What trend do you observe that distinguishes lone pairs from bonding domains?

Enthalpy of a reaction is calculated by substracting the total enthalpy of reactant from the total enthalpy of product. Enthalpy of reactant can be positive or negative.  The correct option is option B.

Enthalpy term is basically used in thermodynamics to show the overall energy that a matter have. Mathematically, Enthalpy is directly proportional to specific heat capacity of a substance.

If the enthalpy of a reaction is positive then that reaction is called endothermic reaction and the reaction in which enthalpy is negative then that reaction is called exothermic reaction. when the bonds of the product store more energy than those of the reactant then the  enthalpy is positive.

Therefore the correct option is option B that is enthalpy is positive when the bonds of the product store more energy than those of the

reactants.

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The answers are as follows:
66) Cells that can dissolve the bony matrix are called OSTEOCLASTS.
Osteoclasts are very large motile cells which have multiple nucleus. They are formed from the fusion of bone marrow derived cells. Their principal function is to dissolve the bony matrix through the process called osteolysis. They also participates in regulation of calcium and phosphate concentrations in the body fluids.
67) Layers of calcification that are found in bone is called OSTEONS.
The basic unit of a compact bone is osteon. An osteon contains lamellae, osteocytes and a central canal and is found in compact bone only. The blood vessels and the nerve fibers are located in the central canal. The layers of calcification that are found in compact bone are also called lamellae.

68) Cells that can build bony matrix are called OSTEOBLASTS.
Osteoblasts are bone forming cells, they produce new bone matrix by the process of osteogenesis. Osteoblasts are located exclusively on the surface of the bone matrix where they function in matrix synthesis. The activities of the osteoblast are stimulated by the influence of parathyroid hormone.
69) Area where bone growth takes place is called EPIPHYSEAL PLATE.
The epiphyseal plate is a hyaline cartilage plate which is located on the surface of every long bone. It is the area of growth in a long bone.

70) Wrist joint: is an example of PLANE JOINT.

Plane joint is a type of joint in which bones slide along beside one another, thus allowing for movement in many directions. This makes the body parts with plane joints to be flexible. This type of joint is also called gliding joint.

71) Shoulder joint: is an example of BALL AND SOCKET JOINT.

Ball and socket joint is a type of joint in which the ball shaped surface of a rounded bone is fitted into a depression of another bone. This type of joint allows for movement of the bone around all axes. That is, the joint can rotate in a full circle and move around its axis. Ball and socket joint is also found in the hips.

72) Elbow joint: is an example of HINGE JOINT.

Hinge joints allow swinging movement of the bones; the joint allows bones to either move toward one another or to spread apart. Hinge joint is also found in the ankles, fingers, toes and knees.

73) Knuckle joints: is an example of CONDYLOID JOINT.

A condyloid joint is a type of joint which allows for movement in two planes, allowing for flexion, abduction, adduction, extension and circumduction. This joint usually forms where the head of one bone fits in the elliptical cavity of another bone. It is similar to ball and socket joint but does not allow a bone to rotate inside the joint.

74) Joint between atlas and axis: is an example of PIVOT JOINT.

For the first set:

66) Cells that can dissolve the bony matrix - A) osteo-clasts

67) Layers of calcification that are found in bone - J) oste-ons

68) Cells that can build bony matrix - B) osteoblasts

69) Area where bone growth takes place - F) epiphyseal plate

For the second set:

70) Wrist joint - C) plane joint

71) Shoulder joint - D) ball-and-socket joint

72) Elbow joint - B) hin-ge joint

73) Knu-ckle joints - E) condylar joint

74) Joint between atlas and axis - F) pivot joint

For the third set:

75) Tarsals - A) short bone

76) Femur - D) long bone

77) Pha-lan-ges - D) long bone

78) Ul-na - D) long bone

79) Atlas - B) irregular bone

80) Sternum - C) flat bone

81) Fibula - D) long bone

82) True ribs - B) irregular bone

83) Parietal bones - B) irregular bone

In the first set of matches, osteoclasts are specialized cells responsible for dissolving the bony matrix during bone remodeling. Oste-ons are structural units within compact bone that consist of concentric layers of calcified tissue. Osteo-blasts are cells that build new bony matrix, contributing to bone formation. The epiphyseal plate is an area located at the ends of long bones where bone growth occurs.

In the second set, various joint types are matched with specific examples. For instance, a wrist joint is a plane joint, the shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket joint, the elbow joint is a hin-ge joint, knuckle joints are condylar joints, and the joint between the atlas and axis (the first and second cervical verte-brae) is a pivot joint.

The third set matches bone types to specific examples of those bones, highlighting their various shapes and functions in the skeletal system.

