Answer:The just noticeable difference
Explanation:The just noticeable difference (JND), which is also referred to as difference threshold.
This is a minimum stimulation level we can be able to detect half of the time.
For example let us say you were carrying two buckets which has different weights , for you to notice half of the time the minimun difference in their weights that is Just noticeable difference.
The smallest possible difference between two stimuli that can be detected is called the Just Noticeable Difference (JND). This is related to Weber's Law, which states that the JND is proportional to the magnitude of the original stimulus.
Explanation:The smallest possible difference between two stimuli that can be detected is called the Just Noticeable Difference (JND) or Differential Threshold. This concept is related to Weber’s Law, which states that the JND is proportional to the magnitude of the original stimulus. For example, if you are holding a 1lb weight and a weight is added to it, you would be able to detect this change more easily than if you were holding a 10lb weight and the same weight is added.
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You are driving slowly in the fast lane of a freeway and there is traffic behind you in your lane. The driver behind you wishes to drive faster. You should:
Answer:
change the lane to the right when it is safe to move to the right.
Explanation:
When you are driving slowly in the fast lane of a freeway and there is traffic behind you in your lane and if a driver behind you wishes to drive faster than you should change the lane to the right when it is safe to move to the right.When you will change the lane than the person will be able to move faster than you and it will help to reduce the traffic which was behind you.
What was the primary factor causing traffic collisions between 2009 and 2015 according to the California CHP?
Answer:
Drivers operating vehicles at unsafe speeds.
Explanation:
Professor Smith was interested in reporting the reality of the experiences of teenage runaways living on the streets in their own terms so he observed their life on streets and talked with them about their challenges and survival strategies. Professor Smith is probably most interested in:______________.
Answer:
Ethnography
Explanation:
Professor Smith's report had to do with describing the customs, mutual differences and habits of the teenage runaways and these attributes have to do with ethnography. Ethnography has to do with methods which describe qualities that are employed in the social science of dealing with the observation of social interactions and practices. It's ethical as it allows the researcher to observe without applying any deductive framework while allowing the cases to be seen as peculiar.
Which of the following is the best advice for a person concerned about occasional insomnia?
A. Relax with a drink of your favorite alcoholic beverage just before bedtime.
B. Be sure to sleep later than usual once you do get to sleep.
C. Engage in some form of vigorous physical exercise shortly before bedtime.
D. Eat a big dinner late in the evening so you'll feel drowsy at bedtime.
E. Relax and drink a glass of milk before bedtime.
Answer:
Answer is E. Relax and drink a glass of milk before bedtime.
Explanation:
Insomnia is simply the inability to sleep. This is a serious condition which can negatively affect the health status of the person involved.
There are some things that have been linked to be the causes of insomnia. These are stress and when an individual is concerned about certain things like school, work, finances and health. Thinking about these things keep the mind active and eventually making it difficult to sleep.
There are things that can be done to prevent insomnia.
1. Creating a comfortable sleeping environment.
2. Avoid eating or drinking just when going to bed.
3. Avoid the use of stimulants like caffeine and nicotine.
There are three types of insomnia.
1. Transient insomnia.... This last for a few days or weeks.
2. Acute insomnia..... Last for several weeks.
3. Chronic insomnia.... Last for months or years.
For occasional insomnia, the recommended action is to relax and have a glass of milk before bed, while maintaining a conducive sleep environment and habits. Vigorous exercise and heavy meals should be avoided before bedtime, and the room should be kept dark, cool, and quiet.
Explanation:The best advice for a person concerned about occasional insomnia is to relax and drink a glass of milk before bedtime (Option E). Engaging in behavior that promotes a healthy sleep environment is critical. For instance, avoiding large meals, caffeine, and alcohol before sleep can help, as well as keeping the bedroom dark, cool, and comfortable. Regular exercise is beneficial but should be done at least three hours before bedtime.
Additionally, it's important to:
Create a sleep-promoting environment that is dark, cool, and comfortable.Limits disturbing noises, possibly using a white-noise machine.Avoid alcohol and nicotine near bedtime.Avoid heavy or large meals late in the evening.Maintain a regular sleep-wake cycle and use the bed only for sleep and sex.When turning left from a three lane, one-way street, you should turn from the:
A. Center lane
B. Right lane
C. Either lane
D. Left lane
Answer:
D
Explanation:
When turning left from a three lane, one way street, you should turn from the left lane
You should enter a three-lane, one-way street from the left lane when making a left turn. As a result, choice (D) is the appropriate one.
