What is the hybridization of sb in the molecule sbcl52–? antimony (sb) can accept up to twelve electrons?
Answers
The valence electron configuration for antimony (Sb) is:
Sb = 5s²5p³5d⁰
In SbCl₅²⁻, antimony has a -2 charge i.e. it has 2 additional electrons
Sb²⁻ = 5s²5p⁵5d⁰
Following a two electron transition from p→d orbital we have:
Sb²⁻ = 5s²5p³5d²
There is a total of 5 unpaired electrons (3 in the p and 2 in the d) which can form five bonds with the 5 Cl atoms.
Thus the hybridisation of Sb in SbCl₅²⁻ is sp³d²
The hybridization of [tex]{\text{SbCl}}_5^{2 - }[/tex] is [tex]\boxed{{\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^3}{{\text{d}}^2}}[/tex]. Antimony (Sb) can accept 12 electrons.
Further Explanation:
Prediction of hybridization:
The hybridization can be determined by calculating the number of hybrid orbitals (X) which is formed by the atom. The formula to calculate the number of hybrid orbitals (X) is as follows:
[tex]\boxed{{\text{X = }}\frac{1}{2}\left[ {{\text{VE}} + {\text{MA}} - c + a} \right]}[/tex]
Where,
VE is a total number of valence electrons of the central atom.MA is total number of monovalent atoms/groups surrounding the central atom.c is the charge on the cation if the given species is a polyatomic cation.a is the charge on the anion if the given species is a polyatomic anion.Note: In MA only monovalent species should be considered and for divalent atoms or groups MA is equal to zero.
Generally, the least electronegative atom is considered as the central atom. Calculate the hybridization as follows:
1. If the value of X is 2 then it means two hybrid orbitals are to be formed and thus the hybridization is sp.
2. If the value of X is 3 then it means three hybrid orbitals are to be formed and thus the hybridization is [tex]s{p^2}[/tex].
3. If the value of X is 4 then it means four hybrid orbitals are to be formed and thus the hybridization is [tex]s{p^3}[/tex].
4. If the value of X is 5 then it means five hybrid orbitals are to be formed and thus the hybridization is [tex]s{p^3}d[/tex].
5. If the value of X is 6 then it means six hybrid orbitals are to be formed and thus the hybridization is [tex]s{p^3}{d^2}[/tex].
The ground state electronic configuration for antimony (Sb) is [tex]\left[ {{\text{Kr}}} \right]{\text{ }}4{d^{10}}5{s^2}5{p^3}[/tex]
Therefore, the valence electrons associated with antimony (Sb) atom are 5.
Since chlorine is a monovalent atom thus the total number of monovalent atoms surrounding the central atom (MA) is 5.
Since the molecule is an anionic species and has -2 charge thus the value of a is 2.
Substitute these values in the above formula.
[tex]\begin{aligned}{\text{X}}&=\frac{1}{2}\left[{{\text{VE}}+{\text{MA}}-c+a}\right]\\&=\frac{1}{2}\left[{{\text{5}}+{\text{5}}-0+2}\right]\\&=\frac{1}{2}\left[{12}\right]\\&=\boxed6\\\end{aligned}[/tex]
Since the value of X is 6, it means 6 hybrid orbitals are to be formed and therefore the hybridization of [tex]{\mathbf{SbCl}}_{\mathbf{5}}^{{\mathbf{2}} - }[/tex] is [tex]{\mathbf{s}}{{\mathbf{p}}^{\mathbf{3}}}{{\mathbf{d}}^{\mathbf{2}}}[/tex].
