What stimuli does the vestibular apparatus detect?

head position in space
sound waves
joint position
presence of particular odorants

Answer:

B) muscularis externa

Explanation:

Muscularis externa is a muscle layer of gastrointestinal tract (GI)that consists of an inner circular muscular layer and a longitudinal outer muscular layer.

Peristalsis is one-way contraction (followed by relaxation) of muscles found in GI which moves the caudal direction. Peristalsis involves rhythmic contractions of the longitudinal muscles in the gastrointestinal tract, most commonly in the eosophagus.

Segmentation is also process of muscular  contractions  in the GI.  Segmentation involves contractions of the circular muscles in the digestive tract and its function is to move chyme in both directions.

The muscle layer responsible for segmentation and peristalsis in the alimentary canal is the muscularis externa, which comprises an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer.

The correct answer to which layer of the alimentary canal is responsible for segmentation and peristalsis is B) muscularis externa. This layer is also known simply as the muscularis. It is composed of two main muscle layers: an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer. Together, these muscle layers are crucial for performing the movements that facilitate the physical breakdown of food (mechanical digestion) and propel the food through the digestive tract.

Segmentation refers to the alternating contractions and relaxations of nonadjacent segments of the intestine. This process breaks apart the food and mixes it thoroughly with digestive juices. Peristalsis, on the other hand, involves rhythmic, wave-like muscle contractions that move the food along the alimentary canal. Both functions are essential for the efficient digestion and transportation of food within the alimentary canal.

Photosynthesis takes place inside chloroplasts.

Chlorophyll can make food the plant can use from carbon dioxide, water, nutrients, and energy from sunlight. This process is called photosynthesis. During the process of photosynthesis, plants release oxygen into the air. People and animals need oxygen to breathe.

The counter cultural movement opposed the traditional values imposed by post ww2 USA. They began as beatniks, who later evolved into the hippie movement, who opposed US politicians and wanted equality for everyone.

Final answer:

The counterculture movement of the 1960s involved a rejection of mainstream values, social activism for various rights, the Beat Movement which prioritized spirituality and artistic expression, shifts in popular culture, political radicalization leading to a questioning of progress, and the rise of identity politics.

Explanation:

Components of the Counterculture Movement of the 1960s:

The counterculture movement of the 1960s was a complex phenomenon that involved a diverse range of social, cultural, and political elements. Among these components were:

Sociologically, the counterculture was influenced by ideas such as those presented by Berger and Luckmann in their book The Social Construction of Reality, which posited that belief systems are determined by societal constructs. Moreover, the counterculture's critique of economic disparity led sociologists to use theoretical approaches, such as conflict theory, to study the movement's dynamics.

I would go with anaplasia.

Answer:

Anaplasia

Explanation:

Anaplasia refers to the loss of cell differentiation, which occurs when cells that were previously mature and differentiated become undifferentiated and immature in appearance and behavior. Anaplasia is a fundamental point for the emergence of malignant diseases. Anaplasia is characterized by:

Igneous rocks are formed underground. Sedimentary rocks are formed above ground.

Final answer:

Intrusive rocks such as granite are formed underground, while extrusive rocks like basalt, along with some sedimentary rocks, form above ground.

Explanation:

The types of rocks that are formed underground are known as intrusive rocks, which are a subgroup of igneous rocks. These rocks crystallize slowly beneath the Earth's surface from cooled magma. The slow cooling allows large crystals to form, giving these rocks a coarse-grained texture. An example of an intrusive rock is granite.

On the other hand, rocks that form above the ground are known as extrusive rocks, also a category of igneous rocks. These are formed when magma reaches the Earth's surface and cools rapidly to become solid. Because of the quick cooling, extrusive rocks are generally fine-grained or have a glassy texture. Basalt is a common type of extrusive rock.

Additionally, sedimentary rocks can form above ground through the accumulation of sediments that are compacted and cemented together over time. Metamorphic rocks can form both above and below the ground from pre-existing rocks that are transformed by heat, pressure, or chemical processes.

Final answer:

Due to the founder effect and genetic drift, island populations like Hawaii's fruit flies can rapidly diverge genetically from their continental ancestors. Small, isolated populations and environmental changes significantly influence this evolutionary process, illustrating the dynamic nature of species adaptation and speciation.

Explanation:

Due to the founder effect and subsequent genetic drift, the populations of fruit flies on islands could exhibit genetic characteristics significantly different from their continental ancestors. This phenomenon is often observed in isolated environments such as Hawaii, where small initial populations and limited gene flow from the mainland lead to a rapid divergence in genetic traits. The introduction and effects of substances like DDT can further impact these populations by selecting for certain alleles over others, leading to a change in the genetic composition of the survivors compared to the original population.

For instance, founder populations on newly formed islands undergo rapid evolution. Genetic drift, a mechanism of evolution, occurs more swiftly in these small, isolated populations. The introduction of apple trees to the U.S. provided an excellent example of how environmental changes can lead to reproductive isolation and eventual speciation, as seen with the divergence of hawthorn flies into two populations with distinct breeding seasons and dietary preferences.

The situation in Hawaii is a testament to the vulnerability of isolated ecosystems to introduced species and environmental changes, which can dramatically alter the genetic landscape of native populations. The founder effect and genetic drift, illustrated by the fruit fly populations in Hawaii, demonstrate the dynamic nature of evolution on islands.

The correct answer is: Glycogen phosphorylase would remain phosphorylated and retain some activity.

Glycogen phosphorylase is directly involved in the regulation of glucose levels since it is a glucose sensor in liver cells: when glucose levels are low, phosphorylase is active and it has PP1 bound to it (phosphatase activity of PP1 is prevented). Therefore, there phosphorylase a will accelerate glycogen breakdown.  

ah I remember learning this... So in the cell membrane their are entrances called pumps that force ions (positively charged molecules) to move from low concentration to high concentration. During active transport, which is the process i just described, the sodium potassium pumps job is to move sodium ions ( Na+ ) ions out of the cell and move potassium ions (K+) into the cell.

1. three sodium ions are positioned in the carrier protein.

2. Atp molecule is split that create energy that bonds to the carrier.

3. the pump changes shape and opens up to the outside of the membrane, giving the potassium  ions (K+) a chance to come inside. So two potassium ions fit inside and they enter the cell.

4. When the potassium goes inside, the phosphate molecule is released ( What split from the ATP molecule earlier)

The correct answer is: Replacement of defective genes with normal genes

Recombinant DNA molecules are made in laboratory by the methods of genetic recombination such as molecular cloning. The aim of these methods is to bring together genetic material from different sources, creating “combinations” that usually couldn’t be found in the genome. The process of recombination is possible because, DNA molecules from all organisms share the same chemical structure (nucleotides are same among different species, difference is only in the nucleotide sequence).

Scientists hope to accomplish several goals using recombinant DNA technology, including the prevention of infectious diseases, the replacement of defective genes with normal genes, and the development of cheaper medications for single-gene diseases.

Scientists hope to accomplish several goals using recombinant DNA technology. One goal is the ability to prevent infectious diseases. This can be achieved by creating vaccines and other preventive measures using recombinant DNA techniques. Another goal is the replacement of defective genes with normal genes. This can potentially cure genetic diseases by replacing the faulty gene with a functional one. Lastly, scientists hope to use recombinant DNA technology to develop cheaper medications for those with single-gene diseases, making medical treatment more accessible.

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The Respiratory system controls the intake of oxygen and the exhale of waste products such as carbon dioxide from our circulatory system. The lungs control the gas exchange between our respiratory system and our circulatory system. Once the nutrients are in the blood stream, the circulatory system, red blood cells and white blood cells and other cells floating through arteries, all controlled by the pumping of the heart. Once the nutrients inhaled by the respiratory system are brought to the cells by the circulatory system (from the pulmonary vein to the heart to the arteries) through the much smaller capillaries, they are used in cellular respiration. The oxygen is used to help the products of glycolysis enter the mitochondria to produce more ATP.

 The waste products are then put back into the circulatory system through the capillaries. The circulatory system then takes the nutrients through veins back to the heart where it is then put through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. Once in the lungs gas exchange occurs, expelling the waste products and reoxygenating the blood.

Source: https://sites.google.com/a/student.oprfhs.org/ap-biology-interdependence/interdependence/interdependence-of-the-circulatory-system

Hopefully this helps you with your confusion!

5) muscle fiber is stimulated at the neuromuscular junction triggering an action potential  

7) APs travel down the T-tubules to the sarcoplasmic reticulum  

Released acetylcholine (due to action potential within motor neuron) from the motor neuron initiates depolarisation within the sarcolemma, which is spread through the muscle fibre via T tubules.

