Answer:
Morphological (Morphology)
Explanation:
Morphology is a branch of biology dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features.
Humans have more than 100 vestigial structures in their bodies. Comparative morpho. is an important tool that helps determine evolutionary relationships between organisms and whether or not they share common ancestors.
However, it is also important evidence for evolution.
A qualified genetics counselor is working with a child who has been diagnosed with fragile x syndrome. after extensive research about the condition, she meets with the parents to discuss the features of the disease and the child's prognosis. the session lasted 45 minutes. what cpt® and icd-10-cm codes are reported?
Answer:
CPT® Index - 96040
icd-10-cm code - Q99.2
Explanation:
Here in this case the diagnosis came out with fragility in X chromosome. This is some thing related with medical genetics. Hence, the CPT® Index for this scenario would be 96040. As per the American Medical Association, CPT® Index 96040 cover cases that fall into the category of “Medical Genetics and Genetic Counseling Services” which also involves counseling either with the patient or family for 30 minutes. The icd-10-cm code – Q99.2 deals with the problems associated with genetic abnormality
Hence, the answer is
CPT® Index - 96040
icd-10-cm code - Q99.2
A genetic counselor would report a combination of CPT and ICD-10-CM codes for a session on Fragile X syndrome, which would include medical genetics counseling services and the specific ICD-10-CM code for Fragile X syndrome, F81.82.
Explanation:When it comes to the 45-minute session with a genetic counselor regarding a child diagnosed with Fragile X syndrome, a combination of CPT (Current Procedural Terminology) and ICD-10-CM (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification) codes would be reported. The CPT code used would be reflective of the genetic counseling services provided. This would typically fall under a code for medical genetics and genetic counseling services. The specific ICD-10-CM code for Fragile X syndrome is FMR1 related disorders, including the specific code for Fragile X syndrome, which is F81.82.
It is essential for genetic counselors to provide education on the implications of genetic testing and the advantages and drawbacks of various testing methods, such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling. In this case, the genetic counselor helps the parents understand the inheritance of Fragile X syndrome, the prognosis for the child, and the risks for future offspring.
During nitrification, _____.
A plants create nitrogen compounds
B nitrogen is added to the atmosphere
C bacteria break down amonia into nitrogen
D ammonia is changed back into nitrate
Answer:
C. Bacteria breaks down ammonia into nitrogen
Explanation:
Option (D) is the correct answer. During nitrification, bacteria convert ammonia to nitrites, and then to nitrates. This process ensures that nitrogen is available to plants in a usable form. Thus, ammonia is changed back into nitrate.
During nitrification, specific bacteria convert ammonia (NH₃) into nitrites (NO₂), and then other bacteria convert nitrites into nitrates (NO₃). This process is essential in the nitrogen cycle, which ensures that nitrogen is available to plants in a usable form.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
D. ammonia is changed back into nitrate.To summarize, in the nitrification process, bacteria change ammonia to nitrite and then to nitrate, making it available for plant uptake.
What is the name of the process that transports substances across a cell membrane with the aid of a carrier and energy expenditure?
Answer:
xyz !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!??
When we saw plant cells placed in high concentrations of salt, what did you observe about the responses of the cell wall and the cell membrane? How were they similar and how were they different? Be specific. What might that tell you about the structure of the cell wall versus the cell membrane? Explain. Not all molecules that a cell needs are going to be able to enter a cell by diffusion through the cell membrane. Give two examples of molecules that a cell might need and explain why they can’t enter by diffusion.
Explanation:
1.cell membrane far apart from the cell wall thats why the plant cells shrinked
3.cell walls are made of cellulose while cell membrane made of phospholipid.
4.water and nutrien cant enter by diffusion because the molecule is too big.
I HOPE THIS HELPS TELL ME IF IM WRONG ^^
Emitting light through a series of chemical reactions by certain living organisms is called ________
Answer:
Bioluminescence
Explanation:
Bioluminescence is a phenomenon of light emitting by a living organism caused by set of chemical reaction within that organism. The reaction in which light is a final product involves light-emitting molecule such as luciferin and enzyme such as luciferase that reacts with it (causes the oxidation of the luciferin). Luciferin can be produced by organisms themselves or can be absorbed from the food.
Usually marine organisms have the ability to produce light, but this reaction might occur in some bacteria and fungi.
An allele that masks another allele is known as
Answer:
dominant allele
Explanation:
it's on google
Which process converts carbon in a sugar
molecule back into the air while providing
an organism energy for growth and
development? WILL VOTE BRAINLIEST.
A. Cellular Respiration
B. Carbon Dioxide
C. Photosynthesis
D. Glucose
A small population of a specific bird species lives on an island in the Pacific Ocean. All of the birds of this species have a crest of feathers on their heads. The color of the crest can be orange, yellow, or white. An individual's crest color does not effect its chance of survival or its reproductive success. A hurricane hits the island and all of the birds with orange crests are killed, as well as many of the individuals with yellow and white crests. This causes the gene for orange crests to be lost from the population. The loss of the gene coding for an orange crest in the bird population described above is an example of _______.
Answer:
Genetic drift
Explanation:
Genetic drift is an evolutionary mechanism that changes the allele frequency by random sampling (by chance). This type of mechanism has the major impact when population is hit by a natural disaster. As a consequence, the population becomes reduced in size and some alleles might be lost (such as that for for orange crests). The genetic variability is decreased.
Answer:
Genetic Drift
Explanation:
Genetic drift is a change in the allelic frequency within a population due to random chance. It is especially apparent within small breeding populations. For example, genetic drift can result in an allele being completely lost from a population by random chance, regardless of whether the allele has any effect on an individual's chance of survival or its reproductive success. (got it right on study island)
The ______ is a source of stem cells that has the characteristics of self-renewal and limited differentiation.
Embryonic stem cells?
Answer:
Bone marrow
Explanation:
Bone marrow is a source of adult stem cells (cells derived from adult tissue). They have the ability to self-renew but their differentiation potential is limited (they can only differentiate into cell types of the organ of their origin). So, we call them multipotent or unipotent. On the other side, embryonic stem cells can develop in any other type of differentiated cell type in the body (pluripotent). So, embryonic stem cells are more flexibile for use.
What conditions are needed to form organic molecules from inorganic molecules?
Abundance of oxygen and the ozone layer
Active volcanoes and very cold temperatures
Presence of inorganic molecules with lightning and intense radiation
Low levels of ultraviolet radiation and a specific mixture of gases
Answer:
Presence of inorganic molecules with lightning and intense radiation
Explanation:
This process of formation of organic molecules from inorganic molecules is called abiogenesis. It is believed that this is how the first organic molecules were created in early earth about 3.8 billion years ago. The classic 1952 Miller–Urey experiment attempted to replicate the condition of early earth. They replicated lightning strikes (using electric parks) in a glass with greenhouse gases believed to have been the major constituents of early earth's atmosphere like methane. They were able to form primitive organic molecules from this experiment.
Answer: Presence if inorganic molecules with lighting and intense radiation
Explanation:
Denaturation of dna is a necessary step in southern blotting procedure because it separates double stranded dna into single stranded dna. T/F
The statement, Denaturation of dna is a necessary step in southern blotting procedure because it separates double stranded dna into single stranded dna, is true.
6. A cell is 20 micrometers across. What type of cell is this? A. Plantae B. Prokaryotic C. Animalia D. Eukaryotic
Answer:
D
Explanation:
Eukaryotic cells are usually bigger than prokaryotic cells. Generally, prokaryotes cels size will range between 1 and 10 micrometers while that of eukaryotes will range between 10 – 30 micrometers. Due to the small cell size of prokaryotes, elements can diffuse in and out of the whole cell. However, for eukaryotes, cellular mechanism need to assist the distribution (in and out) of elements in the cell.
Answer:
D. Eukaryotic
Explanation:
Which statement correctly describes the relationship between bones and muscles?
A. Bones can move without aid of muscles.
B. A muscle can both push and pull a bone, causing it to move.
C. Moving a bone back and forth requires the action of at least two muscles.
D. A bone needs only one muscle to move it back and forth.
Answer:
C. Moving a bone back and forth requires the action of at least two muscles.
Explanation:
To move bones in opposite directions muscles must pair up to help move the body part.
