How many valence electrons does boron need to be stable?
If 68.0 grams of n2, are able to completely react with unlimited hydrogen, how many grams of ammonia nh3, will be produced
What was inadequate about rutherford's model of the atom?
Rutherford proposed the nuclear model of atom where electrons are revolving the nucleus. However he was unable to determine the energy levels and momentum of electrons.
What is nuclear model of atom?There are various atomic models regarding the structure of atoms and its electronic properties. The predictions starts from Dalton's model of indivisibility of atoms. Later modified by many scientists Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr etc.
Rutherford conducted the gold foil experiment and he reached the result that the atoms are made of a nucleus and electrons where the nucleus contains positively charged particles protons and the negatively charged particles electrons are revolving around the nucleus.
However, he failed to determine the energy and momentum of electrons as well the possibility of finding an electron inside an orbital. The circular paths or orbits through which the electrons are revolving have are fixed energy levels.
This fixed energy levels and momentum of electrons are later determined by Bohr's atomic model. Bohr's model helped to find the radius of atom and energy of orbitals with the aid of quantum mechanics.
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What causes an ionic bond?a. two ions share electrons.b. two atoms share electrons.c. a positive ion is attracted to a negative ion.d. a positive ion is attracted to a positive ion?
Answer:
option C= A positive ion is attracted to negative ion
Explanation:
Ionic bond:
Ionic bond is formed when oppositely charged ions attract each others i.e negative and positive ions.
we know that a neutral atom consist of equal number of proton and electron, cancel the charge of each other that is equal in magnitude and make the atom neutral or we can say that net charge is zero.
But when the atom lose or gain the electron, imbalance of neutron electron occur so charge will not remain zero and atom is no more to be said neutral.
For example:
Take the example of sodium that can lose one electron and form Na+. This Na+ ion is called cation because it carry positive charge by losing the one electron. This cation now contain eleven proton and ten electron.
Now consider the example of Chlorine atom. It consist of 17 proton and 17 electron. But in order to attain the noble gas configuration or to complete the octet it gain one electron and form anion (Cl-). The chlorine anion consist of 17 proton and 18 electron.
Now consider the sodium chloride which is an ionic compound. It is formed by the complete transfer of electron from sodium to chlorine atom and form ionic bond. In this ionic compound sodium carry positive charge and chlorine carry negative charge there is attraction between these oppositely charged atoms.
After two or more atoms lose or receive electrons to create an ion, an ionic bond may develop. Metals that are losing electrons and nonmetals that are gaining electrons form ionic bonds. A positive ion is attracted to a negative ion in an ionic bond. The correct option is C.
Valence electrons are transported from one atom to another to form an ionic connection, which is then held together by electrostatic attraction. Metals and nonmetals can ionize one another. The negatively charged subatomic particles known as electrons are found in every atom.
Atoms exchange electrons during ionic bonding. At least one electron acceptor and one electron donor are required for ionic bonding.
Thus the correct option is C.
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Why would you use an insoluble salt to soften water?
Insoluble salts can be used to soften water by removing calcium, magnesium, and other metal cations that cause hardness. Water softeners use complex sodium salts to form insoluble salts that precipitate onto resin surfaces. This process reduces dissolved minerals and extends the lifespan of plumbing.
Explanation:An insoluble salt can be used to soften water because when water flows over ion-exchange resins, insoluble salts precipitate onto the resin surface.
Commercial water softeners use a complexing agent that contains complex sodium salts. When water passes over the resin, sodium ions are dissolved, and insoluble salts are formed. These insoluble salts help remove calcium, magnesium, and other metal cations which cause water hardness.
This process reduces the presence of dissolved minerals in the water, resulting in softened water that requires less soap for cleaning and reduces scale build-up in pipes and fittings.
Identify the parts of the energy diagrams
Answer : Graph 1 is an endothermic reaction and Graph 2 is an exothermic reaction. The labeling of both the graphs are shown below.
Explanation :
Endothermic reaction : In this reaction, the energy is absorbed from the surrounding.
In the endothermic reaction, the energy of reactant are less than the energy of product.
Exothermic reaction : In this reaction, the energy is released into the surrounding.
In the exothermic reaction, the energy of reactant are more than the energy of product.
Transition state : It is a state when the reactant molecules absorb energy then their bonds are loosened and new lose bonds are formed between them. The intermediate formed is known as activated complex or transition state. It is unstable state and immediately dissociates to form the stable products.
Activation energy : The minimum amount of energy absorbed by the reactant molecules so that their energy becomes equal to the threshold energy.
Hence, the labeling of both the graph 1 and 2 are shown below.
Give the reaction for the dissolution of the salt in water. (use the lowest possible coefficients. include states-of-matter under the given conditions in your answer.)
Dissolution of salts in water is represented by a chemical reaction in which the salt splits into its individual ions. The process is spontaneous and often exothermic. Factors like the solvent characteristics, temperature, pressure, and specific interactions affect solubility.
Explanation:When a salt such as NaCl is dissolved in water, it splits up into its individual ions, which become solvated or surrounded by water molecules. This process can be described by the chemical equation: NaCl(s) → Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq). Also, for another salt like Fe(NO3)3, the dissolution process can be represented as: Fe(NO3)3(s) →→ Fe³+(aq) + 3NO3¯(aq). The s, aq annotations represent the states of matter, solid and aqueous, respectively.
The dissolution of these salts in water is a physical process that increases the disorder of the system, hence a spontaneous process, often exothermic. The solubility of salts is greatly influenced by the nature of the solvent, temperature, and pressure. SIP (Solubility, Ionization, and Precipitation) principles along with factors like dipole-dipole attractions, hydrogen bonds, ion-dipole, and dispersion forces play an important role in solubility.
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The reaction for the dissolution of salt in water is NaCl (s) + H2O (l) → Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
Explanation:The reaction for the dissolution of salt in water can be represented by the following equation:
NaCl (s) + H2O (l) → Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
In this reaction, the solid salt (NaCl) dissociates into its constituent ions (Na+ and Cl-) when it is dissolved in water.
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Why does it conduct more before and after this minimum point?
Your question on 'why does it conduct more before and after this minimum point' refers to electronic conduction in a material. The 'minimum point' might indicate the moment when a shift occurs due to variations induced by inducing polarization or changes in potential. The conduction is higher before and after this point due to the internal electric field created by shifting negative and positive charges.
Explanation:From the details provided, your query about 'why does it conduct more before and after this minimum point' seems to be referring to a process of electronic conduction in a material under the influence of an insulator or a potential change. Hence, we can look at it under Electricity and Magnetism in physics. Referring to your context, about inducing polarization and charge distribution, this can create variations in the conduction capability of a material.
As for why it 'conducts more before and after this minimum point', it can correspond to specific points along a potential gradient where the electronic conduction shifts upward or downward due to the variations induced by the polarizing effect or changes in potential - regions of higher or lower potential can impact motion of charged particles.
If you look at a graph detailing this phenomenon, it might show a 'minimum point' that indicates the moment when this shift occurs. Before and after this minimum point, the conduction is higher due to the concentration of negative charges at one end and positive at the other, which creates an internal electric field that increases conductivity.
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How does alpha decay affect the mass number of a nucleus how does beta decay affect the mass number?
Final answer:
Alpha decay decreases a nucleus's mass number by four and the atomic number by two, while beta decay does not change the mass number but increases the atomic number by one.
Explanation:
The process of alpha decay affects the mass number of a nucleus by decreasing it.
When a nucleus undergoes alpha decay, it emits an alpha particle, which consists of two protons and two neutrons. This results in the mass number decreasing by four and the atomic number decreasing by two.
For instance, in the alpha decay of uranium-238 to thorium-234, we see a decrease from 238 to 234 in the atomic mass and from 92 to 90 in the atomic number.
In contrast, beta decay does not change the mass number of the nucleus, as it involves the transformation of a neutron into a proton, electron, and neutrino.
The mass number remains constant because a neutron is simply converted into a proton, while the atomic number increases by one due to the additional proton.
For example, when carbon-14 undergoes beta decay to form nitrogen-14, the mass number stays at 14, but the atomic number increases from 6 (carbon) to 7 (nitrogen).
A jar containing only nickels and dimes contains a total of 60 coins. the value of all the coins in the jar is $4.45. solve by elimination to find the amount of nickels and dimes that are in the jar.
state 3 evidences that the particles of substances are in continuous motion
Please help with Question #10 and preferably explain what you did, thank you!
Match the word with its definition.
1. that which causes an object to have inertia
Newton's Second Law
2. a special case of Galileo's Law of Inertia
momentum
3. force multiplied by time
Newton's First Law
4. velocity multiplied by mass
velocity
5.
mass
6. the acceleration of a mass directly proportional to the force acting on it
impulse
Answer:
1) Mass
2) Newton's First Law
3) Impulse
4) Momentum
5) Velocity
6) Newton's second law
Explanation:
1) Inertia is the tendency of matter to maintain constant velocity. Therefore, it is mass which causes an object to have inertia
2) As per Newtons first law of motion or law of inertia, a body of mass 'm' will continue to be in a state of rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force. This is also a special case of Galileo's Law of Inertia.
3) Impulse is the product of force and time
4) Momentum is the product of velocity and mass
5) Velocity is the ratio of momentum by mass
6) As per Newton's second law of motion, the acceleration (a) of a body of mass (m) is directly proportional to the force (F) acting on it
[tex]F = ma[/tex]
Which pair of kingdoms include organisms which are all multicellular?
The number of electrons in an ion with 16 protons and an ionic charge of 2- is ________.
In a given neutral atom, actually the number of protons and electrons are equal. So ideally in this case the number of electrons should also be 16. However we have an ionic charge of negative 2. Since it is negative, this means there are 2 more electrons than protons, hence the answer is:
18 electrons
A 20.0 g sample of a compound of nitrogen and oxygen contains 7.37 g of nitrogen. what is the formula of this compound?
A gas has a volume of 5.0 L at a pressure of 50 kPa. What happens to the volume when temperature is held constant and the pressure is increased to 125 kPa?
Answer:
Volume will be 2L
Explanation:
The problem can be solved taking into account Boyle-Mariotte Law for ideal gases
. It states:
At constant temperature, the volume of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure it exerts.
[tex]P_{1} *V_{1} =P_{2} *V_{2}\\[/tex]
Being P1 and V1 the values of Pressure an temperature in the gas initial state. And P2, V2, pressure and temperature of the gas in the final state.
The given values are:
V1=5LP1=50kPaP2=125kPaV2=?So, we replace given values in the formula isolating V2:
[tex]\frac{P_{1} *V_{1}}{P_{2} } =V_{2}\\\\\frac{50kPa *5L}{125kPa}=V_{2}\\\\V_{2}=2L[/tex]
So, the volume when pressure is increased to 125 kPa will be 2L.
Which is the processes is not an example of chemical weathering?
A) splitting of a rock along a fracture
B) rusting of a nail
C) dissoulution of calcite (fizzling)
D) a rock that has oxidized on the surface
Answer: correct answer is A
Explanation: i took the test
A certain ion has a charge of 2+ and 27 electrons. which ion is it
The ion with a charge of 2+ and 27 electrons is a copper ion (Cu²+), which has lost two electrons to acquire the positive charge.
Explanation:The ion the question is asking about is an ion that has lost two electrons and therefore has a charge of 2+. The ion has 27 electrons, but it would normally have 29 electrons (27 + 2). This means the ion is a cation from which two electrons have been removed. To find which element it is, we should look for an element in the periodic table with the atomic number of 29. That element is copper (Cu). Therefore, the ion is a copper ion, specifically Cu²+, as it has lost two electrons and carries a positive charge.
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How is each measurement represented using scientific notation?0.000000655 mL = 6.55 × 10-7 mL 6.55 × 109 mL 655 × 106 mL
Answer : The given number in scientific notation will be, [tex]6.55\times 10^{-7}ml[/tex]
Explanation :
Scientific notation : It is the representation of expressing the numbers that are too big or too small and are represented in the decimal form with one digit before the decimal point times 10 raise to the power.
For example :
90000 is written as [tex]9.0\times 10^4[/tex]
999.9 is written as [tex]9.999\times 10^{-2}[/tex]
As we are given that the number is, 0.000000655 ml
This number is written in scientific notation as :
[tex]6.55\times 10^{-7}ml[/tex]
Hence, the given number in scientific notation will be, [tex]6.55\times 10^{-7}ml[/tex]
Which process is a form of mechanical weathering?