What are traffic rules?Traffic laws specify how, when, where, and why you are permitted to operate any type of vehicle. For various types of vehicles and circumstances, there are frequently various sets of legislation.
Before being legally permitted to operate a car in traffic, you presumably need to demonstrate to your government in some way that you are familiar with these regulations by heart. Any exceptions to the legislation are also listed there. The cultures in which these laws are embedded differ greatly from one country to the next.
The following are the benefits of traffic laws:
Accidents and injuries are decreased.They Offer Uniform Rules.They Aid in Your Direction to Your Destination.They Alert Drivers to Imperceptible Obstacles.They Control Traffic Movement.Hence, option (D) is accurate.
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The American cultural conception of self results in children:
a. Developing an interdependent view of the self and defining themselves in terms of personal attributes
b. Developing an independent view of the self and defining themselves in terms of the groups they belong to
c. Developing an interdependent view of the self and defining themselves in terms of the groups they belong to
d. Developing an independent view of the self and defining themselves in terms of personal attributes
Answer: d. Developing an independent view of the self and defining themselves in terms of personal attributes
Explanation:
Self concept is the realization that we are individuals, different from others. It starts as early as 18 months in children. By the age of four, children can describe themselves using personal attributes, and emotional characteristics by age 6.
Self concept can be molded by cultural influences. For example in Collectivistic cultures, where there is an emphasis on interdependent relationships and belonging to communities and families, a study found that individuals are more likely to describe themselves as playing a social role such as "I am Jane’s father".
An Individualistic culture on the other hand enforces an independent self concept and creates a view of the self based on personal attributes.
Larry can’t create a new video each week, however he wants his subscribers to see activity on his channel. What are some actions that Larry can take to keep his "What to Watch" and "My Subscriptions" sections active? Like or comment on videos. Tweet out with a relevant hashtag. Upload daily, even if it isn’t the best quality. Regularly change thumbnails.
Answer:
Larry can take following actions to keep his "What to Watch" and "My Subscription" section active:
Like or comment on videosExplanation:
The option "like or comment videos" is best way to keep the "What to Watch" and "My subscription" sections as it will keep the audience engaged and will result in the flow of more traffic on the content. The option "Tweet out with a relevant hashtag" is not effective as it will not motivate the user due to less value for them in tweeting. The option "Upload daily, even if it isn't the best quality" is not a good option as the best quality content is necessary.The option "Regularly change thumbnails" is not good one as it is not good practice to change the thumbnails.Larry may keep his "What to Watch" and "My Subscription" sections active by doing th following:
Videos can be liked or commented on.
How is this so?The option "like or comment videos" is the greatest approach to keep the "What to Watch" and "My subscription" sections active, as it will keep the audience interested and increase traffic to the material.The option "Tweet outwith a relevant hashtag" is ineffective since it will not encourage the user because tweeting has less value for them.The option "Upload daily, even if it isn't the best quality" is not a viable choice because high-quality contentis required.The option "Regularly change thumbnails" is not a good one since changing thumbnails is not a good habit.Learn more about subscriptions at:
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If you are behind or to the side of a motorcycle, you can assume the driver of the motorcycle sees you.
A. True
B. False
The answer is FALSE.
You cannot assume that the driver of the motorcycle can see you if you are behind or to the side of the motorcycle. Motorcycle forms can be of too low or too high for you and since you are sitting at the back of the driver, the only means he can use to see you is to use a side mirror. If his motorcycle form is lowered, and he only has small side mirrors, it would be impossible for him to see you unless you make adjustments and you forced yourself to change your seat position just to see him.
Which of the following best explains the office of the Presidency?
A. Office where power is fairly constant, regardless of the occupant or the circumstances.
B. Inherently weak office, in that presidents have almost no capacity to influence the major directions of national policy.
C. Office in which power is conditional, depending on whether the political support that gives force to presidential leadership exists or can be developed.
D. All of these answers are correct
Answer:
Option C, Office in which power is conditional, depending on whether the political support that gives force to presidential leadership exists or can be developed, is the right answer.
Explanation:
A presidency is an authority or the executive, the common organisational and administrative body that exists around an appointment of the president of a nation. The presidency includes a large number of people including heads of staff, advisers and other officials. This term presidency is sometimes used to refer to the supervisory authority of some religious bodies, the manager of a non-governmental appointment of president in an organisation, company, charity, college or the institutional composition around them.
With the growth of the Internet, what has become one of the easiest ways to participate in politics?
Answer:
With the growth of the internet, the easiest way to participate in politics is making financial contributions.
Explanation:
People´s commitment to activelty participate in politics is less and less seen. Statistics say the least common way of political participation is attending to a protest. So this is one argument to think people do not participate in person, but they can make financial contributios from the confort of their home.
Phil, a janitor for an expensive apartment-house complex in Chicago, is a union janitor who makes quite a bit more money than many of the tenants in the building he maintains. Lenski would note that Phil's high income but low occupational prestige demonstrates a condition of ________.
Answer:
status inconsistency
Explanation:
Status inconsistency refers to the situation of an individual in which his or her status characteristics show both positive and negative influence. Status inconsistency arises because of many factors which include gender, race, ethnicity, etc. For example, a theater artist gained a high status for his performance but pitied for his little income, which decreases his status. In the above mention question, Phil's position faces a positive status for income but low status for his occupation.
Your friend’s mother is afraid of squirrels. While she knows squirrels are basically harmless, she cannot control her anxiety when she sees either a real squirrel or a picture of a squirrel. She never took your friend to the local park when he was a child because of the numerous squirrels. Your friend’s mother probably has:
Answer:
Your friend's mother probably has a phobia of squirrels.
Explanation:
A phobia is understood as an irrational fear towards a specific stimulus, which does not convey a real danger. It can even generate physical responses on the individual. Usually it develops because the individual had a bad experience with the object of his/her fears which left a mark in the unconscious.
In this case, the mother is afraid of squirrels most likely because she had a bad experience with the animal. When she sees them, she suffers anxiety even though consciously she know they are basically harmless and she even tries to avoid them by not going to parks.
She has a phobia of squirrels.
Your friend’s mother likely has a specific phobia, an irrational fear of squirrels that severely impacts her daily life. This condition causes substantial anxiety and avoidance behaviors, illustrating how specific phobias can significantly interfere with one's ability to function.
Your friend’s mother likely suffers from a condition known as a specific phobia. This is an intense, irrational fear of something that poses little or no actual danger, such as squirrels in her case. Despite knowing these fears are irrational and squirrels are harmless, individuals with specific phobia experience significant anxiety when facing the phobic object or situation, severely impacting their daily functioning. For instance, avoiding the local park entirely due to the presence of squirrels.
Specific phobia is more than just an extreme fear; it's an irrational fear about a particular thing. For someone with this disorder, even thinking about the feared object or situation can provoke severe anxiety or a panic attack. The fear significantly interferes with the person’s ability to function, just as seen in the avoidance behavior displayed by your friend’s mother.
It’s crucial for individuals facing such fears to seek professional help. Treatments like cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) have shown efficacy in managing and eventually overcoming specific phobias, enabling individuals to live fuller, less restricted lives.
Women's rights have historically been restricted by the Supreme Court's use of which of the following?
Answer:
Women's rights have historically been restricted by the Supreme Court using the reasonableness standard.
Explanation:
The reasonableness standard is used in US courts to understand whether a plaintiff or defendant acted reasonably in a harassment situation, for example, and it has been used in cases against police where the plaintiff claims excessive violence was used. There is also the "reasonable woman standard" that has been used in US Supreme Court Cases like Harris vs. Forklift Systems 510 US 17 (1993). The Supreme Court sided in favor of Harris who had to appeal two lower court decisions that found that Harris was not sufficiently psychologically impacted for the case to constitute harassment. The reasonableness standard can be seen as limiting because it imposes the standards of what men find reasonable in a sexual situation and coworker relationship at the expense of what women may find uncomfortable or inappropriate.
Elisa graduated from college with a double major and was inducted into the Phi Beta Kappa society. She was then offered a job in New York where she worked 12 hours a day and produced excellent results. Within two years she had over 100 employees working under her. Elisa's hard work was rewarded with a raise and a bonus.
This form of promotion is based on the principles of:
A. democracy
B. meritocracy
C. caste system
D. closed stratification system
Answer:
Option B: Meritocracy.
Explanation:
Meritocracy refers to a system under which government or a person holds the power on the basis of their merits like education, performance, intelligence and credentials. However, the concept of meritocracy have evolved with time, for example, it now refers to an organization where currently the top most people and ideas exist. In workplace culture, meritocracy allows everyone the the right to express their opinion and where these opinions are listened and the decision is made over that deemed the best, however, it is important to note that it is not similar to democracy because in meritocracy there is no decision on the basis of consensus and not everyone has the right to vote, so, here while everyone has the voice but only some are listened more than the others.
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Elisa's progression and reward in her job can be attributed to the principles of a meritocracy, where individuals are advanced and rewarded based on their abilities and achievements.
Explanation:Elisa's promotion can be classified under the principles of meritocracy. A meritocracy is a system where advancement in society is based on an individual's abilities and merits rather than based on family, wealth or social class. In this type of system, people are rewarded and are given positions of influence based on their performance and contributions. Elisa, as described, worked long hours, produced excellent results, and was a responsible leader; consequently, she was recognized and promoted for these qualities and accomplishments. This bears the characteristics of a meritocratic system, where people are graded, promoted, and rewarded based on their skills, abilities, and outcomes.
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Which of the following processes occurs first when media bring news to an audience?
A. framing
B. priming
C. agenda setting
D. gatekeeping
The correct answer is letter D
Explanation: Gatekeeping is a journalistic concept for editing. Gatekeeper is the one that defines what will be reported according to news value, editorial line and other criteria.
Whereas Americans have a proverb, "the squeaky wheel gets the grease," Japanese have a proverb that states "The nail that stands out gets pounded down." These two different proverbs mirror social-psychological research that has demonstrated that people in Asian cultures.
A) are more authoritarian than Americans
B) are more likely to defer to authority than are Americans
C) have a more interdependent concept of self than do Americans
D) Do not hold different self-concepts
Answer:
These two different proverbs mirror social-psychological research that has demonstrated that people in Asian cultures have a more interdependent concept of self than do Americans
Explanation:
According to these two statements, the Asian culture believes more in self than Americans do. These two proverbs showing that people of America and Japan work and believe in these proverbs and they also believe that if they follow these or work according to these proverbs than they are on the right path of their successes while Asian thinking and culture is different from these two countries. Asia culture believes in more self dependency and self motivation.
Final answer:
The correct answer is C. have a more interdependent concept of self than do Americans. Japanese culture values collectivism, leading to a more interdependent concept of self, in contrast to the individualism valued by American culture.
Explanation:
The proverbs "the squeaky wheel gets the grease" and "The nail that stands out gets pounded down" reflect the social norms and cultural models of self that are prevalent in American and Japanese cultures, respectively. In American culture, individualism is embraced, and people are encouraged to stand out and express their needs. In contrast, Japanese culture emphasizes collectivism and interdependence, prioritizing harmonious social relationships and the group over the individual. Therefore, the proverb from Japanese culture mirrors the social-psychological research that demonstrates that people in Asian cultures have a more interdependent concept of self than do Americans. This interdependence involves adjusting one's behavior and thoughts to fit the group's needs and desires rather than promoting one's individual success.
The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is Group of answer choices
family resemblance.
prototypicality.
graded membership.
instance theory.
Answer:
prototypicality
Explanation:
Jed feels tired all day long and can't focus very well at work. At a sleep institute, he is told that he actually stops breathing many times throughout the night. Jed has
a. sleep apneab. SIDSc. REM behavior disorderd. narcolepsy
Answer:
The answer is a. sleep apnea.
Explanation:
Sleep apnea occurs when a person briefly stops and starts breathing during sleep. Some symptoms of sleep apnea are loud snoring and a constant feel of tiredness during the day.
Sleep apnea may be produced by the relaxation of throat muscles, failure to send signals to the brain, or a combination of both.
Justin is walking down the street and a car backfires. He drops to the ground, sure it is a drive-by shooting. Justin's _____ nervous system just kicked into high gear.