I think The answer is “C”
Which describes the legs of all anthropods. a. They carry poison b. They have claws c. They are jointed d. They store food
Answer: C. They are jointed
Explanation: “arthro” is a root meaning “jointed”
Answer:
C. They're jointed
Explanation:
Anthro= Jointed
What vital signs would you look at to determine if barbera was having a problem with her lungs?
The vital signs that one would look at to determine if Barbera was having a problem with her lungs are lung sounds and respiratory rate. Details about vital signs are given below.
What are vital signs?Vital signs are a set of measurements of a patient's condition taken regularly to assess the state of bodily functions.
The vital signs show how each body organ is functioning. The common vital signs used in medicine are as follows:
Pulse rateTemperatureRespiratory rateBlood pressureAccording to this question, the vital signs that one would look at to determine if Barbera was having a problem with her lungs are lung sounds and respiratory rate.
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Final answer:
To ascertain if Barbara has lung problems, several vital signs including heart rate, breathing rate, blood oxygen level, and lung sounds are considered. Evidence of hypoxemia, crackling sounds, and abnormal chest radiograph indicators such as shadows or cavitation suggest lung issues like pneumonia.
Explanation:
Indicators of Lung Problems
To determine if Barbara is having a problem with her lungs, a healthcare professional would look at vital signs such as her heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure. Additionally, they would assess her blood oxygen level using a pulse oximeter, and listen for abnormal sounds in the lungs through auscultation. With Barbara presenting a slightly elevated heart rate, hypoxemia, and crackling sounds in her lungs during breathing, these observations point toward potential lung issues. The greenish sputum sample and shadow on the chest radiograph further suggest a lung infection, possibly pneumonia.
The presence of crepitation during auscultation can indicate increased resistance in the lungs, which might be a result of an obstruction or infection, causing difficulty in air passage and gas exchange. This scenario could manifest through a patient showing signs such as shortness of breath, a productive cough, and abnormal pulse oximeter readings, as in the cases described for Sacheen and Benjamin, where clogged airways or infection impact blood oxygen levels.
What are two possible ways that making plastics for electronic devices could impact the environment
Answer:
RoHS applies to the following substances for electronic equipment and electrical appliances: lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, PBB (polybrominated biphenyls), and some PBDEs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers).
Answer:
Plastic has a significant environmental effect since it takes a long time for it to degrade. Furthermore, as plastic components decompose in the sun, harmful chemicals are released into the soil, and when plastic parts are burned, hazardous substances are discharged into the air, producing ambient air pollution.
Wh ch of the following statements best describes the effect of climate on biome distribution? a.Average annual temperature and precipitation are sufficient to predict which biome will be found in an area b.Seasonal fluctuation of temperature is not a limiting factor in biome distribution if areas have the same annual temperature and precipitation means c.The average climate and pattern of climate are important in determining biome distribution d.Temperate forests and grasslands are different biomes because they receive a different quality and quantity of sunlight, even though they have essentially the same annual temperature and precipitation
Answer:
The correct option is C.
Explanation:
Climate refers to the average weather condition of a particular place over a period of about 35 years. Elements of climate include factors such as temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, cloudiness, atmospheric pressure, wind, sunshine, etc. There are different types of biomes all over the world.
Climate is a principal determinant of the type of biome that can be found in a particular place. This is because the type of climate obtainable in a place determine the types of vegetation and the corresponding animals that will be found in that particular place. Thus, the average climate pattern of climate are important in determining biome distribution.
Climate, characterized by temperature and rainfall, determines biome distribution. In terrestrial biomes, the variability in temperature and precipitation shapes the type of vegetation and animal life present in a particular biome. Similarly, in aquatic biomes, factors such as sunlight penetration, density, and temperature shape the structure and types of species in each biome.
Explanation:The best description of the effect of climate on biome distribution is that the average climate and patterns of climate are key in determining biome distribution. This is because the climate, characterized by predictable long-term atmospheric conditions, including temperature and rainfall, influences the type of vegetation and animal life that can thrive in a given area. These factors can vary based on the location's latitude, elevation, and other conditions. Biomes consist of multiple ecosystems with similar climates, which can be found in geographically distinct areas.
For instance, terrestrial biomes, including tropical wet forests, savannas, and deserts, each have characteristic climates. The tropical wet forest biome, characterized by warm temperatures, abundant water, and a year-round growing season, experiences high primary productivity, supporting a great variety of life. On the other hand, deserts and tundras, with their extreme temperatures and lack of water, have low primary productivity.
In aquatic biomes, other abiotic factors like sunlight penetration, water density, and temperature also shape the structure of these biomes. For example, different zones in the ocean will have different kinds of organisms adapted to conditions specific to each zone.
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What is the primary energy source tht drives all weather events, including precipitation,hurrcanes and tornados
Answer:
The answer is the sun!
A surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the douglas cul-de-sac (the rectouterine pouch) is called
Answer:
surgical puncture into the pelvic cavity to remove fluid from the space between the rectum and uterus, called the rectouterine pouch (Douglas's cul-de-sac).
Culdocentesis is the medical procedure that involves making a puncture to aspirate fluid from the douglas cul-de-sac (or rectouterine pouch).
Explanation:The procedure involved in making a puncture to aspirate fluid from the douglas cul-de-sac, also known as the rectouterine pouch, is referred to as culdocentesis. This medical technique involves inserting a needle into the area posterior to the vagina and anterior to the rectum to aspirate any fluid that might have accumulated due to different conditions such as ectopic pregnancy, pelvic inflammatory disease, or a ruptured ovarian cyst.
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How do the body’s exterior lines of defense prevent illness? (7th grade Science)
A) They prevent pathogens from entering the body.
B) They make antibodies to protect against new pathogens.
C) They warn the body that pathogens have entered the body.
D) They cause fevers so that the body is too hot for pathogens to survive.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
they prevent pathogens from entering the body because the human skin is made of a tough layer and is difficult to be penetrated by organisms. Even the mucous membrane (lines the digestive tract and respiratory tract) prevent pathogens from entering the body.
WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST!!
What statement(s) below best describe coordinate control of genes in eukaryotic cells?
Genes involved in a related metabolic process are scattered over different chromosomes, but their coactivation is achieved because they share a specific combination of control elements that bind to the same activator molecules.
Different genes that code for proteins involved in the same metabolic process share the same enhancer regions.
The coordinated expression of different genes involved in the same metabolic process is enhanced by the bending of DNA to bring the bound activators closer to the promoter to form a transcription factory.
I and II
I and III
II only
III only
The correct answer is options I and III, which demonstrate the complexity of coordinate control of genes in eukaryotic cells where gene activation can be achieved despite genes being located on different chromosomes.
Explanation:The statements that best describe coordinate control of genes in eukaryotic cells are: Genes involved in a related metabolic process are scattered over different chromosomes, but their coactivation is achieved because they share a specific combination of control elements that bind to the same activator molecules, and the coordinated expression of different genes involved in the same metabolic process is enhanced by the bending of DNA to bring the bound activators closer to the promoter to form a transcription factory. Therefore, the correct answer is options I and III. This reflects the complex nature of eukaryotic gene expression, which is regulated not just at the transcriptional level but also epigenetically and post-transcriptionally.
Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotic cells have a more complex system for gene regulation, involving multiple control elements, activators, and repressors that modify chromatin structure and DNA methylation. These epigenetic modifications control the accessibility of transcription factors to DNA, aiding in the precise and coordinated regulation of genes necessary for diverse cellular functions.
The lacZ and lacY genes are transcribed when:glucose levels are high and lactose levels are low.lactose is absent and glucose levels are high.glucose levels are low, regardless of the level of lactose in the cell.lactose is present, regardless of the level of glucose in the cell.lactose is present and glucose levels are low.
Answer:
lactose is present and glucose levels are low
Explanation:
Lactose operon or lac operon (includes lacZ and lacY genes) is found in some bacteria and the products of its genes are involved in lactose metabolism. So, this operon is active (genes are transcribed) when lactose is present and glucose is absent. The operon is regulated by the lac repressor which acts as a lactose sensor and catabolite activator protein (CAP) which acts as a glucose sensor.
When there is lactose (in the form of allolactose) lac repressor detects it and stops being repressor. This enables transcription.
CAP detects glucose (via cAMP) and activates transcription when glucose levels are low/
The lacZ and lacY genes are transcribed when lactose is present and glucose levels are low. This occurs because allolactose, an inducer, prevents the repressor protein from binding to the operator, allowing transcription to occur. Additionally, low levels of glucose activate the transcription through the cAMP-catabolite activator protein (CAP) complex.
Explanation:The lacZ and lacY genes are transcribed when lactose is present and glucose levels are low. The lac operon is a classic example of an inducible operon, meaning that it is only transcribed under specific conditions. When lactose is present, it is converted to allolactose, which acts as an inducer and prevents the repressor protein from binding to the operator. Additionally, when glucose levels are low, cAMP binds to the catabolite activator protein (CAP), which then activates the transcription of the lac operon.
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Benjy is a preschooler. He can put a dish into the microwave and press the "2" button to cook for 2 minutes. One day he sees his mother wipe the front of the microwave with a damp paper towel before she presses a number button. After that, Benjy rubs the front of the microwave with a napkin before he presses the number button. Why?
It is because little kids and toddlers copy everything that they see other people do. If they see you doing something, then they think they are supposed to do it too, and they copy you. Also they are “like sponges”(that’s what my mom says) and “soak up(/remember) everything”.
17. Which of the following examples of an ecological effect leading to an evolutionary effect is most correct? A) When seeds are not plentiful, trees produce more seeds. B) A few organisms of a larger population survive a drought, and then these survivors emigrate to less arid environments. C) A few individuals with denser fur survive the coldest days of an ice age, and the reproducing survivors of the ice age all have dense fur. D) Fish that swim the fastest in running water catch the most prey and more easily escape predation. E) The insects that spend the most time exposed to sunlight have the most mutations.
Answer:
The correct option is C.
Explanation:
Evolution refers to the gradual development of living organisms from earlier forms to the forms that exist today. One of the principal factors that lead to evolution is the ability of an organism to adapt to adverse changes in its environment. Organisms that are able to survive adverse changes in their environments usually go on to produce offspring that possess their parents' ability to survive. A good example of this is given in option C, where individuals with denser fur were able to survive from severe cold and then give birth to young ones that inherit their parents' ability to survive severe cold.
Final answer:
An ecological effect leading to an evolutionary effect is most correctly exemplified by a few individuals with dense fur surviving an ice age and passing this trait to future generations, illustrating natural selection.
Explanation:
The example that most correctly illustrates an ecological effect leading to an evolutionary effect is C) A few individuals with denser fur survive the coldest days of an ice age, and the reproducing survivors of the ice age all have dense fur. This situation exemplifies the concept of natural selection, where specific traits that enhance survival in a given environment become more prevalent in the population over time. In this case, the dense fur is an advantageous trait during the ice age, allowing individuals with this trait to survive, reproduce, and pass the trait to future generations.
Natural selection is driven by factors such as variation of traits among individuals, competition for limited resources, and the fact that more offspring are produced than can survive. When an environmental challenge, like an ice age, presents itself, not all individuals have traits well-suited to survive under the new conditions. Those with beneficial traits, such as denser fur, have a higher chance of survival and reproduction, leading to evolutionary changes in the population.
A biology student is studying the effects of acid rain on tomato plants. He plants four tomato plants in identical pots, using the same type of soil to fill each pot. He places the pots together in the same location. They receive the same amount of sunlight and water each day. The only difference is the pH of the water used to water the plants. The first plant receives water with a neutral pH of 7, which will allow the student to better determine the effects of giving plants water that is more acidic. The second plant receives water with a pH of 5. The third receives water with a pH of 3. The fourth receives water with a pH of 1. What is the serious flaw in the design of this experiment?
Answer:
he used multiple different types of water the experiment is to broad
Explanation:
he can't compare 4 different ph's in 1 experiment
A blood clot that develops at a distant site and then travels to a blood vessel where it becomes lodged and blocks blood flow is called a(n) embolism. thrombosis. aneurysm. hemorrhage.
I believe it is an embolism
The polypeptide encoded by the glucose carrier gene has a signal sequence. As a result, the ribosome and the polypeptide that is beginning to be made will be transported to the _________ (a cellular compartment) where translation will continue. Then the newly made glucose carrier protein will travel through ______________ (another cellular compartment), and then finally be sent to the plasma membrane. Once there, it will allow glucose to enter the cell through _________________ (simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion or active transport).
