When Carolus Linnaeus created his classification system in the 1700s, he sorted organisms based on their physical characteristics. In 1990, Carl Woese and his colleagues introduced a new classification system that sorted organisms into three different domains. Which of the following best explains why this change occurred?

Many of the organisms classified by Linnaeus are extinct, and his classification system was considered outdated.
Linnaeus' classification system did not account for similar organisms being found in different geographic locations.
New genetic research showed that organisms with similar characteristics were not related to each other.
Organisms were discovered that belonged in more than one of Linnaeus' kingdoms, based on physical appearance.

Answer:

I believe it is the "Nucleus."

Explanation:

Hope my answer has helped you!

Answer:

only in the nucleus

Explanation:

DNA replication is when DNA makes another copy of itself. DNA replication is needed in order to maintain the number of chromosomes that is characteristic to a species during cell division. During cell division, one parent cell divides into two daughter cells. If DNA replication did not occur, then the daughter cells would receive only half the number of chromosomes characteristic of that species.

For humans, we have 19,000 protein-coding genomes. For every gene, there are 2 alleles. This means that humans have 38,000 alleles (19,000×2=38,000).

The diameter of the DNA double helix is uniform throughout because a purine (two rings) always pairs with a pyrimidine (one ring) and their combined lengths are always equal.

Final answer:

The uniform diameter of the DNA double helix is due to the base pairing between purine and pyrimidine bases, which each occupy the same amount of space, resulting in a consistent structure with a diameter of 2 nm.

Explanation:

The characteristic of the subunits that allows for a uniform diameter of the double helix in DNA is the base pairing between a purine and a pyrimidine. DNA comprises two anti-parallel strands twisted around each other, with the purine bases (adenine and guanine) pairing with the pyrimidine bases (thymine and cytosine) in the opposing strand. This pairing is stabilized by hydrogen bonds; adenine pairs with thymine via two hydrogen bonds, while guanine pairs with cytosine via three hydrogen bonds. The purine and pyrimidine bases pair so that the DNA strands form a double helix with a uniform diameter of 2 nm. These base pairs each take up the same amount of space and create a regular pattern of major and minor grooves along the DNA molecule, which assists in binding proteins to the DNA.

Answer:

Natural selection

Explanation:

this is what the example would be

When they leave, the gene frequencies in the remaining population will change for blue-eyes and brown hair in the next generation. This is an example of genetic drift.

Genetic drift is the arbitrary change in the population's frequency of a gene variant that already exists. Gene variations may totally vanish due to genetic drift, which would limit genetic diversity.

Additionally, it can make previously uncommon alleles far more common and even fixed.

Genetic drift occurs when the frequency of different alleles, or variable forms of a gene, fluctuates over time through chance. Changes in allele frequencies are used to measure these differences in allele presence.

Genetic drift, also known as genetic sampling error or the Sewall Wright effect, is an entirely random shift in the gene pool of a small population.

Thus, this is an illustration of genetic drift.

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Answer: The answer is C, a monohybrid cross.

Explanation:

A dihybrid cross would be crossing 2 (usually linked) traits in the same punnett square, while a trihybrid cross is with 3 traits. Since he's only studying 1 trait (tall vs. short) the answer is C, a monohybrid cross.

Mendel's experiments with pea plants focusing on a single trait are examples of monohybrid crosses. In these, he crossed two purebred plants differing in one trait, observing dominant and recessive patterns. Hence, the correct answer is c) Monohybrid cross.

In his study with pea plants, Mendel primarily examined single characteristics, such as plant height (short vs. tall), through controlled breeding experiments. This type of experiment, where two purebred individuals with different forms of a single characteristic are crossed, is known as a monohybrid cross. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is: c) Monohybrid cross

In a monohybrid cross, Mendel observed that when he crossed two purebred plants differing in one trait (e.g., tall vs. short), the resulting F1 generation all showed the dominant trait (e.g., tall). When these F1 hybrids were self-pollinated, the recessive trait reappeared in a 3:1 ratio in the F2 generation.

To summarize, Mendel's initial experiments that focused on one trait at a time, such as plant height, exemplify a monohybrid cross, fundamental for understanding basic inheritance patterns.

