen fibers and inorganic salts present in the matrix of bone. Hence, if a bone is not able to heal after fracture, osteoblast cells should be checked for their activity.
Answer:
The osteoblasts, which should have been building the new bone
Explanation:
please hurry!!!!!!!!!
Which of the below examples is the best evidence that species adaptions to rocky shores need to be different than adaptations to sandy beaches?
A. Paddle crabs can very quickly burrow into the sand using their rear legs while still being able to use their paddles for swimming.
B. Certain mollusks are able to grind their shells to fit the contours of a nearby rock creating a suction effect.
C. Mud snails are able to suck in sand and excrete mud that helps nearby plants grow…and thus able to feed on them.
D. Marine bristleworms use their fine bristles for swimming and holding themselves in burrows while the tide is in.
Answer:
C
Explanation:
I gives you a better reason of why the species can adapt to their new environment in sandy beaches
The correct answer is C
What are similar structures that evolved independently called?
Answer:
Analogous structures
Explanation:
These structures are similar but not derived from the common ancestor like homologous structures. Analogous structures are formed as a result of convergent evolution-type of evolution in which organisms develop on similar way but independently. An example of analogous structures are wings. Birds, insects and bats all have wings, with the same purpose (flight) but they evolved in their own way.
Analogous structures are similar features in different species that have evolved independently due to convergent evolution, such as bat and insect wings. They are not inherited from a common ancestor but are adaptations to similar environmental challenges.
Explanation:Similar structures that evolved independently in unrelated organisms are known as analogous structures. This phenomenon occurs due to convergent evolution, where similar characteristics arise in species that don't share a common ancestor but have adapted to similar environmental challenges. A famous example of analogous structures would be the wings of bats and insects; both allow for flight but emerge from very different evolutionary pathways.
Another example is the adaptation seen in the body shapes and appendages of aquatic animals like fishes and whales. These are unrelated species, yet display similar streamlined forms due to their need to navigate similarly through water. These structures evolved independently to perform the same function, fundamentally illustrating what analogous structures represent in the context of evolutionary biology.
Henri Becquerel and the Curies worked with uranium, radium, and polonium, all of which give off _____. sunlight radiation elements light
Answer:
Henri Becquerel and the Curies worked with uranium, radium, and polonium, all of which give off radiation.
Explanation:
Henri Becquerel and Marie Skłodowska-Curie discovered the process of radioactivity. They were awarded Nobel prize for their work. Radioactivity is the process in which an unstable element emits energy in the form of radiation. This process also produce a lot of heat. Radiations are very harmful for human health however they have wide applications in modern technology.
The Miconia plant is not a native plant to Hawaii. Since its introduction into Hawaii 40 years ago, it has become a popular decorative plant. However, this shallow-rooted plant has replaced many of the native deep-rooted plant species and increased the likelihood of landslides on the island. Which is one of the BEST methods of dealing with this invasive plant
a ; The plant should be cross-bred with deeper-rooted plants.
b ; The plant should be shared with the smaller islands.
c ; The plant should be fed to the native livestock on the island.
d ; The plant should be uprooted from all regions in the island.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
A is correct because cross-breeding will allow for deeper roots which in turns decreases the amount of landslides. It isn't B because they aren't doing anything about the plant on that island, not helping anything. For C and D, even if the plant was uprooted or taken out of the ground to be fed to live stock, seeds would still be left in the ground allowing more to grow.
What's the waste product of electrons and pyruvate combining in fermentation? A. Sulfuric acid B. Oxalic acid C. Citric acid D. Lactic acid
Answer:
D. Lactic acid
Explanation:
Fermentation takes place When a molecule of glucose is broken down into pyruvate molecules. Fermentation is another source of gaining energy from cellular respiration.
During fermentation, electrons from electron transport chain combine with pyruvate molecules, and this reaction further proceeds in the presence of endogenous organic electron receptors. These organic electron receptors form waste products.
Common products synthesized during fermentation are lactic acid, lactose, and hydrogen. Lactic acid is formed when NADH transfers an electron to pyruvate molecule.
Answer:
lactic acid
Explanation:
Lactic acid fermentation is a type if fermentation that occurs in our body which doesn't require oxygen. In thus process, ATP and glucose is involved and pyruvate is a condensed form of glucose. In this process the lactic acid is also recycled into the pyrvates and is released as a waste product.
Where does the first stage of respiration take place?
It takes place in cytoplasm
Which of the following would be an example of a Polygenic trait
A. Attached ear lobe
B. Widows peak
C. Hair color
C.) hair color because it is controlled by many alleles
Answer is C. Hair color
How do unsaturated fatty acids help keep any membrane more fluid at lower temperatures?
Unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds which create a bend or 'kink' in their structure, preventing these molecules from condensing closely. This maintains fluidity and prevents the rigidification of cell membranes, particularly at low temperatures. Some cold-dwelling organisms even adapt by increasing the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in their membranes.
Explanation:Unsaturated fatty acids, found predominantly in plant fats and oils, are crucial for maintaining membrane fluidity, particularly at lower temperatures. These compounds feature one or more double bonds in their structures, creating a 'kink' or bend in their carbon chains. This structural irregularity hinders the packing of the fatty acids, sustaining the membrane's fluidity.
At lower temperatures, membranes constituted primarily of saturated fatty acids can become too rigid and may rupture. This is due to the saturated fatty acids' lack of double bonds and straight carbon chains, which allows them to condense closely and create a dense, firm membrane.
On the other hand, the 'kinked' structure of unsaturated fatty acids prevents such tight packing. This causes neighboring phospholipid molecules to be pushed away, resulting in more space between the molecules and increased fluidity, even at lower temperatures.
Many organisms, such as fish, are able to adapt to cold environments by adjusting the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in their membranes in response to decreasing temperatures. This adaptation helps maintain the integrity and functionality of their biological membranes in colder environments.
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What does the term "basic unit of matter" refer to?Select one of the options below as your answer: a. Atoms b. Elements c. Molecules
Answer:
Atoms
Explanation:
Atom is the most basic unit of matter. Atoms are used to describe pieces of matter, but a different kind of atom makes up an element. A combination of atom of different elements creates a molecule. Let's say you have some water, the chemical formula is "H20." If you wanted to separate H and O, that gives you two atoms. H would be Hydrogen and the other atom is Oxygen. So when we combine these two atom they formed as the chemical formula H20.
Organic matter is essential in soil for it to be able to produce vegetation. What roles do organic matter play in making soil viable? Select all that apply. 1Points A aerating the soil B hydrating the soil C preventing pest infestation D providing nutrients through excrement and dead tissue
Organic matter in soil helps in aerating the soil, retaining water, and providing nutrients through the decomposition of dead tissue and waste material. However, it does not directly contribute to pest prevention.
Explanation:Organic matter plays several crucial roles in fostering a rich, productive soil environment. Some of these roles include:
Aerating the soil: Organic matter helps to improve the soil's structure by creating space for air and water, which is essential for plant roots and soil organisms. Hydrating the soil: Organic materials absorb water like a sponge, thus retaining it in the soil. This capacity helps plants access water during dry periods. Providing nutrients through excrement and dead tissue: As organic matter decomposes, it releases nutrients into the soil, which can then be taken up by plants. This makes organic matter a vital component of the soil nutrient cycle.
However, it's important to note that organic matter does not directly prevent pest infestations. Pest control is often related to a diversity of plant species, utilization of natural predators, and other strategies.
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The binding of a compound to an enzyme is observed to slow down or stop the rate of the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme. Increasing the substrate concentration reduces the inhibitory effects of this compound. Which of the following could account for this observation?
Competitive inhibition is when an inhibitor reversibly binds to an enzyme at the enzyme active site, competing with the substrate for binding. This type of inhibition is concentration-dependent and can be overcome at higher substrate concentrations.
Explanation:Competitive inhibition is when an inhibitor reversibly binds to an enzyme at the enzyme active site; competing with the substrate for binding. A competitive inhibitor must be a molecule that is structurally similar to the substrate molecule, allowing it to interact with the enzyme active site through similar non-covalent interactions, but it does not, or cannot, undergo the same chemical reaction. When the inhibitor is bound to the active site, it blocks the correct substrate from binding and catalysis from occurring. However, as a reversible inhibitor, it can disassociate from the enzyme eventually allowing for the correct substrate to bind and the catalysis to occur. Because the inhibitor and substrate are in competition for the same active site, inhibition is concentration-dependent. As shown in the below plot of rate of reaction vs. substrate concentration (Figure 19.6.1), the competitive inhibitor slows the rate of reaction, but at higher substrate concentrations, the normal maximum rate can be reached.
which type of coal has the highest energy yield, and which type of coal is the most common in the United States.
Answer:
Coal that has the highest energy yield is anthracite. Also known as hard coal, it has a high carbon content approximately 98% and few impurities. This type of coal is mostly found in the eastern part of the USA, and small amounts can be found in South Africa, Australia, China and Canada.
The type of coal most common in the United States of America is Bituminous, this type of coal is used to generate electricity and make iron and steel. It is also called soft coal, it is a sedimentary rock formed through chemical and physical changes of the sediment rock as well as sub metamorphic compression of peat bog material.
Explanation: