using your knowledge of colligative properties explain whether sodium chloride or calcium chloride would be a more effective substance to melt the ice on a slick sidewalk. I already know that it is Calcium chloride but I don't have the answer completely worked out. can someone help explain it please? thank you

Final answer:

Rutherford's expected outcome of the gold-foil experiment was for the alpha particles to pass through the foil un-deflected, but the actual outcome showed scattering of the particles at large angles. This discovery challenged the plum pudding model of the atom and led to the development of the nuclear model.

Explanation:

Rutherford's expected outcome of the gold-foil experiment was that the alpha particles would pass through the gold foil un-deflected, similar to bullets passing through a Styrofoam sheet. However, the actual outcome of the experiment showed that while most of the alpha particles did pass through the foil without deflection, some were scattered at large angles and a few even came back in the direction they came from.

This result, known as Rutherford scattering, indicated that the gold nuclei were actually very small compared to the size of the gold atom. It suggested the presence of a small, dense, positively-charged nucleus at the center of the atom. This discovery challenged the plum pudding model of the atom and led to the development of the nuclear model of the atom.

Answer:

In metallic bonds the electrons of the valence shell can move freely within the metal, thus explaining its electric conductivity.

Answer : All the statements are true.

Explanation :

Viscosity : It measures the resistance of a liquid to flow is known as the viscosity.

There are many factors affects the viscosity which are temperature, pressure, molecular weight and inter-molecular forces.

There is an inverse relationship between the viscosity and the temperature. As the temperature decreases, viscosity increases and the temperature increases, viscosity decrease.

There is a direct relationship between the viscosity and the pressure. As the pressure decreases, viscosity decreases and the pressure increases, viscosity increases.

There is a direct relationship between the viscosity and the molecular weight. As the molecular weight decreases, viscosity decreases and the molecular weight increases, viscosity increases.

There is a direct relationship between the viscosity and the inter-molecular force. As the inter-molecular force decreases, viscosity decreases and the inter-molecular force increases, viscosity increases.

Hence, all the statements are true.

Statements about viscosity are true:

(i) viscosity increases as temperature decreases.

(ii) viscosity increases as molecular weight increases.

(iii) viscosity increases as intermolecular forces increase

Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow. A viscous fluid flows slowly, while a non-viscous fluid flows quickly.

(i) Temperature affects viscosity because it affects the kinetic energy of the molecules in a fluid. As temperature decreases, the kinetic energy of the molecules decreases. This means that the molecules move more slowly, and the fluid becomes more viscous.

(ii) Molecular weight affects viscosity because it affects the strength of the intermolecular forces between the molecules in a fluid. As molecular weight increases, the intermolecular forces become stronger. This means that it is more difficult for the molecules to move past each other, and the fluid becomes more viscous.

(iii) Intermolecular forces affect viscosity because they are the forces that hold the molecules in a fluid together. As intermolecular forces increase, the molecules are held more tightly together. This means that it is more difficult for the molecules to move past each other, and the fluid becomes more viscous.

Therefore, all three statements about viscosity are true.

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According to the concept of solubility and lipids being hydrophobic they are insoluble in water and hence would float on water.

Solubility is defined as the ability of a substance which is basically solute to form a solution with another substance. There is an extent to which a substance is soluble in a particular solvent. This is generally measured as the concentration of a solute present in a saturated solution.

The solubility mainly depends on the composition of solute and solvent ,its pH and presence of other dissolved substance. It is also dependent on temperature and pressure which is maintained.Concept of solubility is not valid for chemical reactions which are irreversible. The dependency of solubility on various factors is due to interactions between the particles, molecule or ions.

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Final answer:

The compound being a liquid at room temperature, dissolving in water, and the resulting solution being weakly conducting indeed suggests it is a polar molecular compound. This is because its behavior aligns with polar molecular compounds' typical properties, such as solubility in water and poor conductivity compared to ionic solutions.

Explanation:

The statement that a compound is a liquid at room temperature, dissolves in water, and the resulting solution is weakly conducting, indicating that the compound is polar molecular, is true. This can be understood by considering the basic properties of molecular and ionic compounds. Molecular compounds, which are composed of molecules formed by covalent bonds, can be polar if they have an uneven distribution of electron charge. When such a polar molecular compound dissolves in water, which itself is a polar solvent, it can interact with water molecules through hydrogen bonding or dipole-dipole interactions. This explains the solubility of the compound in water.

However, the weak conductivity of the solution suggests that it does not contain free ions in large amounts, as would be expected from an ionic compound dissolved in water. Instead, the slight conductivity can be attributed to a small degree of ionization or the presence of polar molecules that are not completely non-conductive but are far less efficient in conducting electricity than ions. Therefore, considering the compound's liquid state at room temperature, its solubility in water, and its weak electrical conductivity in solution, it aligns well with the characteristics of a polar molecular compound rather than an ionic compound.

Final answer:

The empirical formula of the tin oxide with 78.77% tin by mass is SnO2, also known as tin (IV) oxide.

Explanation:

One of the several oxides of tin found in the earth's crust is 78.77% by mass tin. To determine its empirical formula and name, we first assume a 100 g sample for simple calculations. This approach implies we have 78.77 g of tin (Sn) and the remainder, 21.23 g, being oxygen (O).

To find the mole ratio, we divide the mass of each element by its respective atomic mass (Sn = 118.71 g/mol, O = 16.00 g/mol), resulting in:

By dividing each element's mole count by the smallest number of moles obtained, we find the empirical formula ratio. In this case, the ratio for Sn to O approximates to 1:2. Hence, the empirical formula of the tin oxide in question is SnO2, which is commonly named tin (IV) oxide.

