Answer:
Explanation:
The ethical standard was accepted by the Society in the 2013 mid-year ballot. This Code states 17 guiding principles aimed at assisting the Society.
Some of the ethical issues include the potential for data fabrication/ falsification,
conflicts of interest, human subjects violations, working with scientific uncertainty and values conflicts in marine conservation.
Final answer:
Marine scientists acquire their ethical standards from scientific ethics, philosophical discussions, religious and environmental ethics, and community norms. These standards emphasize the minimization of harm to organisms and ecosystems, as well as unbiased research. Ethical reasoning features in education and policy to guide practitioners in morally complex situations.
Explanation:
Origins of Ethical Standards in Marine Science
Marine scientists derive their ethical standards from a variety of sources including scientific ethics, philosophical discourse, and environmental considerations. These standards aim to protect humans, animals, and ecosystems from undue harm while promoting research that is free from bias. Principles of ethics such as compassion, humility, respect, coexistence, and sustainability guide interactions with marine life, with an increasing focus on moral considerations as we learn more about marine cognition and consciousness.
Ethical dilemmas, intrinsic and extrinsic values, and the application of ethical reasoning are core components within the marine science field. This includes the management of fisheries and the conservation of rare and endangered species, where ethical assumptions can significantly influence policy and practice. Additionally, religious and environmental ethics contribute to shaping the values and norms that marine scientists may hold, especially when pondering grand questions about humanity's relationship with the ocean and its inhabitants.
To foster ethical conduct, the incorporation of ethical reasoning is advocated in curricula, major meetings, and agency operations. Emotion plays a critical role in shaping moral judgments, which is why the engagement of both hearts and minds is encouraged in ethical deliberations. This holistic approach helps marine scientists navigate complex ethical landscapes in their work.
The statements “Evolution through natural selection accounts for the huge diversity of life on Earth” is an example of a: Select one: A. Theory B. Hypothesis C. Law D.Fact
Answer:
A. theory
there is no way of knowing for sure wether this is true but there is evidence
Genetic disorders can result in chroma tides fail to separate properly during which phase is this problem most likely to our car
Answer:
Anaphase of meiosis II
Explanation:
I think you are asking during which phase of cell division sister chromatids are mostly likely to fail to separate properly, a phenomenon that can lead to genetic disease.
This is sometimes called non-disjunction, and it is most likely to occur in anaphase during meiosis II. During this stage, sister chromatids of the two daughter cells produced by meiosis 1 are separated and brought to opposite parts of the cell. If something goes wrong at this stage, the sister chromatids can fail to separate properly, meaning the daughter cells do not have the correct number of chromosomes (see attachment).
An example of such a genetic disorder is Down syndrome
Lipids and proteins are both types of what? A. Carbohydrates
B. Elements
C. Macromolecules
D. Atoms
Answer:
C.
Explanation:
Lipids and proteins are both types of macromolecules. Macromolecules are molecules made up of more than one atom.
Answer:
The correct answer is C.
C. Macromolecules
Explanation:
sponse Question #1
Rosa eats a peanut bu
of protein, and bread is mo
afternoon. Rosa is breathing
nut butter sandwich for lunch. Peanut butter contains a lot
read is mostly starch. Rosa plans to go for a run later this
Rosa is breathing normally.
ne need from the food she ate and the air she breathes so that
her run? How do Rosa's body systems work together to get the
the needs into her cells? How do her cells use these molecules to
release energy for her body to run
What does she need from
she can go on her run? Howa
molecules she needs into her
Answer:
Sugar and other starch molecules get stored in the body in the form of glycogen. Glucose is the main energy source that is required by the body during exercise. Complex molecules, like starch and glycogen, need to be converted into glucose during exercise. So, having a carbohydrate-rich diet before exercise is necessary.
The glucose is then used for cellular respiration to generate ATP molecules. About, 36-38 molecules of ATP are generated by aerobic respiration.
Which of the following is the term for
the substances which are involved in
order to make the formula of
photosynthesis work?
A. products
B. organelles
C. reactants
D. synthesis
The correct answer to the question is C. reactants.The substances involved in making the formula of photosynthesis work are called reactants. The main reactants for photosynthesis are water and carbon dioxide. Thus, the correct term in the context of the question is reactants.
The substances involved in making the formula of photosynthesis work are called reactants.
During photosynthesis, the main reactants are water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2), which, in the presence of light energy, produce glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2) as products. The chemical equation for photosynthesis can be summarized as:
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2.
Therefore, the correct answer to the question is C. reactants.
How can you tell that these snapdragon do not follow the pattern of complete dominance
Answer:
Thorough observation and understanding of dominance types
Explanation:
It is very simple to distinguish between traits following complete dominance or incomplete dominance
There can be three cases of dominance
a) Complete dominance - where characteristics of one allele are expressed over and above the characteristics of the other allele
b) Incomplete dominance - Here both the traits are dominant but a blending of the two traits occur for example red and white flower producing pink flower
c) Co-dominance - Here both the traits are dominant but no blending occurs between the two traits occur for example red and white flower producing flower with red and white bands
Based on the above definitions , pattern of complete dominance is followed or not in case of snapdragon can be depicted.
We can tell that snapdragons don't follow complete dominance due to the pink flowers of heterozygotes indicating an incomplete dominance pattern of inheritance, where neither red nor white alleles are completely dominant, resulting in an intermediate phenotype.
Explanation:You can tell that these snapdragons do not follow the pattern of complete dominance because of the presence of an intermediate phenotype in the heterozygote snapdragons. In cases of complete dominance, one allele is completely dominant over the other, and the heterozygote expresses the dominant phenotype. However, in incomplete dominance, the heterozygote expresses a phenotype that is a blend of the two parental phenotypes. For instance, when crossing a snapdragon with red flowers (CRCR) with one that has white flowers (CWCW), the offspring are not red or white but display pink flowers, which indicates a mix of both red and white traits.
This phenomenon contradicts the historical view that inheritance always results in dominant and recessive traits, as was first demonstrated by Gregor Mendel in his pea plant experiments. Incomplete dominance, like in the example of the snapdragon flowers, shows that one gene for flower color can have alleles for red and white, neither of which is completely dominant. Therefore, the resulting pink flowers of the heterozygotes (CRCW) clearly show the intermediate inheritance pattern.
What is the role of cyclin-dependent kinases in the cell cycle?
Question 5 options:
They stop the cycle if something has gone wrong.
They catalyze the condensation of the chromosomes.
They provide the energy for the actions of the spindle fibers.
They initiate various stages of the cell cycle.
Answer:
The role of cyclin-dependent kinases in the cell cycle is "They initiate various stages of the cell cycle ".
Explanation:
Cyclin dependent kinase belong to the family of protein kinase that have been first discovered due to their role of regulating the cell cycle. They also helps in the transcription, mRNA processing and also in the differentiation of the nerve cells. A single cyclin belongs from a class of cell cycle helps in the molecule control, and when more one cyclin are there they form a group together which further helps in the progression of the cell by the help of check points.
_____ all the biotic and abiotic factors in a
particular area
Answer:
An ecosystem is made of all biotic and abiotic components in a particular area.
Explanation:
In any ecosystem two components perform together. These are biotic component and abiotic component.
Abiotic component- These are the non living component of ecosystem. All the environmental conditions minerals are the part of abiotic component.
TemperaturepHsunlightwater contentsoilAir MineralsAll are abiotic component of an ecosystem.
Biotic component- All living organisms, plant etc. are biotic component of ecosystem. These can be understand by following points.
Producers- Producers/autotrophs are the first member of any food chain. They make their own food using sunlight. They perform photosynthesis and convert light energy into chemical energy in the presence of sunlight. Example, green plants and photosynthetic blue green bacteria and algae.Consumers- Consumers are the second member in food chain. For their nutrition they depend on producers. They are - primary, secondary and tertiary consumers.Decomposers- Decomposers are organisms decompose dead and decaying matter and obtain energy from it.What part of the human body has the same role as the power source in a computer?
Answer:
Heart
Explanation:
WIthout Heart, you will die. But you can breathe volunatrily without a brain.
Answer:
The heart
Explanation:
Drag the tiles to the correct boxes to complete the pairs.
Match the phases in the cell cycle to the events that occur in each phase.
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The nucleus divides = mitosis
The cytoplasm divides = cytokinesis
The DNA replicates = interphase
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The nucleus divides = mitosis, The cytoplasm divides = cytokinesis and The DNA replicates = interphase.
What is Cell cycle?A cell's growth and division are accompanied by a sequence of processes known as a cell cycle. A cell spends the majority of its time in what is known as interphase, where it develops, duplicates its chromosomes, and gets ready to divide.
The cell then exits interphase, goes through mitosis, and finishes dividing. Each of the resultant cells, referred to as daughter cells, enters its own interphase to start a fresh cycle of the cell.
We refer to the procedure through which cells multiply and divide into two new cells as the cell cycle. G1, S, G2, and M are the phases of the cell cycle, respectively.
Therefore, The nucleus divides = mitosis, The cytoplasm divides = cytokinesis and The DNA replicates = interphase.
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Which statement accurately describes the geologic features?
The diagram shows cross-cutting relationships among rocks.
A. D occurred after B.
B. D occurred before A.
C. A formed after the horizontal layer above was deposited.
D. F formed before the horizontal layer above was deposited.
Answer:
D. F formed before the horizontal layer above was deposited.
Explanation:
The diagram represents a cross cutting relationship is a principle of the geology and states that the geologic features that cuts the other features are a younger type of feature and is given by the nicholas steno. F is a fault that cuts through the A, B, C and E.Provide a detailed explanation of the water cycle and how plants are involved with this process.
Answer:
transpiration
Explanation:
Plants absorb water on their stems and leaves and that water leaves when they release oxygen in the process of photosynthesis. The water is evaporated then begins to form into a cloud following the rest of the water cycle and the process starts again.
33. Cooling food requires proper temperature control. What is the best way to measure if the food is staying
cold enough?
A. Lift the containers to see if the ice is melted
OB. Use a thermometer to check the temperature of the ice water
OC. Use a thermometer to check the temperature of the food
OD. Put lids on the food containers
The best way to measure if the food is staying cold enough is to use a thermometer to check the temperature of the food
Explanation:
Those foods are called Potentially hazardous where bacteria will be held at temperatures in the danger zone, or room temperature. It is 41-degree Fahrenheit and 135-degree Fahrenheit. It means 135-degree Fahrenheit or hotter is the exact temperature for hot holding potentially hazardous food. For cold holding potentially hazardous food is 41°F or colder.
With heating and cooling we keep food move out through the danger very soon. Each and every food needs different temperature for heating and cooling. So, we should use thermometer.
A scientist is studying a volcano. She claims
that the lava that comes out of the volcano is a
liquid. She wants to make an argument to
support her claim. What question should she
ask to help her collect evidence for her
argument?
A. Does the lava have a definite volume?
B. Is the lava made of particles that move
around?
C. Does the lava have a definite volume and
does it flow freely?
D. Does the lava have a definite volume and
particles that are very far apart?
The question which the scientist should ask to help collect evidence for the argument is "Does the lava have a definite volume and does it flow freely?". Thus, the correct option is C.
What is Lava?When the magma flows or erupts onto Earth's surface, it is called as the lava. When lava erupts from the volcano it is made up of a slush of crystals, liquid, and bubbles. The liquid rocks and magma "freezes" to form volcanic glass. Chemically, this lava is made up of the elements like silicon, oxygen, aluminum, iron, magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, and titanium with some other elements in very small concentrations.
The lava can be claimed to be liquid by the argument which questions "Does the lava have a definite volume and does it flow freely" as liquids have a definite volume and flows freely in any container or space.
Therefore, the correct option is C.
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Please help will give Brainiest
Question 24 of 25
2 Points
Which human activity has the most negative effect on the stability of a river
environment?
O
A. Driving a car near the river
O
B. Boats leaking oil into the river
O
c. Sailboats being stored in the river
O
D. People picnicking along the bank of the river
Will give brainliest.
Students wonder if the size of the moth population affects the growth of the trees in the ecosystem? Which of the following is the best way to test this?
-study other ecosystems
-collect tree growth data
-collect moth data
-collect data on tree height and moth population size
Answer:
-collect data on tree height and moth population size
Explanation:
The answer should be D I believe. While you can study other ecosystems, you are testing this one, and you are finding correlation between the amounts of moths and the growth/heights of the trees, so the answer should be this.
Please help I can’t figure this out
Select all of the things that are true about photosynthesis and respiration
(Check all that apply)
1. Aerobic respiration in an efficient way to covert glucose into ATP
2. Only plants are able to use photosynthesis
3. Chlorophyll is why we see so many different colors
4. Plants do not use mitochondria because they do not need to use respiration
5. Water and carbon dioxide are reactants in photosynthesis
6. Cells can still “burn” glucose to realize energy without oxygen
7. Carbon dioxide comes out of photosynthesis
8. Respiration happens in mitochondria
9. Photosynthesis held plants make sugar
Answer:
Photosynthesis is the process in which cells use carbon dioxide and water to make glucose in the presence of sunlight.
Respiration is the process in which glucose molecules are utilized to release energy in the form of ATP.
Explanation:
Ans1- Respiration in cells occurs in mitochondria. Cells gain energy in the form of ATP. Conversion of glucose in the form of ATP is known as cellular respiration.
Cellular respiration can take place either in presence of oxygen(aerobic respiration) or in absence of oxygen(anaerobic respiration ).
Before entering into cellular respiration glucose molecule has to be converted into pyruvic acid. This process in known as GLYCOLYSIS.
Anaerobic respiration occurs in mitochondria when oxygen is not present. It is known as fermentation.It is not effective process to produce ATP from glucose as in this process only 4 ATP can be released.
Aerobic respiration occurs in mitochondria in presence of oxygen. This is effective pathway to gain ATP as it releases 36 ATP from 1 glucose molecule.
Ans2- All cells which has photosynthetic pigments are able to use photosynthesis. Example- Blue green algae, cynobacteria etc.
Ans3- We can see different shades of green colors of plants and leaves because of different types of chlorophyll present in plant. Chlorophyll are of 6 types in plant. Their types are based on the lights they absorb. Two main types of chlorophylls are chl a and chl b.
Ans4- Both plant and animal cells have mitochondria. In plant also they need energy. To get ATP from breakdown of glucose respiration is occur in plant also.
Ans5-In photosynthesis glucose is formed from water and carbon di oxide. 6 carbon dioxide and 6 molecules of water are used to make 1 molecule of glucose. Water and carbon di oxide are reactant in this process.
Ans6 - Cells without oxygen can burn glucose to release energy. This process is known as Anerobic respiration/ fermentation. But the outcome of energy is lower than aerobic respiration. ( ANS1)
Ans7- In the process of photosynthesis reactants are water and carbon di oxide. Oxygen produced released in the form of gas along with carbon di oxide.
Ans8- The enzymatic reaction of respiration occurs in mitochondria. Krebs cycle occurs in the matrix of mitochondria.( ETC electron transport chain) to release ATP occurs in cristae of inner membrane of mitochondria.
Ans9- Plants make glucose through photosynthesis . In presence of sunlight plants use carbon dioxide and water to make sugar.
A stream table is a tool used to show how water causes erosion. Water from the left side of the table is added to model a stream. Suppose a block of wood is placed under the left edge of the table. Which characteristic of the stream is changed? gradient of the stream sediment in the stream velocity of the stream volume of the stream
Answer:
gradient of the stream
A stream table is a tool used to show how water causes erosion. Water from the left side of the table is added to model a stream is gradient of the stream.
What is the use of gradient?The gradient of any line or curve tells us the rate of change of one variable with respect to another.
Thus, gradient of the stream is the correct answer.
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why mammal embroys and dinosaur embroys have placodes
They came to the conclusion that birds, mammals, and reptiles all inherited placodes from the very same antiquity reptilian ancestor.
What is an ancestor?An ancestor is a parent or (recursively) the parent of an antecedent, also known as a forefather, fore-elder, or forebear.
An ancestor is anyone from whom one descends. In law, the person who has inherited an estate.
According to a new study, the ancestor of all placental mammals, the diverse lineage that includes almost all species of mammals living today, including humans, was a tiny, furry-tailed creature that evolved shortly after the dinosaurs died.
Modern humans evolved from their most likely common ancestor, Homo erectus, which means "upright man," in Africa within the last 200,000 years.
Birds, mammals, and reptiles all inherited placodes from the same ancient reptilian ancestor, according to both mammals and dianosaurs.
Thus, mammal embryos and dinosaur embryos have placodes.
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Which of the following is NOT an aquatic biome?
Answer:
Grassland
Explanation:
"Aquatic" means "relating to water"
Grasslands do receive rainfall, but not enough for it to be an aquatic biome.
From the given options, the one which is not an aquatic biome is: (2) grassland.
Grasslands are terrestrial biomes characterized by vast areas of grasses and few trees, with varying levels of rainfall and seasonal changes. These ecosystems are found on every continent except Antarctica and can vary in climate, vegetation, and animal life depending on their location.
An aquatic biome, also known as an aquatic ecosystem, refers to any environment that is predominantly water-based, encompassing both freshwater and marine habitats. These biomes can range from small bodies of water like ponds to vast oceans and include various types of aquatic ecosystems, such as lakes, rivers, estuaries, coral reefs, and the open ocean.
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The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:
Which of the following is NOT an aquatic biome?
freshwatergrasslandmarinenone of the aboveName the stages of alternation of generations. Specify whether the stage is diploid or haploid
Answer:
The alteration of generation is also called metagenesis. Haploid and diploid both stages are multicellular. Here both may be dominant to various types of degree but in different species. Meiosis and fertilization separate the organism's development into two. The two stages are different genetically. This cycle happens in plant and some different types of algae. About all animal have diploid-dominant cycle in which gametes are only haploid. Most fungi and some protists have haploid dominant cycle. In this cycle, the body of the organism become mature.
Suppose a global disaster causes a genetic mutation that causes all animals to stop respiring. How would plants be affected by this mutation?
Oil is a fossil fuel that provides power to sustain a modern lifestyle. Which of these statements best describes a benefit of oil drilling.
No air pollution is detective from Oil drill machinery
Less expensive source of energy is available
Radiation may cause health problems
Water and soil may be contaminated
Less expensive source of energy is available.
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Answer:
Less expensive source of energy is available
Explanation:
Oil is considered, alongside water, the main natural resource of the modern era. Although there are government efforts around the world to reduce dependence on this element, it is still the most widely used fuel. In addition to the fact that it is a non-renewable resource, oil has the disadvantage of emitting large quantities of pollutants into the atmosphere during its burning.
However, oil has several advantages, the first being that it represents a more efficient and cheaper form of energy. In addition, its reservoirs are generally easy to locate, extract and process.
A cell that is undergoing mitosis is examined with a light microscope. An observation that would allow for identification of the cell as an animal cell rather than a plant cell would be
Question 10 options:
the centrioles migrating.
the chromosome pairs separating from each other.
the chromosomes twisting about each other.
the nucleoli disappearing.
An observation that would allow for identification of the cell as an animal cell rather than a plant cell would be the nucleoli disappearing.
Explanation:
Mitosis is first phase where parent cell is divided into two identical daughter cells. It is the primary organism where organism generates new cells through cell division. It is a duplication of its parent cell. Here parent cell passes genetic material to its daughter cell. It is the first stage of cell division.
The main purpose is replacing a worn out new cell. In mitosis, chromosome becomes highly compact. It can be seen through microscope in both plant and animal cell
The major distinguishing factor when viewing a cell under a microscope that is undergoing mitosis would be the presence of migrating centrioles, which are only found in animal cells. Centrioles play a crucial role in the organization of mitotic spindle fibers, necessary for chromosome separation. Plant cells don't have centrioles but utilize a different mechanism for spindle fiber formation during mitosis.
Explanation:In this scenario, the major distinguishing factor would be the centrioles migrating. Centrioles are a structure you would only find in animal cells. They play a key role in cell division, or mitosis, by migrating to opposite ends of the cell non to form the poles of the mitotic spindle, which is essential for separating the chromosomes between the two daughter cells. However, plant cells do no possess centrioles. They instead use a different process to organize their spindle fibers to form during mitosis. Other aspects, including the separating of chromosome pairs, the twisting of chromosomes, or the disappearance of nucleoli, could be observed in both kinds of cells during mitosis.
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E
DNA is composed of repeating structural units
called
T .
is the five-carbon sugar found in
DNA.
Answer:
DNA is composed of repeating structural units called nucleotides.
Deoxyribose is the five-carbon sugar found in DNA.
Explanation:
Each DNA (deoxyribo nucleic acid) molecule has two strands and they are made up of monomers called nucleotides. The nucleotide in DNA contains a phosphate group attached to a five-carbon deoxyribose sugar molecule and one of the four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. DNA has a phosphate-sugar backbone from which the nitrogenous bases project. This backbone is made by the nucleotides that are combined together by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next. The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between the base pairs (adenine bonds only with thymine and cytosine with guanine) to form a double helix structure.
Answer:
1. nucleotides
2. Deoxyribose
Explanation: :)
oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange, place the statements in correct order
This answer explains the process of gas exchange in the lungs, differentiates ventilation from gas exchange, and details the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide during the exchange.
Gas Exchange Process in the Lungs:
Oxygen and carbon dioxide flow during gas exchange: In the lungs, oxygen moves from the alveoli into the capillaries while carbon dioxide moves from the capillaries into the alveoli.
Ventilation vs. Gas Exchange: Ventilation is the process of breathing, moving air in and out of the lungs, while gas exchange is the actual transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the blood.
Explanation of Gas Exchange: Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli where oxygen diffuses into the blood and binds to hemoglobin while carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled.
55 Which of the following is an advantage of
sexual reproduction?
A It requires only one parent.
B It can remove harmful traits from a
population.
C It involves cells formed through mitosis.
D It increases the mutation rate.
Answer:
"It increases the mutation rate" is an advantage of sexual reproduction
Explanation:
The basic thing of evolution is fundamental, as it helps in generation of genetic variation on which the selection can act. Sexual reproduction leads to genetic diversity, and this genetic diversity leads to increase the mutation rate. Genetic diversity occurs because of two various cells which are combining together and biological assortment which happens at the time of cell division. Neutral genetic diversity in the population leads to high mutation rate.
A massive toxic spill kills off half the population of photosynthetic plankton in the ocean. What do you predict may happen to the atmosphere as a result of this event?
Answer:
The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere would decrease.
Explanation:
This is because phytoplankton have chlorophyll to capture sunlight, and they use photosynthesis to turn it into chemical energy. They consume carbon dioxide, and release oxygen. All phytoplankton photosynthesize, but some get additional energy by consuming other organisms.
name two major types of mutations. what do they have in common? how are they different? give an example of both
Answer & Explanation:
Two major types of mutations are deletions and substitutions
Deletion occurs when the DNA replication machinery misses or removes some nucleotides, meaning some of the sequence is missing from the new DNA. This can be just one nucleotide, a few, or lots of nucleotides.
Substitution occurs when the DNA replication machinery makes the wrong sequence, substituting one or several bases for others.
Both of these mutations can be deleterious, and occur at the level of the individual nucleotide. The effects of each of them greatly depend on the location and size of the mutation.
If a small deletion occurs at a relatively unimportant region, for example a non-coding region, or a part of the coding region that is not essential to the structure or function of a protein, then the deletion might not be too problematic to the cell. On the other hand, if even a small deletion were to affect the active site of an enzyme, a binding site, or destroy a key structural residue, then the protein could not perform its function properly. Depending on the role of the protein, this could be disastrous for the cell. The same principles apply for the substitution. If the substitution replaces important nucleotides for ones that change the amino acid sequence of important sites, then the protein could not perform its function. Alternatively, some regions might be more flexible, and the substitution could be inconsequential. Another way that a substitution might not be too problematic, is if the final amino acid that resulted from the substitution was either the same, or had similar properties, to the initial amino acid that was coded for. For example, if the initial and replacement amino acids were both uncharged, as opposed to if a uncharged residue was replaced with a negatively charged amino acid. Another difference in these mutations is that a deletion can cause a frameshift mutation. Frameshift mutations occur when the "triplet" nature of the genetic code is disrupted, such that the entire sequence is affected. I.e. if you remove one nuclelotide, then everything after that is read differently, as the machinery reads it in threesThis means that the entire protein after the deletion site is incorrect.An example of a deletion mutation that causes a disease is in cystic fibrosis, where there is a deletion in the gene CFTR. The most common mutation, is a deletion of three nucleotides that causes a the loss of the amino acid phenylalanine at residue 508.
An example of a substitution mutation causing a disease is sickle cell anemia, which changes a glutamic acid to a valine in the haemoglobin protein.
Final answer:
The two major types of mutations are germline and somatic mutations, both involving DNA sequence changes but differing in heritability and impact. Germline mutations are inheritable and affect all cells of the offspring, while somatic mutations are not inheritable and only affect certain cells in the individual.
Explanation:
Major Types of Mutations and Their Distinctions
There are two major types of mutations: germline mutations and somatic mutations. Both play crucial roles in biology, but have distinctive characteristics and implications.
Germline Mutations
Germline mutations occur in the sex cells, such as eggs and sperm. These mutations are heritable, meaning they can be passed down to offspring. For example, a mutation in the BRCA gene associated with increased cancer risk is a germline mutation, as it can be inherited from a parent.
Somatic Mutations
Somatic mutations occur in other cells of the body, excluding the sex cells. These mutations are not passed down to offspring but can lead to diseases such as cancer within the individual. An example of a somatic mutation is the acquisition of mutations in the TP53 gene in a single liver cell, leading to liver cancer.
Commonalities and Differences
Both types of mutations involve changes in the DNA sequence. However, germline mutations affect the offspring's entire genome and are heritable, while somatic mutations affect only certain cells in an individual and are not heritable. Understanding the differences between these mutations is crucial for genetics and medical research.
Jake has a can of soda that is at room temperature. He places the soda can in the freezer. The next day, Jake looks in the freezer and the soda can has popped open. Frozen soda has exploded out of the top of the can. Why did the soda explode out of the can?
Answer:
Because of the pressure build up. it also expanded
Explanation:
Final answer:
The soda can exploded in the freezer because water and the dissolved CO₂ in the soda both expanded as they froze, increasing the pressure inside the can beyond its physical limits, which led to the eruption.
Explanation:
The soda can exploded because the temperature inside the freezer caused the liquid inside the can to freeze and expand. When water freezes, it expands by about 9%, and given that soda is mostly water, a similar expansion occurred. This expansion increased the pressure inside the can beyond its structural limits, leading to the explosion. Moreover, soda contains dissolved carbon dioxide (CO₂), which also expands when it cools and turns from a liquid to a solid. Due to the kinetic-molecular theory, the molecules in the soda moved more slowly in the cooler temperatures of the freezer, which made the liquid less capable of keeping the CO₂ dissolved.
This phenomenon relates to Henry's Law, which states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly related to the pressure of that gas above the liquid. In cold temperatures, the gas becomes less soluble, and if the container has no room to accommodate this change in pressure, it can lead to a rupture as the gas escapes. Additionally, when the pressure of the carbon dioxide in the can drops, such as when a bottle is left open, the dissolved gas escapes and causes the soda to “go flat”. The presence of a pocket of air in containers like a glass bottle of vinegar allows for some expansion without breaking, but a tightly sealed soda can does not have this cushioning.