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The concentration of La3+ in a saturated solution of La(IO3)3 can be found by setting up and solving a solubility product (Ksp) expression, using the given Ksp value and assuming [La3+] = x and [IO3-] = 3x based on the dissolution stoichiometry of La(IO3)3.

The question relates to the solubility product of lanthanum iodate, denoted by the compound formula La(IO3)3. The solubility product (Ksp) expression is [La3+][IO3-]3 = Ksp. As the dissolution stoichiometry of La(IO3)3 shows that for each formula unit that dissolves, one La3+ ion and three IO3- ions are produced, it can be assumed that [La3+] = x and [IO3-] = 3x. Solving for x in the Ksp expression using these assumptions and the given Ksp value of 1.0 x 10-11 will yield the concentration of La3+ in a saturated solution of lanthanum iodate.

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The first element that has exactly ten p electrons is Neon. However, the first element to have 10 p-electrons in the ground state (including core electrons) is Silicon.

The element of lowest atomic number that has exactly ten p electrons is neon. This is because the periodic table allows us to understand the electron configuration of elements. In the case of Neon (atomic number 10), it fills the 1s, 2s, and 2p orbitals; the 1s and 2s orbitals can hold two electrons each while the 2p can hold six, all for a total of 10 electrons, with the last six being p electrons.

However, if we're seeking the first element to have 10 p electrons in its ground state (including those beyond the Neon atom), the element would be Silicon (atomic number 14). Its electron configuration is [Ne]3s²3p², meaning it has 10 total p-electrons in the ground state: six from the Neon core and four more in the next energy level.

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Final answer:

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between FeSO₄ (aq) and Ba(OH)₂ (aq) is FeSO₄ (aq) + Ba(OH)₂ (aq) → BaSO₄ (s) + Fe(OH)₂ (aq), where BaSO₄ is the precipitate formed.

Explanation:

The question asks to write the complete and balanced chemical equation for the precipitation reaction between FeSO₄ (aq) and Ba(OH)₂ (aq). This is a double displacement reaction, where the cation from one reactant pairs with the anion from the other, and vice versa, potentially forming a precipitate.

The balanced chemical equation for this reaction is:

FeSO₄ (aq) + Ba(OH)₂ (aq) → BaSO₄ (s) + Fe(OH)₂ (aq)

In this reaction, barium sulfate (BaSO₄) is the precipitate, which is indicated by the (s) after its formula. This equation shows that iron(II) sulfate reacts with barium hydroxide to form barium sulfate as a precipitate and iron(II) hydroxide in the aqueous solution. Proper balancing of the equation is crucial for accurately representing the law of conservation of mass.

after 3.7 days, approximately [tex]\( 4.064 \text{ mg} \)[/tex] of the sodium-24 sample will remain.

To solve this problem, we can use the formula for radioactive decay:

[tex]\[ N_t = N_0 \left( \frac{1}{2} \right)^{\frac{t}{T_{1/2}}} \][/tex]

Where:

-[tex]\( N_t \)[/tex] is the final amount of the substance after time \( t \)

- [tex]\( N_0 \)[/tex] is the initial amount of the substance

- ( t ) is the time that has passed

- [tex]\( T_{1/2} \)[/tex] is the half-life of the substance

Given:

- Initial amount of sodium-24 [tex](\( N_0 \))[/tex] = 260.1 mg

- Half-life of sodium-24 ([tex]\( T_{1/2} \)[/tex]) = 14.8 hours

- Time that has passed [tex](\( t \))[/tex] = 3.7 days

First, let's convert the time that has passed from days to hours:

[tex]\[ 3.7 \text{ days} \times 24 \text{ hours/day} = 88.8 \text{ hours} \][/tex]

Now, we can substitute the given values into the formula for radioactive decay to find [tex]\( N_t \)[/tex], the amount of sodium-24 remaining after 3.7 days:

[tex]\[ N_t = 260.1 \text{ mg} \times \left( \frac{1}{2} \right)^{\frac{88.8 \text{ hours}}{14.8 \text{ hours}}} \][/tex]

Now, let's calculate:

[tex]\[ N_t = 260.1 \text{ mg} \times \left( \frac{1}{2} \right)^{\frac{88.8}{14.8}} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ N_t = 260.1 \text{ mg} \times \left( \frac{1}{2} \right)^{6} \][/tex]

Since [tex]\( \left( \frac{1}{2} \right)^6 = \frac{1}{64} \),[/tex] we have:

[tex]\[ N_t = 260.1 \text{ mg} \times \frac{1}{64} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ N_t = \frac{260.1}{64} \text{ mg} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ N_t \approx 4.064 \text{ mg} \][/tex]

So, after 3.7 days, approximately [tex]\( 4.064 \text{ mg} \)[/tex] of the sodium-24 sample will remain.