The formula to calculate total number of valence electrons of [tex]{\mathbf{SbCl}}_{\mathbf{5}}^{{\mathbf{2}} - }[/tex] is as follows:
Total valence electrons= [(1) (Valence electrons of Sb) + (5) (Valence electrons of Cl) + Negative charge]
[tex]\begin{aligned} {\text{Total valence electrons}}\left({{\text{TVE}}}\right)&=\left[{\left({\text{1}}\right)\left({\text{5}}\right)+\left({\text{5}}\right)\left({\text{7}}\right)+\left(2\right)}\right]\\&=42\\\end{aligned}[/tex]
According to the Lewis structure of [tex]{\text{SbCl}}_{\text{5}}^{2 - }[/tex] ( refer to the image attached) central atom, Sb has an expanded valence shell in which 12 electrons are present. Therefore, Antimony (Sb) can accept 12 electrons.
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Answer details:
Grade: Senior School
Subject: Chemistry
Chapter: Covalent bonding and molecular structure
Keywords: Hybridization, antimony, geometry, sp3d2, steric number, 6,d orbital, SbCl52-, Lewis structure, hybridization of SbCl52-, central atom, chlorine, shape, d2sp3, total valence charge.
Related Questions
Which statement applies to electronegativity?
A.) Electronegativity increases across a period.
B.) All atoms with the same number of electron shells have equal
electronegativities.
C.) Electronegativity is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from
a gaseous atom.
D.) Electronegativity increases down a group.
Answers
Answer: The correct answer is Option A.
Explanation:
Electronegativity is defined as the tendency of an atom to attract the shared pair of electrons towards itself whenever a bond is formed.
This property increases as we move from left to right across a period because the number of charge on the nucleus gets increased and electrons are attracted more towards the nucleus.
This property decreases as we move from top to bottom in a group because the electrons get add up in the new shells which make them further away from the nucleus.
Thus, the correct answer is Option A.
What is the driving force for the reaction of hcl(aq) and naoh(aq)?
Answers
The reaction between HCl and NaOH, an acid-base reaction, is driven by proton transfer from acid to base. The resulting products are water and salt, as represented by the molecular and net ionic equations. The forward drive of the reaction is due to stability from water formation and heat release.
Explanation:The driving force for the reaction of HCl(aq) and NaOH(aq) is the transfer of a proton (H+) from the acid (HCl) to the base (NaOH). This process is known as an acid-base reaction. The result is the formation of water (H2O) and a salt (NaCl), which is exothermic in nature, meaning it releases heat.
This can be represented by the molecular equation: HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) -> NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
And the net ionic equation: H+(aq) + OH-(aq) -> H2O(l)
The reaction is driven forward due to the formation of stable water molecules and the release of heat.
The driving force for the reaction between HCl(aq) and NaOH(aq) is the formation of a precipitate, which is a solid product that forms when two solutions are mixed. In this reaction, sodium chloride (NaCl) is formed as a solid precipitate. The balanced molecular equation for the reaction is:
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H₂O(l)
This equation shows that one molecule of hydrochloric acid reacts with one molecule of sodium hydroxide to form one molecule of sodium chloride and one molecule of water.
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Which element is placed in the same period as ruthenium but has a higher atomic number than it
Answers
Answer:
The answer is Silver.
Explanation:
The complete question is:
"Which element is placed in the same period as ruthenium but has a higher atomic number than it? bismuth osmium silver zirconium"
In the periodic table the elements are arranged so that those with similar chemical properties are located close to each other.
The horizontal rows of the periodic table are called periods. The elements that make up the same row have different properties but similar masses: all the elements of a period have the same number of orbitals. In other words, the period that an element occupies coincides with its last electronic layer. In other words, an element with five electronic layers will be in the fifth period.
The atomic number is represented by the letter Z and is the number of protons that have their atoms in the nucleus. The atomic number of silver [47] is higher than that of ruthenium [44] because silver has higher number of protons more than ruthenium. Ruthenium and silver are in the same period and they have the same number of atomic orbital but have different atomic numbers.
So the answer is Silver.
Part
b.1. 6 m h2so4 is carelessly substituted for 6 m hcl. will more or fewer drops of 6 m h2so4 be required for the litmus to change color? explain.
Answers
Therefore, fewer drops of H₂SO₄ will be required in order to change the color of the litmus paper.