Answer:

mRNA

Explanation:

Answer:

I THINK its mRNA because i know it isnt a

Explanation:

have a great day

The mass extinctions have had detrimental role when it comes to the evolutionary patters and which organisms prosper, and on the other side which ones are gone forever. There have been numerous extinctions, some being much more extreme than others, but nonetheless they have all reshaped the ''playing ground'' for the organisms. Before a mass extinction occurs, there are lot of species living on land and in water, dominating the Earth by holding the highest niches in the food chain hierarchy, stopping other organisms to develop further as well. Then a mass extinction occurs, be it because of dramatic climate changes, impact with asteroid or comet, intense supervolcano activities, and those sudden changes manage to destroy big portion of the living organisms, with the ones that have been the largest and dominant usually being the most affected. That opens up the gate for the smaller organisms that lived in their shades to prosper as the niches have been left empty, so they quickly diversify and some of them manage to become the dominant ones, and the process continues. This happened with the sinapsids that dominated the Earth by died out because of mass extinction, the dinosaurs benefited from it so they became dominant while the mammals lived in their shades, then the dinosaurs had the same faith as the sinapsids, so the mammals took over.

Final answer:

Mass extinction events have been instrumental in animal evolution by causing rapid changes in biodiversity as new species evolve to fill empty niches. The most famous mass extinction, which led to the rise of mammals, was 65 million years ago. There have been at least five such events, with human activity potentially driving a current sixth period of mass extinction.

Explanation:

Mass extinction has played a significant role in animal evolution by radically altering the biological landscape. Whenever a mass extinction occurs, it acts as a reset button, eliminating dominant species and allowing for a sudden evolutionary burst as new species rush to fill the vacant ecological niches. This adaptive radiation can lead to increased biodiversity and the emergence of new groups of organisms. The most notable example of this process was the mass extinction event 65 million years ago, often associated with an asteroid impact, which led to the demise of the dinosaurs and opened the door for mammals, including our ancestors, to diversify and become dominant.

The Earth has experienced five mass extinctions that have been pivotal in shaping the course of evolution. Each of these events was caused by different factors, ranging from geological processes and volcanic activity to asteroid impacts and possibly human activities. The aftermath of these extinctions witnessed explosive diversification and evolution of lifeforms, drastically altering the composition and structure of ecosystems.

Human activities are now contributing to what some scientists consider the sixth mass extinction, known as the Holocene Extinction. The ongoing loss of species today is driven by habitat destruction, overexploitation, pollution, and climate change, which does not bode well for the future richness of evolutionary life forms as it did in earlier extinctions.

Answer:

AUG

Explanation:

AUG is the start codon of every amino acid chain.

Answer:

A)

Explanation:

Amino acid properties influence the folding and shape of proteins, which determine function. The primary structure of amino acids guides the development of higher-level structures and thus protein shape. Changes in amino acid sequence can alter protein function.

The structure of an amino acid is crucial in determining the overall shape of a protein, which in turn dictates the protein's function. Amino acids have unique properties of size, charge, shape, and acidity that influence their ability to interact with one another. When amino acids link together to form a protein, these interactions lead to the protein's complex three-dimensional structure comprising primary, secondary, tertiary, and sometimes quaternary levels.

Protein synthesis begins with the linear sequence of amino acids, known as the primary structure. As the protein is synthesized, sections of this chain fold locally into patterns like alpha-helices or beta-pleated sheets, forming the secondary structure. This folding brings distant amino acids closer together. Furthermore, the tertiary structure emerges when R-groups or side chains of amino acids interact, leading to the mature three-dimensional shape of the protein.

The primary structure of a protein, determined by the sequence of amino acids, guides this entire process. Changes in the amino acid sequence can lead to alterations in the protein's shape, which may compromise its function. This is partly because the properties of amino acids affect how they bond with one another, with factors like charge and polarity playing a significant role in their interactions.

Answer:

16 i guess

Explanation:

bcs i think it will bcome half it is called haploid or diploid im not sure the name

It’s called Nitrogen fixation

Using Punnett squares for the genetics of widow's peaks and freckles, the offspring will all have widow's peaks (due to dominance and mother's homozygous genes) and a 3:1 ratio of having freckles to not. The chance that a child will completely resemble the father is 0.

The question revolves around genetics and Punnett squares to determine possible offspring traits. Traits such as widow's peaks and freckles are controlled by genes. In this scenario, widow's peaks and freckles are dominant traits, while straight hairline and no freckles are recessive. The woman's genetic makeup for the traits is (WW, Ff), while the man's is (ww, Ff).