8) in response to an AP, calcium ions are released into the cytosol/space around the myofibrils

Depolarisation causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium ions necessary for the contraction

3) calcium ions bind to the T and T system

1) T and T system undergoes a conformational change, exposing the myosin binding sites on actin  

6) myosin head/cross-bridges bind to actin

The binding sites for the myosin heads located on actin, are covered by a blocking complex (troponin and tropomyosin) that can be unblocked by the calcium binding

2) myosin heads/cross bridges bind to actin and flex, shortening the sacromere  

4) actin filaments are pulled toward the center of the sacromere, shortening the muscle fiber  

As the individual sarcomeres become shorten the muscle fibres as a whole contracts

10) myosin head continues to attach, flex, release, extend, and reattach as long as calcium ions are present

9) calcium ions actively transported into the sarcoplasmic reticulum  

Relaxation of a muscle fiber occurs when a Ca ions are pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum .

The process of skeletal muscle contraction involves a series of events that occur in a specific order, starting from an action potential and ending with muscle relaxation. Calcium ions play a crucial role in this process, binding to the T and T system and exposing the myosin binding sites on actin. The myosin heads then bind to actin, flexing and shortening the sarcomere, which leads to muscle contraction.

The process of skeletal muscle contraction involves multiple events that occur in a specific order. First, an action potential travels down a motor neuron to the neuromuscular junction, stimulating the muscle fiber. This triggers the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol. The calcium ions bind to the T and T system, causing a conformational change that exposes the myosin binding sites on actin. The myosin heads then bind to actin and flex, shortening the sarcomere. This pulling of actin filaments towards the center of the sarcomere shortens the muscle fiber.

The myosin heads continue to attach, flex, release, extend, and reattach as long as calcium ions are present. To maintain muscle relaxation, calcium ions are actively transported back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Additionally, the T and T system undergoes another conformational change that covers the myosin binding sites on actin, preventing further contraction.

In summary, the order of events in skeletal muscle contraction is: 1) Muscle fiber is stimulated at the neuromuscular junction, triggering an action potential; 2) APs travel down the T-tubules to the sarcoplasmic reticulum, causing the release of calcium ions into the cytosol; 3) Calcium ions bind to the T and T system, exposing the myosin binding sites on actin; 4) Myosin heads bind to actin and flex, shortening the sarcomere and pulling actin filaments towards the center of the sarcomere; 5) Myosin heads continue to attach, flex, release, extend, and reattach as long as calcium ions are present; 6) Calcium ions are actively transported back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, leading to muscle relaxation.

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= 3.68 g/cm³

Density is given by dividing the mass of a substance by its volume.

Thus; Density = mass/ volume

In this case; mass = 92 g and Volume = 25 cm³

Therefore;

Density = 92 g/ 25 cm³

             = 3.68 g/cm³

➷ Because of the large heat of vaporization of water, the evaporation from a liquid surface is a very effective cooling mechanism. The human body makes use of evaporative cooling by perspiration to give off energy even when surrounded by a temperature higher than body temperature.

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The false statement is: Growth hormone is produced by the posterior pituitary

Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin is produced in the cells called somatotrophs of the anterior pituitary gland. GH is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration. Its function is involved in metabolic processes (favors anabolism or synthesis of macromolecules). Also, growth hormone stimulates production of IGF-1 and increases the levels of glucose and free fatty acids.

Answer:

Growth hormone is produced by the posterior pituitary

Explanation:

It's produced in the anterior

Answer:

A

Explanation:

The plasma membrane is significant in regulating the movement of molecules in and out of the cell through processes such as active transport, diffusion, and osmosis. An example is that when the cell becomes dehydrated, water is taken in by osmosis until normal levels are reached. Whenever byproducts of biochemical reactions accumulate in the cell, they are taken out the cell through active transport.

The correct answer is: d) progesterone and estrogen

Progesterone is a steroid sex hormone involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis with a wide range of functions. It is called hormone of pregnancy.

Estrogen is the primary female sex hormone involved in almost all of the phases of the development and regulation of the female reproductive system.

Progesterone and estrogen work together during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle causing the lining of the uterus to thicken more in order to prepare for possible fertilization.

The hormones that cause the endometrium to thicken and prepare for implantation are progesterone and estrogen. They both contribute to menstrual cycling and endometrial growth.

The two hormones that influence the endometrium to thicken and prepare for implantation are progesterone and estrogen.

This can be found in option d.) of your question. These hormones square off for the menstrual cycle.