It's the central nervous system
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Cindy is visiting her grandfather who is in hospice care and not expected to live much longer. She is feeling nervous and awkward. She pulls the hospice worker aside and asks, "Do you think reminiscing is a good idea?" The hospice worker knows:
Answer:
Reminiscing a good idea, and she should start with memories she has with her grandfather in common.
Explanation:
In "The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County," Mark Twain accurately captures the language, customs, traditions, and manners of people in the West in the second half of the 1800s. These aspects are part of the region's __________. local jokes local color uncolored landscape off-color humor
Answer:
Local color.
Explanation:
"The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County" by Mark Twain tells the absurd but fascinating story of a frog that can out-jump any frog in the whole county. The very fact of the absurdity can be seen in the many elements/aspects that the author had employed/added in the story.
When Twain used the customs, traditions of the people in the West during the Gold Rush, added with their manners and languages, he is imbibing in what is known as "local color" in literature. This phrase means the language, traditions and customs, even manners of a particular group of people in a particular place. These aspects gave a distinct feature of the setting and provides a sense of familiarity to the story for the readers.
Candice is presented with a moral dilemma. She responds by saying that the person in the dilemma should choose a course of action that will ensure that the community as a whole will not disapprove of the person's action.
Candice's response reflects Lawrence Kohlberg's ________ reasoning level of moral development.
A. autonomous moral
B. preconventional
C. postconventional
D. conventional
Answer:
d. conventional
Explanation:
Kohlberg did some studies on morality and proposed a theory on moral development.
Kohlberg defined three different levels of morality (and each level consists in 2 stages). These levels are:
preconventional,conventional andpostconventionalIn the preconventional level, the person's morality is externally controlled and therefore acts based on what the punishment or reward will be (1st stage) or based on how good will it be for him/her to act in some way (2nd stage)
The conventional level stages also have to to with external controls but now the person thinks in function of ensure positive relationships and societal order. The third stage here depends on the approval of others. The fourth stage has to do with accepting rules because they preserve the society order and functioning.
The postconventional level stages are defined in more abstract principles or values. The 5th stage sees the world as a place with different values that must be respected. Finally the 6th stage is based in universal ethical abstract principles.
In this example, Candice is presented with a moral dilemma, she said the person should take a course of action that will ensure that the community will not disapprove of the person's action. We can see that her response has to do with external controls, specifically with the approval of the community as a whole. We know that in the conventional level, the 3rd stage has to do with the approval of others. Therefore, Candice's response reflects Lawrence Kohlberg's conventional level of moral development.
A researcher evaluates a treatment effect using a two-tailed hypothesis test with a = .05, and the decision is to reject the null hypothesis. If the researcher used the same sample and switched to a one-tailed test that is consistent with the direction found in initial two-tailed hypothesis test, what decision would be made?
Answer:
if the researcher switches to a one tailed test, the decision will be to definitely reject a= 0.05 and maybe reject a=0.01
Explanation:
in data analysis, the 0.05 means a 95% confidence level and 0.01 means a 1% confidence level. since the decision is to reject the null hypothesis at 95% confidence level and a one-tailed test has the entire 5% on one side, anything equal to 0.05 and above, the null hypothesis should be totally rejected.
on the other hand, in a two tailed the 5% is split on both sides of the tail.
Mohit spent his days combing through garbage in Mumbai, India with his brothers and sisters. Sometimes he would find food, or something to sell for money. He never tried to overcome his lower-class status because he had seen his friends try and fail. So, he accepted his fate, and tried to live life as best he could in a closed society. Mohit is an example of someone living under:
a. A meritocracyb. A class systemc. A caste system
Answer:
A. caste system
Explanation:
Caste system -
It is the classification of the people of India , according to the status and power of the people , is known as caste system .
Where people from various casts are treated differently , as the people from lower caste , are considered to be poor and weak and hence are not given any rights .
Where as , people from the upper caste , are richer and powerful , who are provided with all the rights and power to rule .
Hence , from the given scenario , the correct answer is caste system .
_____ is the loss in team productivity that occurs when team members do not work as hard as they could.
Answer:
Bad working conditions
Explanation:
The bases that sustain the productivity and operation of a company are created from the working conditions in which the staff develops. The main ones are:
The organizational climate If there is tension among the staff members, the leaders do not pay attention to their requests and instead demand more than established, working in collaboration will be impossible, causing the activities to be carried out inefficiently.