If you were to place the beaker containing the products of the reaction between copper ii chloride and aluminum on a balance, how would the mass of these products compare to the mass of the initial reactants. explain your answer.
Answers
In the periodic table, the elements are organized into groups based on
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Which of the following properties is the temperature at which a liquid turns to gas?
Answers
Answer: Boiling Point
Explanation: The temperature at which a liquid turns into the gas is known as Boiling Point.
Boiling point is defined as the temperature in which the liquid phase of any substance is converted into the vapor state.
Boiling point of the liquid varies depending upon the the environmental surroundings. Its is the rapid vaporization of the liquid. It has ability to get reduced when the external pressure increases.
In the modern quantum mechanical theory of the atom, electron movement is thought to be a
A. Particle moving around a positively charged nucleus
B. "Cloud" of negative charge in the centre
C. Negatively charged particle at a certain energy level
D. "Cloud" of negative charge occupying the space at a certain energy level.
Answers
In the modern quantum mechanical theory of the atom, electron movement is thought to be a
"Cloud" of negative charge occupying the space at a certain energy level.So, option D is correct one.
What is modern quantum mechanical theory of the atom?The modern quantum mechanical theory of the atom is also known as quantum mechanical or mechanical model.This model states that there an electron in an atom with certain states or energies.This theory uses complex shapes of orbitals called electron clouds .learn about quantum mechanics,
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Which term best describes an animal that eats dead and decaying meat? A. predator B. producer C. decomposer D. scavenger
Answers
holp this helps :D
Scavenger animals are adapted to feed on dead and decaying meat and usually feed on the carcasses left over by predatory animals. An example is how vultures pick off the meat from a zebra carcass that has been left over after a lion pack has finished eating from it.
How do u convert 0.171 tsp into drops
Answers
To know how many drops do 0.171 teaspoon contains, we can simply use cross multiplication as follows:
number of drops = (0.171 x 76.002146) / 1 = 12.9963 drops
Alcohol and water have different boiling points. Which method would you use to separate them
Answers
Answer:
Distillation.
Explanation:
Distillation is the separation technique which can be used for separation of any two liquids of different boiling points.
The boiling point of water is near 100 degree celsius while that of alcohol is less than it.
So if we separate them with distillation, then alcohol will separate out first.
If two liquids have close boiling points then we can use fractional distillation.
If a small amount of the unknown solute fails to dissolve in the lauric acid, will the molar mass that you calculate for unknown solute be too high or too low?
Answers
To avoid that this happens, ensure that all of the solute dissolves well in solvent by mechanical means (stirring, shaking, etc) or introducing heat.
What is the symbol of the element in group 4a 14 and period 2?
Answers
The symbol of silicon is:
²⁸Si₁₄
Why do chemists sometimes refer to the process of joining sugars as condensation reactions?
Answers
The condensation reaction is a reaction that will combine two or more molecule and produce a small molecule like water. Reaction to create disaccharide(lactose, sucrose) sugar will need two monosaccharide sugar molecule and produce a bigger sugar(twice as big) and water.
A major component of gasoline is octane c8h18 . when octane is burned in air, it chemically reacts with oxygen gas o2 to produce carbon dioxide co2 and water h2o . what mass of water is produced by the reaction of 9.8g of octane
Answers
2C8H18 + 25O2 .........> 16CO2 + 18H2O
From the periodic table:
molecular mass of carbon = 12 grams
molecular mass of oxygen = 16 grams
molecular mass of hydrogen = 1 gram
therefore,
molar mass of octane = 8(12)+18(1) = 114 grams
molar mass of water = 2(1) + 16 = 18 grams
From the balanced chemical equation, we can notice that:
2 x 114 = 228 grams of octane are required to produce 18 x 18 = 324 grams of water.
Therefore, to know the amount of water produced from 9.8 grams of octane, we will simply do cross multiplication as follows:
amount of water = (9.8 x 324) / 228 = 13.926 grams
Which of the following is not equal 225 g?
A. 0.225 kg
B. 22,500 cg
C. 2.25 dkg
D. 2250 dg
Answers
225 g = 22.5 dkg
C is the answer
Answer: C) 2.25 dkg
Explanation: 1 kg = 1000 g
A) [tex]0.225kg(\frac{1000g}{1kg})[/tex] = 225 g
B) cg stands for centigrams. 1 g = 100 cg
So, [tex]22500cg(\frac{1g}{100cg})[/tex] = 225 g
C) dkg stands for decagrams. dag is also used in place of dkg which also means decagram.
1 dkg = 10 g
[tex]2.25dkg(\frac{10g}{1dkg})[/tex] = 22.5 g
D) dg stands for decigram.
1 g = 10 dg
[tex]2250dg(\frac{1g}{10dg})[/tex] = 225 g
On converting all the given mass units to grams, we see that it's choice C which is not equal to 225 g and so it is the right choice.
an atom of calcium loses two electrons. What is the charge on an ion of calcium?
a. +3
b. 0
c. -2
d. +2
Answers
The electrical charge of the calcium ion is +2.
If an atom of calcium loses two electrons, the charge that will be occupied on an ion of calcium is +2. Thus, the correct option for this question is D.
What are Electrons?Electrons may be defined as the type of sub-atomic particles that are consistently revolving around the nucleus of an atom. These sub-atomic particles are negatively charged in nature. The discovery of electrons is known to be done by J.J. Thomson.
It is the phenomenon that when an atom loses its electrons, it will definitely occupy the positive charge on its atom.
While when an atom gains electrons from another atom, it will occupy the negative charge on its atom.
In the above example, an atom of calcium loses two electrons, so it will occupy the charge of +2 on its atom.
Therefore, if an atom of calcium loses two electrons, the charge that will be occupied on an ion of calcium is +2. Thus, the correct option for this question is D.
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Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons are classified as
Answers
A(n) _______ is a substance of two or more atoms held together with chemical bonds.
Answers
Chemistry is the science of materials, their composition and structure and the changes they undergo, we study chemistry because
Answers
Answer:
To get a better understanding of all materials we come on contact with and how they affect and help us !
Explanation:
Which process is responsible for the greatest loss of energy from Earth’s surface into space on a clear night?
Answers
The greatest loss of energy from Earth's surface into space on a clear night occurs through radiative heat transfer, with the lack of clouds allowing more heat to escape as infrared radiation.
The process responsible for the greatest loss of energy from Earth's surface into space on a clear night is radiative heat transfer to cold outer space. The absence of clouds on clear nights means that energy can be lost more easily as infrared radiation, cooling the Earth's surface. Clouds act like insulators due to their lower emissivity, reflecting some of the radiation back to Earth and thereby reducing heat transfer. Whereas during cloudy nights, the clouds absorb and re-emit infrared radiation, keeping the surface warmer. Furthermore, the presence of greenhouse gases also reduces heat loss, acting like a blanket that keeps the Earth warm.
(a) calculate the molarity of a solution made by dissolving 0.0815 mol na2so4 in enough water to form exactly 550. ml of solution.
Answers
0.0815mol / 0.550L = 0.148mol/L
The laws of electrostatics predict that protons will
Answers
(1) The first one talks about the similarities in the charges of the particles and what happens to them. This states that like charges repel.
(2) The second one quantifies the field between two particles with equation showing that field is directly proportional to the masses and inversely to the square of the distance between them.
In this item, we can then say that the protons (having the same charges) will have to repel from each other in accordance to statement 1 of the law.
What is the mass of a single fluorine molecule, f2?
Answers
.
Which step comes last in the scientific method?
testing a hypothesis
developing a theory
conducting an experiment
proposing a hypothesis
Answers
Answer: developing a theory
Explanation: Scientific method are the methods which help us to get acknowledged with the new facts and theories which have been tested by the scientists through rigorous experimentation.