Estrogen is responsible for thickening the lining of the uterus each month. Progesterone, on the other hand, is released after ovulation by the corpus luteum and continues to increase the thickness of the endometrium whilst also preparing it for potential implantation by a fertilized egg.

The two hormones that influence the endometrium (the lining of the uterus) to thicken and prepare for implantation are progesterone and estrogen. Progesterone helps to build up the endometrium, while estrogen promotes its growth. These hormones are important for the preparation of the uterus for the possible implantation of a fertilized egg.

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The answer is false.

Energy used by the body to perform muscular contractions and many other energy-required functions is adenosine triphosphate or ATP.

The most important function of ATP is its ability to store and transport chemical energy within cells. That energy can be used for many chemical processes such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, chemical synthesis.. When consumed in metabolic processes as an energy source, it becomes converted either to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or to adenosine monophosphate (AMP) because one or two phosphate groups are released (hydrolysis of high-energy bonds).

Since ATP is a nucleoside triphosphate it can be used for the synthesis of nucleic acids.

The correct answer is: Even though the S strain had been heat-killed, it changed the R strain.

Griffith in his experiment used two strains of bacteria:

• The rough strain (R) which did not cause pneumonia, (nonvirulent)

• the smooth strain (S) which did caused pneumonia (virulent)

When Griffith heat-killed the S strain it did not caused mice to die.

But, when he gave both the heat-killed S strain and the R strain to mice, the mice developed pneumonia and died.

Griffith conclusion was that the R-strain bacteria took what he called a "transforming principle" from the heat-killed S bacteria which transformed the nonvirulent R strain.

This is the smallest to largest in the organization of organisms: atom- molecule-cell-tissue-organ-organ system-organism. Tissue is just below organs.

Organisms are highly organized, coordinated structures that consist of one or more cells. Even very simple, single-celled organisms are remarkably complex: inside each cell, atoms make up molecules; these in turn make up cell organelles and other cellular inclusions. In multicellular organisms, similar cells form tissues. Tissues, in turn, collaborate to create organs (body structures with a distinct function). Organs work together to form organ systems.

They end up being entertaining

sensation 2 - hope this helps!!

your answer is c. the hamster

Well, neither lizards or salmon have fur so A and B are wrong. The question asks which does not have opposable thumbs. The chimpazee does have them, so the answer is C.

its the sperm cells and the  Phosphofructokinase cells

B. organelles

Root-hairs increase the surface area for nutrition absorption. The proton-pumps in root-hair plasma membranes are important in plants is because they carry nutrients into the cell against a strong concentration gradient.

deberia ser de los dos de blanco y negros por sus genes

The correct answer is: chemoautotrophs

Since these bacteria obtain energy by the oxidation of electron donors (inorganic hydrogen sulfide) in their environments (chemical reactions) we can classify them as chemotrophs. In addition, they synthesize all necessary organic compounds from CO2 so they are autotrophs (opposite from heterotrophs that are unable to fix carbon).

Bacteria that live around deep-sea, hot-water vents and obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic hydrogen sulfide and using this energy to build organic molecules from carbon dioxide in seawater are chemoautotrophs.

The bacteria that live around deep-sea, hot-water vents and obtain energy through oxidizing inorganic hydrogen sulfide and using this energy to build organic molecules from carbon dioxide in seawater are chemoautotrophs. Chemoautotrophs are organisms that can use inorganic compounds as a source of energy to convert carbon dioxide into organic matter.

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mutation in some eyes is evolution

Mutation, by introducing new genetic material, alongside gene flow and genetic drift, contributes to microevolution by changing allele frequencies within a population, allowing for adaptation and variation over time.

Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that can create new alleles, providing new genetic material for natural selection. These variations are crucial for microevolution, as they can alter an organism's traits and potentially its fitness within an environment. Gene flow, or the movement of alleles from one population to another, and genetic drift, the random fluctuation of allele frequencies in a population, can significantly contribute to microevolution along with mutation. However, genetic drift and natural selection are often considered the primary drivers of microevolutionary change.

Microevolution involves a change in allele frequencies within a population over generations. This could be caused by a single gene mutation, such as in our example of the peppered moths, where environmental factors favored different alleles over time. Over many generations, these small changes can accumulate, leading to significant evolutionary changes within a species.

Through mutation, gene flow, and genetic drift, these underlying genetic variations can lead to microevolution, altering the prevalence of certain traits within a population and enabling populations to adapt to changing environments.

The hoover dam is a great example! :D

New York has the largest hydroelectricity generation capacity of all states east of the Mississippi River!