The work tools. If the company does not offer the necessary material that optimizes the processes, the times and the quality of production will hinder the achievement of the objectives.
The spaces granted to carry out their activities. An employee who spends more than eight hours a day in a narrow cubicle, without ventilation and on uncomfortable furniture, will never meet the standards required by the company.
For the staff to improve the level of productivity, it is the duty of the company to provide the environment and resources necessary for the development of its tasks which will not only favor the organization, but also promote the professional growth of employees, motivation And the commitment.
Which of the following statements is true? Group of answer choices a.An unsafe state may lead to a deadlocked state. b.An unsafe state is necessarily, and by definition, always a deadlocked state. c.A safe state is a deadlocked state. d.A safe state may lead to a deadlocked state.
Answer: a
Explanation:
Skip has a big test tomorrow and has studied late into the night. If Skip falls asleep and takes the test first thing in the morning, which of the following would best explain any information he forgets?
A. Decay
B. Retrograde amnesia
C. Interference
D. Anterograde amnesia
Answer: Decay best explains the information he forgets.
Explanation: Amnesia in pathology has to do with a condition associated with memory loss or forgetfulness. Skip has none of these. He simply forgets some information due to the passage of time.
In memory psychology, decay is the loss of short term memory over time.
Answer:
A. Decay would best explain the information he forgets.
Explanation:
Decay Theory suggests that short-term memory tends to be more affected than long-term memory, which are impervious to forgetfulness.
The information he is studying right before falling asleep can remain in the short-term memory thus being easily forgotten. An amnesia does not occur because he fell asleep and there is no interference.
Which of the following perspectives on consumer decision making is most closely associated with the economics of information approach to the search process, assuming that consumers collect just as much data as needed to make an informed decision?
A) experiential perspective
B) rational perspective
C) constructive perspective
D) behavioral influence perspective
Answer:
B) rational perspective
Explanation:
Rational perspective: The term rational perspective is defined as the perspective whose main focus is on the different formal structures of a particular organisation and therefore considering the organisation as a specific group consisting of different people who work with each other and possessing some specific goals. This approach involves gathering data through statistical analysis, modelling, and observation that is being used to make long-term decisions.
In the question above, the statement signifies the use of the rational perspective.
The perspective on consumer decision making, which is most closely associated with the economics of information approach, is B) rational perspective.
The rational perspective is organizationally-focused. An organization describes a group working for some common goals, example, profit-maximization.
The consumer decision making perspective most closely associated with the economics of information approach is not experiential perspective (which emphasizes strong positive feelings not rational decision making or strong environmental pressures (behavioral influence). It is not constructive perspective or behavioral influence perspective.
Thus, the perspective on consumer decision making, which is most closely associated with the economics of information approach is Option B.
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If corporations continue to pollute, then the environment will be damaged beyond repair. The environment will be damaged beyond repair. Therefore, corporations will continue to pollute.
The first statement is Deductive and the second statement is Invalid.
Explanation:
There are two types of arguments used in the given statements. One is Deductive Argument and the Other is Invalid Argument.
Deductive argument is the argument which is clearly a true argument with proofs. The argument is said to be deductively valid.
On the other hand, an invalid argument is simply an argument which is not correct and which do not follow the conclusion drawn from the premises provided.
So If corporations continue to pollute, then the environment will be damaged beyond repair. This is a deductive argument.
The environment will be damaged beyond repair. Therefore corporations will continue to pollute. This is an invalid argument.
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Which sociological perspective would be most likely to argue that the existence of big-city political machines suggests that these political organizations satisfy certain basic social needs?
A.functionalist perspective
B.conflict perspective
C.interactionist perspective
D.global perspective
Answer:
A. functionalist perspective
Explanation:
The functionalist perspective focuses on stability of the system and that if the system works properly then there must be a reason for that and that it should continue to work in a stable manner. The idea revolves around continuity and stability in general and focuses on the broader social structure of the society. Here, the given argument suggests that existence of big-city political machines suggests that these political organizations satisfy certain basic social needs is a prime example of functionalist perspective. This is based on the notion that if something has worked until now the there must be something that is right about it and hence, it should be allowed to continue in the larger scheme of things and for social stability.