A Punnett square shows all possible combinations of offspring from these parents. For the widow's peak, all offspring will have at least one W allele, so all will have widow's peaks. The freckle trait, however, can be FF, Ff, or ff. The phenotypic ratio of the offspring is: 1 widow's peak: 0 straight hairline and 3 Freckles: 1 no freckle.

To look like the father (straight hairline, freckles), the child would need the wwFf combination. However, as the mother is homozygous for the widow's peak (WW), none of the offspring can have a straight hairline. Therefore, the probability they have a child who entirely looks like the dad (straight hairline, freckles) is 0.

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According to the question,

To determine the phenotypic ratio of their potential offspring, let's first identify the possible combinations of alleles for each trait:

For the widow's peak trait:

For the freckles trait:

Now, let's combine these alleles to determine the possible genotypes of their offspring:

For the widow's peak trait:

Offspring: Ww (heterozygous for widow's peak)

For the freckles trait:

Offspring: FF, Ff, or ff (homozygous dominant for freckles, heterozygous for freckles, or homozygous recessive for no freckles)

Now, let's cross these genotypes to find the phenotypic ratio:

Widow's peak : Straight hairline = 1:1

Freckles: No freckles = 3:1 (1 FF : 2 Ff : 1 ff)

So, the overall phenotypic ratio of their potential offspring is 1:1 for widow's peak and straight hairline, and 3:1 for freckles to no freckles.

Now, to find the probability that they have a child who looks like the dad (straight hairline and no freckles), we need to look at the combination of traits that match the father:

For straight hairline: 1/2 (since the father is homozygous recessive for straight hairline)

For no freckles: 1/4 (since the father is heterozygous for freckles)

So, the probability that they have a child who looks like the dad (both straight hairline and no freckles) is the product of these probabilities:

Probability = (1/2) * (1/4) = 1/8

Therefore, there is a 1 in 8 chance that they have a child who looks like the dad.

Answer:

An amino acid can be encoded by more than one codon.

Explanation:

Codons are triplets of nucleotides in mRNA that are used for the protein synthesis (translation). A codon specifies a single amino acid, but there are exceptions. tRNA molecule contain anticodons, triplets of nucleotides that are complementary to codons. So, during the translation, tRNA carries the amino acid, that corresponds to the codon in mRNA.

Degenerate genetic code (more than one codon can code for the same amino acid) is important, because when point mutation occurs it is possible that the amino acid remains unchanged.

The genetic code is considered 'degenerate' because more than one codon can encode for the same amino acid. Despite this, the code is unambiguous - each codon uniquely specifies an amino acid. This feature helps reduce the negative impacts of random genetic mutations.

When we say that a genetic code is degenerate, we refer to the unique feature of the genetic code where multiple three-nucleotide sequences, or codons, can specify the same amino acid. In total, there are 64 possible codon combinations (4 nucleotide types to the power of 3 positions in the codon), but these only encode 20 amino acids and three stop codons. This means that some amino acids have more than one corresponding codon in the DNA and RNA alphabets.

For instance, let's take Amino Acid X. The codons UCU, UCC, UCA, and UCG could all code for Amino Acid X. This is what we mean when we say the genetic code is 'degenerate'. An important aspect here is that while the genetic code is degenerate, it is not ambiguous - each specific codon codes for one and only one amino acid.

Understanding this degeneracy is important because it reduces the negative impact of random mutations on protein synthesis. In other words, errors in the genetic code may still result in the correct or a similar-enough amino acid being produced, protecting the cell's ability to function correctly.

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Answer:

A mutation that causes incorporation of an incorrect amino acid in a synthesizing protein is known as missense mutation.

Explanation:

Because of the protein that this amino acid would be carrying.

Answer:

The correct answer will be- Missense mutation

Explanation:

A missense mutation is a type of mutation which takes place due to the change in the single base pair nucleotide caused by the substitution of a different nucleotide.

The change in the single nucleotide leads to change in the codon read during the translation. This change in the codon causes the substitution of a different amino acid which could result in a different protein.  

Thus, missense mutation is the correct answer.

Answer:

Proliferative phase

Explanation:

Uterine cycle is part of the menstrual cycle in which changes occur in the reproductve female system in order to prepare female on possible pregnacy. Uterine cycle isdivided into three phases:

The proliferative phase is when the endometrium doubles in thickness. This phase is stimulated by increased estrogen levels and prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. If no fertilization occurs, this thickened lining is shed during menstruation.

During this phase, the granulosa and theca cells of the tertiary follicles begin to produce increased amounts of estrogen, stimulating the endometrial lining to rebuild. This phase occurs after menstrual flow ceases and is characterized by a thickening of the endometrium, the inner lining of the uterus, due to an increase in blood vessels and tissue in preparation for a potential pregnancy. If the egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum degrades, leading to a decline in progesterone production and the shedding of the endometrium during menstruation.

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Answer:

 D.)

When a phosphate group is removed from ATP by hydrolysis, ADP is produced and energy is stored for cellular processes.

Explanation:

Answer: I also think the answer is D).

Answer:

DNA can make loops

Explanation:

Transcriptional factors (such as activators or repressors) are proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to DNA sequence (such as enhancers and silencers). Consequently, gene transcription might be turned on or off. Usually binding sites for transcriptional factors are located near the promoter (initiation of transcription). But when they are located far from the gene they regulate DNA, flexibility plays a role. DNA can form loops which bring together binding sites and transcription factors.

Answer:

Some of the carbon dioxide is transported dissolved in the plasma. Some carbon dioxide is transported as carbaminohemoglobin. However, most carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate. As blood flows through the tissues, carbon dioxide diffuses into red blood cells, where it is converted into bicarbonate.

Explanation:

The majority of carbon dioxide is transported within the blood plasma as bicarbonate. It's part of a process involving carbon dioxide combining with water to form carbonic acid, which rapidly transforms into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. At the lungs, this process reverses, and the carbon dioxide is exhaled.

Carbon dioxide is primarily transported within the blood plasma as bicarbonate (HCO3-). Carbon dioxide can be transported within the blood via three mechanisms. Firstly, a small fraction (about 5 to 7 percent) of it is dissolved directly into the blood. Secondly, some carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin or plasma proteins to create carbaminohemoglobin; this accounts for about 10 percent of the transport. The majority of the carbon dioxide (about 70 to 90 percent), however, is transported as bicarbonate within the blood plasma. This is a part of the bicarbonate buffer system.

Inside the red blood cells, carbon dioxide combines with water to produce carbonic acid (H2CO3) through the presence of an enzyme called carbonic anhydrase. This carbonic acid rapidly dissociates into bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) and hydrogen ions (H+). The bicarbonate ions then get transported out of the red blood cells into the plasma.

At the lungs, this reaction is reversed. The bicarbonate ions move back into the red blood cells where they combine with hydrogen ions to form carbonic acid once again. This is then converted back to water and carbon dioxide, which is eventually exhaled out.

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The answer would be C

Answer:

i think its D but im not 100%

Explanation:

Natural selection involves trade-offs between producing a larger number of offspring over a lifetime and investing resources in longevity.. The Option A.

Organisms face a limited amount of energy and resources that can be allocated to different life history traits. If an individual allocates more energy towards reproduction, it may have a higher number of offspring but may also have a shorter lifespan.

But if an organism invests more energy in survival and longevity, it may have a smaller number of offspring. These trade-offs are shaped by the specific ecological and environmental conditions in which the organisms exist. Therefore, the Option D is correct.

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Answer:

No, because if you ground up a human and put it in a test tube, it would be dead but still have the same molecules

Explanation:

Hey there! :D

Changing amino acids in a protein of 433 amino acids would change the entire protein. It would no longer be the same. It depends on where the protein is affected, the first sequence, or the last one. One wrong nucleotide leading to a wrong amino acid affects the whole chain and destroys the proteins natrual purpose.

I hope this helps!

~kaikers

Changing a single amino acid in a protein can significantly alter the function and structure of the protein. This is demonstrated in medical conditions such as sickle cell anemia, where a single amino acid substitution affects the entire protein function.

Changing a single amino acid in a protein consisting of 433 amino acids can indeed have a substantial effect on the structure and function of the protein, as the functional properties of a protein are determined by its specific sequence of amino acids. For instance, in the case of sickle cell anemia, a single substitution of the amino acid glutamic acid with valine in the hemoglobin molecule changes its structure, leading to a different shape of red blood cells and subsequently a dramatic decrease in life expectancy. The unique sequence for every protein is ultimately determined by the gene encoding it. Gene mutations such as substitution, deletion or insertions can cause such changes in the amino acid sequence, resulting either in minor differences in the protein or tangibly altering its function. For example, frameshift mutations caused by insertions or deletions of a number of nucleotides can change every amino acid after the point of the mutation, possibly including a stop codon before the end of the coding sequence, rendering the resulting protein nearly always nonfunctional.

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Answer:

A) endemic

Explanation:

Mojave desert is the most driest desert present in North America, as the area is very hot and dry so the flora of that area has adapted to the hot environment, Joshua tree is the endemic species of that region, it exists only in that particular geographic region.

Endemic species are those species of plants and animals that is present in that particular geographic region, a species can be endemic to a continent or a part of continent, means endemic to small or large area. Joshua tree is in the same manner endemic to Mojave desert with somehow restricted distribution.

Answer: the answer is A) endemic

Explanation:

Answer:

B. There is less biodiversity in the high tide zone because the tidal changes make survival difficult.

Explanation:

The high tide and low tide zones are located on the seashore as the ocean water merges with land.

High tide zones are usually covered with water during high ocean tide while low tide zones are always submerged in water.

There is low biodiversity in the high tide zone because the tide here changes rapidly and organisms find it difficult to adapt. Organisms that inhabit here must be welll adapted to withstand peroids of high tides.

Answer:

I'm doing this question right now.

I'm pretty sure it's C. There is more biodiversity in the high tide zone because the waves bring additional nutrients to the area.

Hey there! :D

If you ever learned about protein synthesis, you probably have heard about how it is made with amino acids. Messenger RNA (a portion of DNA in the nucleus) is taken to the ribosomes (which make the protein) and the code from the DNA is converted to amino acid sequences, therefore, the polymer and correct answer is amino acid. These amino acids, all combined, become protein chains. I would encourage you to look into the process because it is very interesting and very helpful!

I hope this helps!

~kaikers

Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Proteins are large, complex molecules that play essential roles in almost all biological processes.

Proteins are polymers, which means they are composed of repeating units called monomers. In the case of proteins, the monomers are amino acids.

Amino acids are organic compounds consisting of a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group (NH₂), a carboxyl group (COOH), a hydrogen atom, and a unique side chain or "R" group. There are 20 different amino acids commonly found in proteins, each with a different side chain, giving them unique chemical properties.

During protein synthesis, amino acids are linked together through peptide bonds, which form between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another. This process results in the formation of a linear chain of amino acids, known as a polypeptide chain.

The sequence and arrangement of amino acids in a polypeptide chain determine the protein's structure and function. Proteins can have various levels of structural organization, including primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures, all of which contribute to their specific biological functions.

Proteins are involved in numerous vital functions within cells, such as enzymatic reactions, cell signaling, transport of molecules, structural support, and immune responses. They are the workhorses of the cell, carrying out a diverse range of tasks critical for the survival and functioning of living organisms. Understanding the structure and function of proteins is central to many areas of biology, biochemistry, and medicine.

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Answer:

I'm pretty sure it's liver

Explanation:

B. Protista

Bcoz in kingdom protista

Euglenoids and slime moulds are present - having characteristics of both plants and animals..

And protozoans are also present-primituve relatives of animals.

The answer is B. Protista

Answer:

Because eukaryotic genes contain introns

Explanation:

Eukaryotic genes are much more complex than prokaryotic genes. Some of the differences between these two groups of organisms are:

On the other hand, prokaryotic genes are organized in operons, structural units that contain more that one gene, under the control of one promotor.

Eukaryotic gene expression is more complex due to physical separation of transcription and translation, epigenetic regulation, and larger genomes.

Eukaryotic gene expression is more complex than prokaryotic gene expression because the processes of transcription and translation are physically separated within the eukaryotic cell. Eukaryotic cells can regulate gene expression at multiple levels, beginning with control of access to DNA through epigenetic regulation. This complexity is further enhanced by the larger genomes, alternative splicing of mRNAs, and chromatin wrapping in eukaryotes.

Answer:

mutations

Explanation:

Mutations are changes in DNA sequence that can create genetic variation within the population and thus are the ultimate source of new alleles . Mutations are important for evolution because of their ability to form a new genetic variant (allele) that can be spread to the offspring.  If a new variant of a trait formed by a mutation is advantageous and helps the organism to survive and reproduce,  it is going to be favourable by natural selection. That  variation will more likely be passed to the next generation and remain over time.