A: Wedging
B: Oxidation
C: Hydrolysis
D: Carbonation
Answer:
Wedging
Explanation:
Ice wedging is a form of mechanical weathering or physical weathering in which cracks in rock or other surfaces become filled with water,it now freezes and expands, causing the cracks in the rock to enlarge and eventually break in pieces.
The other options listed are chemical processes respectively.
During what change of state do atoms or molecules become more ordered
Answer:
sublimation and melting
Explanation:
Scientific predictions based on laws are formulated using:
A. deductive reasoning
B. inductive reasoning
C. presuppositions
D. subjective reasoning
This is because deductive reasoning is insight gained from an established principle or laws.
Calculate the kinetic energy of the molecule of sulfur trioxide moving at 470 meters per second.
The kinetic energy of a sulfur trioxide molecule with a velocity of 470 m/s is calculated to be approximately 1.47x10⁻²2 Joules.
Explanation:The kinetic energy of an object can be calculated using the formula KE = 1/2 mv², where m is the mass and v is the velocity of the object. In this case, the object is a sulfur trioxide (SO3) molecule and the velocity is provided as 470 m/s. However, we do not have the mass of the SO3 molecule directly, but we can calculate it.
The molar mass of SO3 is about 80 grams per mole (or 80x10⁻³ kg/mole). We can convert this to mass per molecule by using Avogadro's number (6.022x10²³ molecules/mole). This results in a mass of approximately 1.33x10⁻²6 kg for the sulfur trioxide molecule.
Now we can calculate the kinetic energy by substituting the values into the formula.
KE = 1/2 * 1.33x10⁻²6 kg * (470 m/s)² = 1.47x10⁻²2 Joules.
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If 56.8 ml of bacl2 solution is needed to precipitate all the sulfate ion in a 554 mg sample of na2so4 (forming baso4), what is the molarity of the solution?
What is described by binary fission
A) The way prokaryotes produce energy
B) the way prokaryotes digest nutrients
C) the way prokaryotes reproduce
D) the way prokaryotes move.
C). (The way Prokaryotes reproduce)
I hope this helps :D
How many quarters have the same value as 85 dimes? Use the equality 4 quarters = 10 dimes.?
Answer: 34 quaters have the same value as 85 dimes.
Explanation:
We are given a conversion factor:
10 dimes = 4 quaters
We need to find out the value of 85 dimes. For that we use unitary method.
If 10 dimes have the same value as 4 quaters.
So, 85 dimes will have the same value as [tex]\frac{4}{10}\times 85=34[/tex] quaters.
Hence, 34 quaters have the same value as 85 dimes.
Chromium metal is added to a solution of nickel(ii) sulfate. what is the balanced chemical reaction?
Answer : The balanced chemical reaction is,
[tex]2Cr(s)+3NiSO_{4}(aq)\rightarrow Cr_{2}(SO_{4})_{3}(aq)+3Ni(s)[/tex]
Explanation :
[tex]Cr(s)+NiSO_{4}(aq)\rightarrow[/tex]
The balanced chemical reaction is,
[tex]2Cr(s)+3NiSO_{4}(aq)\rightarrow Cr_{2}(SO_{4})_{3}(aq)+3Ni(s)[/tex]
This is a single step displacement reaction. From the reactivity series of the metals, the reactivity of the chromium metal is higher than the reactivity of the nickel metal. Therefore, the chromium metal easily displaces the nickel metal from the solution of nickel(II) sulfate. The reactivity series image attached below.
Liquids can take the shape of their container but their atoms cannot move away from each enough to always fill the container true false
Answer:
False.
Explanation:
The liquids have properties in between solids and gas.
They have intermediate intermolecular interactions and thermal energy.
unlike solids they can occupy the particles do move here and there however the kinetic energy is less than that of gas.
Similar to gas they can take the shape of the container.
Also, they can move away from each other to fill the container upto their maximum volume.
Gases can fill the container upto the volume of container.
What is the formula of a compound formed between nitrogen (N) and potassium (K)?
The mixture of potassium (K) and nitrogen (N) has the formula K3N.
What is a Mixture?A substance made up of two or more different chemical substances that are not chemically bonded is referred to as a mixture.
A mixture is a physical blending together of two or more substances while maintaining their identities. It can take the form of solutions, suspensions, or colloids.
For instance, water and salt are two different substances that, when combined, form seawater.
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