Answer:
The correct words for the three blanks are as follows:
1. Endoplasmic reticulum. 2. Golgi apparatus. 3. Facilitated diffusion.
Explanation:
During the translation stage of protein synthesis, signal sequences are either attached or excluded from a synthesized protein in order to indicate the right location it should be sent to. Proteins that possess signal sequences are usually sent to the endoplasmic reticulum, where they will be folded into their right shapes. From the endoplasmic reticulum the proteins are then transported into Golgi apparatus via membrane vesicles. In the Golgi apparatus, proteins undergo their final modifications before they are transported to their final destinations. The final destination of glucose carrier proteins is the plasma membrane, where they help glucose molecules to enter the cell via facilitated diffusion.
Kendrew’s studies of the globular myoglobin structure demonstrated that: A) “corners” between α-helical regions invariably lacked proline residue. B) highly polar or charged amino acid residues tended to be located interiorally. C) myoglobin was completely different from hemoglobin, as expected. D) the structure was very compact, with virtually no internal space available for water. E) the α helix predicted by Pauling and Corey was not found in myoglobin.
Answer:
D) the structure was very compact, with virtually no internal space available for water.
Explanation:
John Kendrew was the first scientist who determined the structure of the protein myoglobin and he won the Nobel price for his discovery. He and his colleagues examined the structure of the protein using the X-ray crystallography. He defied myoglobin (oxygen-carrying molecule) as compact ( no water inside the molecule) with lack of symmetry. There were no channels in the protein and the internal volume was small. Hem group was located on the surface.
John Kendrew's studie on myoglobin revealed that the structure was very compact with virtually no internal space for water, polar or charged amino acids are often found on the surface while non-polar amino acids are typically in the interior of the protein. The α-helix structure predicted by Pauling and Corey was indeed found in myoglobin. This understanding is crucial for protein function.
Explanation:John Kendrew's studies on the structure of myoglobin a globular protein provided insightful information about protein structure and amino acid placement. Kendrew's work demonstrated that the structure was very compact with virtually no internal space available for water which suggests answer D is correct. Importantly, polar or charged amino acids were often located on the surface (option A), while non-polar amino acids were typically placed in the interior of the protein (option B). The α-helix structure predicted by Pauling and Corey was indeed found in myoglobin, contradicting option E. Furthermore, 'corners' between α-helical regions lacked proline residue as stated in option A.
This concept also applies to the membrane protein where polar and charged amino acids are found on the surface and non-polar amino acids reside in the interior (option D). This organization of proteins is crucial to their function. Clocking in at every helical turn in an alpha helix 3.6 amino acid residues demonstrate the significant structural role of the α-helix and β-pleated sheet structures in most globular and fibrous proteins. The complex three-dimensional tertiary structure of proteins is also an important element for their function with the nature of the R groups in the amino acids playing a big role in the formation of this structure.
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Which is not typical of the limbs and locomotion of the primates in general?
not typical, are primates that walk like humans because of the fact that hind quarters, or what we call the tibia are not long enough to withstand the vertical weight of the animal.
Arm Swinging is not typical of the limbs and locomotion of the primates in general.
What is Arm Swinging?Arm swing in human bipedal walking is a natural motion wherein each arm swings with the motion of the opposing leg. Swinging arms in an opposing direction with respect to the lower limb reduces the angular momentum of the body, balancing the rotational motion produced during walking.Arm Swinging is not typical of the limbs and locomotion of the primates in general.
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All else being equal, selection should more strongly favor reinforcement of reproductive isolation among related species in:peripatric populations over sympatric populations.peripatric populations over allopatric populations.allopatric populations over peripatric populations.allopatric populations over sympatric populations.sympatric populations over allopatric populations.
Answer:
sympatric populations over allopatric populations.
Explanation:
Allopatric speciation is a form of speciation (creation of new species) that occurs as a result of geographic isolation. This means that a part of population becomes physically separated from the initial main population. There is no gene flow between these two populations and as a result the two populations reach a high level of genetic divergence. They can no longer interbreed which means they become two different species (speciation).
New populations evolve as result of mutation, genetic drift and natural selection.
Sympatric speciation is a form of speciation without geographic isolation, usually due to the reproductive isolation or changes in the chromosomes of the organism.