Answer:

The value of solubility product of barium sulfate is [tex] 3.09\times 10^{-6}[/tex].

Explanation:

[tex]BaSO_4\rightarrow Ba^{2+}+SO_4^{2-}[/tex]

                         S         S

1 mole of barium sulfate dissociates into 1 mole of barium ion and one mole sulfate ion.

So, [tex][Ba^{2+}]=[SO_4^{2-}]=S[/tex]

[tex][Ba^{2+}]=S=1.76\times 10^{-3} M[/tex]

The solubility product the barium sulfate will be given by:

[tex]K_{sp}=S\times S=S^2[/tex]

[tex]K_{sp}= (1.76\times 10^{-3})^2=3.09\times 10^{-6}[/tex]

The value of solubility product of barium sulfate is [tex] 3.09\times 10^{-6}[/tex].

There are many compounds in organic chemistry containing carbonyl group as the part of their structure.

First kind of compounds with carbonyl group are carbonyl compounds (aldehyde with R-CHO and ketone, RCOR' as their structural formula)

Next, Carboxylic acid and their derivatives

Carboxylic acid: RCOOH

Ester: RCOOR'

Acid chloride: RCOCl

Anhydride: (RCO)2O

Amide: RCONH2

And carbohydrates, amino acids also have Carbonyl group in their structures.

Structure of carbonyl group: -C=O

The function of cell membrane is to  protect the cell from its surroundings by controlling the movement of substances in and out of the cells.

The cell membrane, provides protection for a cell. It also provides a fixed environment inside the cell, and that membrane has several different functions. One is to transport nutrients into the cell and also to transport toxic substances out of the cell. Another is that the membrane of the cell, which would be the plasma membrane, will have proteins on it which interact with other cells.

Those proteins can be glycoproteins, meaning there's a sugar and a protein moiety, or they could be lipid proteins, meaning that there's a fat and a protein. And those proteins which stick outside of the plasma membrane will allow for one cell to interact with another cell. The cell membrane also provides some structural support for a cell.

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Answer:

ClCO2

Explanation:

Answer: The chemical equation is;

[tex]PbS(s)+2HCl(aq)\rightarrow PbCl_2(s)+H_2S(g)[/tex]

Explanation:

The described reaction between solid lead sulfide and aqueous hydrochloric acid can represented in the in the form of chemical equation as given below:

[tex]PbS(s)+2HCl(aq)\rightarrow PbCl_2(s)+H_2S(g)[/tex]

1 mol of lead(ii) sulfide reacts with hydrochloric acid to give 1 mole of lead chloride and hydrogen sulfide gas.

The balanced chemical equation is: PbS(s) + 2 HCl(aq) -> PbCl2(s) + H2S(g)

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between solid lead(II) sulfide and aqueous hydrochloric acid is:

PbS(s) + 2 HCl(aq) -> PbCl2(s) + H2S(g)

In this reaction, solid lead(II) sulfide reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce solid lead(II) chloride and dihydrogen sulfide gas. The phases in the equation are represented by 's' for solid, 'aq' for aqueous, and 'g' for gas.

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When 0.30 moles of water react with excess sodium, 0.15 moles of hydrogen gas are produced, judged by the 2:1 molar ratio between water and hydrogen in the reaction.

The reaction between water (H2O) and sodium (Na) produces sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrogen gas (H2). The balanced chemical equation for this reaction is: 2Na + 2H2O -> 2NaOH + H2.

In this reaction, it's clear that the molar ratio between water and hydrogen gas is 2:1. That means, for every two moles of water consumed in the reaction, one mole of hydrogen gas is produced. If only 0.30 moles of water is reacted, then 0.30 / 2 = 0.15 moles of hydrogen gas would be produced.

So, in the reaction of 0.30 moles of water and excess sodium, 0.15 moles of hydrogen gas would be produced.

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The net ionic equation for the reaction will be [tex]\rm \bold{2\;H^+\;+\;2\;OH^-\;\rightarrow\;2\;H_2O}[/tex].

A chemical equation has been the chemical representation of the reactants involved with the formed products. The ionic equation has been consisted of the ionic form of the reactants and products.

The reaction for Sulfuric acid and Sodium hydroxide will be:

[tex]\rm H_2SO_4\;+\;2\;NaOH\;\rightarrow\;Na_2SO_4\;+\;2\;H_2O[/tex]

The ionic equation for reactants will be:

[tex]\rm H_2SO_4\;+\;2\;NaOH[/tex] = [tex]\rm 2\;H^+\;+\;SO_4^2^-\;+\;2\;Na^+\;2\;OH^-[/tex]

The ionic equation for the products has been:

[tex]\rm Na_2SO_4\;+\;2\;H_2O[/tex] = [tex]\rm 2\;Na^+\;+\;SO_4^2^-\;+\;4\;H^+\;+\;2\;O^-[/tex]

The total equation will be:

[tex]\rm 2\;H^+\;+\;SO_4^2^-\;+\;2\;Na^+\;2\;OH^-[/tex] [tex]\rightarrow[/tex] [tex]\rm 2\;Na^+\;+\;SO_4^2^-\;+\;4\;H^+\;+\;2\;O^-[/tex]

In the net ionic equation, the ions same on both sides of the products and reactants are eliminated.

The net ionic equation for the reaction will be:

[tex]\rm 2\;H^+\;+\;2\;OH^-\;\rightarrow\;4\;H^+\;+\;2O^-[/tex]

[tex]\rm \bold{2\;H^+\;+\;2\;OH^-\;\rightarrow\;2\;H_2O}[/tex]

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On Ed. the exact answer is 0.0066.