So the first step of scientific method is proposing a theory in which the scientists propose their facts and views under the name of the theory.
After proposing the hypothesis, testing of the hypothesis will take place by conducting an experiment. After the experiment has been conducted then only they can develop a theory and this will be their final step.
Thus the last step will be the 'developing a theory' .
Which of the pairs of molecular structures shown below depict enantiomers (enantiomeric forms) of the same molecule?
Answers
Final answer:
Enantiomers are stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images with identical physical properties but differing in their interaction with polarized light and other chiral molecules. Structure I and II, with the opposite configuration of chiral centers, are enantiomers if they are non-superimposable.
Explanation:
Enantiomers are a type of stereoisomers, which have the same molecular formula and bond connectivity but differ in the three-dimensional spatial arrangement of atoms. These molecules are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. If we consider two structures labeled A and B, and they possess this mirror image relationship, A and B are enantiomers.
For two structures to be enantiomers, each chiral center in one molecule must have the opposite configuration (R or S) than the corresponding chiral center in the other molecule. This results in a pair of enantiomers having identical physical properties such as melting point, boiling point, and density. However, they differ in the way they interact with polarized light and with other chiral molecules, such as proteins.
In the given example where structure I has R and S configuration and structure II has S and R configuration, these structures are indeed enantiomers of each other, assuming they are non-superimposable mirror images.
The density of mercury metal is 13.6 g/ml. what is the mass of 2.5 l
Answers
mass = density x volumemass = 13.6 g/mL ( 2.5 L ) ( 1000 mL / 1 L )mass = 34000 g
Answer: The mass of mercury is 34000 grams.
Explanation:
To calculate mass of a substance, we use the equation:
[tex]\text{Density of substance}=\frac{\text{Mass of substance}}{\text{Volume of substance}}[/tex]
We are given:
Density of mercury = [tex]13.6g/ml[/tex]
Volume of mercury = [tex]2.5L=2500ml[/tex] [tex]1L=1000mL[/tex]
Putting values in above equation, we get:
[tex]13.6g/ml=\frac{\text{Mass of mercury}}{2500ml}\\\\\text{Mass of mercury}=34000g[/tex]
Hence, the mass of mercury is 34000 grams.
If you measure the mass of a liquid is 11.50 g and its volume as 9.03 ml how many significant figures should its density value have
Answers
To get a result with the best degree of precision, the number of significant figures should be equal to the smallest number of significant figures of the given numbers. In this case, the smallest is 3 as given by the number 9.03 mL.
Therefore density is:
11.50 g / 9.03 mL = 1.27 g/mL
Answer:
Three(3) significant figures.
Explanation:
Okay, we are given the following values from the question; mass of the liquid = 11.50 grams(g) = four significant figures and the volume of the liquid= 9.03 millitres (mL) = three significant figures. And then we are to find how many significant figures our answer is going to be. Is it three significant figures, four significant figures or even more?. Before deciding what number of significant figures we are going to use for our answer let us find the value for the density first.
The formula for density is; mass/ volume.
==> 11.50 grams/ 9.03 ml. (Since we are not concerned about the units; the question did not specify us to use any unit, so we will let it be).
=> 1.27353266888 (grams/mL).
So, the rule for rounding off says that: (1). If you are operating on addition and subtraction, you should round off based on decimal numbers from your data that has the least and,
(2). If you are operating on multiplication and division, then you should go for your data value that has the least significant figures.
So, the second rule applies here, and from the question the value with the least significant figures is 9.03 which has three(3) significant figures.
How to tell if a compound is aqueous solid or liquid, or a gas?
Answers
Hope this helps
A substance that can be separated into two or more substances only by a chemical change is a(n) _____. (1 point) solution element mixture compound
Answers
Hope this helps
A compound is a substance that can be separated into simpler substances and elements only by a chemical change.
Explanation:A compound is a substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion. It can only be separated into simpler substances and elements through a chemical change. Unlike mixtures, compounds have different chemical and physical properties compared to their individual elements.