Whereas luteinizing hormone (lh) and follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh) are produced by the _______ and act on the _______, estrogen and progesterone are produced by _______ and act on the _______?

Monkeys became more common than apes in the mid-Miocene as a result of environmental changes such as forest reduction and climate cooling and drying, which favored their adaptability, diverse foraging behaviors, and faster reproduction rates.

By the mid-Miocene, monkeys became more common than apes due to a variety of environmental and evolutionary factors. The Miocene Epoch experienced significant climatic change that led to the reduction and fragmentation of forests in Africa. These changes created more open and diverse habitats which favored the generalist foraging behaviors and environmental adaptability of monkeys. As conditions became drier and cooler due to factors like the uplift of the Himalayan mountain chain, the previously extensive forests diminished and grasslands expanded, limiting the habitat suitable for apes. Monkeys thrived due to their greater adaptability and diversity in exploiting both arboreal and terrestrial niches.

Monkeys, especially the cercopithecine or cheek pouch monkeys such as macaques and baboons, could also reproduce faster than apes, giving birth every two years compared to the four or five years for gorillas and chimps, respectively. Their ability to exploit varied resources and survive in these changing conditions allowed monkeys to survive and thrive in Africa and Asia despite environmental changes that drove many ape species to extinction.

Final answer:

The optimal pH of the lactase enzyme is 6.5, which reflects its evolved functionality in the human small intestine. Protein structure is affected by pH, with ionic bonds forming optimally at this pH, allowing the enzyme to effectively hydrolyze lactose. Lactase persistence in some human populations is an evolutionary adaptation, enabling continued lactose digestion past weaning.

Explanation:

Optimal pH of Lactase and Protein Structure

The optimal pH for the human lactase enzyme is around 6.5. This pH level makes sense for the human enzyme because it has evolved to operate efficiently under the conditions found in the human small intestine, where lactase typically functions. The structure of proteins, including enzymes, is highly sensitive to changes in pH. At extremes of pH, the ionic bonds that maintain the protein's structure can be disrupted, leading to a change in the shape of the enzyme, also known as denaturation, and a loss of function.

The side chains of amino acids in the protein can gain or lose protons depending on the pH level, altering their charge. Ionic bonds between charged side chains can form or be disrupted by changes in pH. When the pH is optimal, these ionic bonds contribute to the stability of the enzyme's structure and enable it to bind to lactose efficiently, facilitating its proper function of hydrolyzing lactose into glucose and galactose.

Lactose intolerance occurs when an individual can no longer effectively produce lactase after weaning, leading to an inability to digest lactose and resulting in gastrointestinal discomfort when lactose-containing products are consumed. Interestingly, some populations have developed lactase persistence, likely as an adaptation to dairy farming, allowing them to continue digesting lactose into adulthood.

Diet and weight-loss products use heavy bias in their advertisements. They generally claim that they are the fastest or the only way for effective weight loss. They also often use before-and-after photos as evidence to show how people change by using their products. Most of the time, they show only the body of the person, so it’s questionable whether the before-and-after photos are even of the same person. If they show the results of a research study, we can check who funded the study. If the diet or weight-loss company founded the study, then we can check whether an unbiased group replicated the study before accepting it as a fact. If not, we can see how well the study was designed and whether the company controlled other factors such as the diet or exercise of the participants.

According to ecological individualism, it would be that morally justifiable to allow hunters to kill some deer to insure the wellbeing of an ecosystem. The statement is false because ecological individualism mean creatures have moral status, such as a deer.

Option B is correct.

b. ΔDCE ≅ ΔD'C'E'

Triangle is a shape has three angles so when we translated it down It will become as,

SO, It will make three different kinds of triangles, That is why It is named as triangle and Option B is correct.

The porphyrin ring of chlorophyll contains magnesium and is essential for absorbing light and facilitating electron transfer in the process of photosynthesis.

The porphyrin ring of chlorophyll contains the element magnesium and the role of the ring is to absorb visible light and facilitate electron transfer during photosynthesis. Porphyrins are a group of organic compounds that are crucial to aerobic life, with a structure that supports a highly conjugated system allowing for light absorption.

In particular, the chlorophyll molecule, which gives plants their green color, is composed of a porphyrin ring and a long phytol tail. This molecule is at the heart of the photosynthetic process, capturing light energy and transferring it through a series of redox reactions to ultimately drive the synthesis of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water.

Bacterial ribosomes can begin translation before mRNA synthesis is completed because transcription and translation occur in the same place, whereas in eukaryotic cells they occur separately with eukaryotic mRNA needing to be processed and transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm before it can be translated.

The key difference between bacterial ribosomes and eukaryotic ribosomes in terms of translation lies in their cellular structures and mechanisms. In simpler, prokaryotic cells like bacteria, both transcription and translation occur in the same cytoplasmic space allowing for simultaneous RNA synthesis and protein synthesis. This process forms polysomes or polyribosomes, where multiple ribosomes translate a single mRNA sequence concurrently, leading to rapid protein production.

In contrast, eukaryotic cells have a more complex cell structure, with the cellular process of transcription taking place in the nucleus and translation occurs in the cytoplasm. As a result, eukaryotic mRNA is transported out of the nucleus after completion of transcription and modifications such as the addition of a 5' cap, poly-A tail, and removal of introns in a process known as splicing. Consequently, eukaryotic ribosomes can only start translation after mRNA synthesis is completed, leading to a decoupling of transcription and translation in eukaryotes.

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In S. aureus, cultures grown at high density secrete significant amounts of toxin, the transition to toxin secretion occurs quickly after reaching a threshold, and cultures grown at low density do not secrete significant amounts of toxin.

Based on the information provided, we can conclude the following about the relationship between toxin secretion and culture density in S. aureus:

The dodo birds became large allegedly due to the lack of natural predators on the island they inhabited, Mauritius. Without the need to compete for survival, these birds, like the Moa and the Galápagos tortoises, grew large in their respective favorable environments.

According to the context provided in the passage, the dodo bird, which inhabited the island of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean, became large likely due to the lack of natural predators. The mention of the bird being easy prey because it approached people without fear suggests that it evolved in an environment where it didn't have to avoid predators. Hence, the answer to your question is (choice d): dodo birds were so large because they had no natural predators on the island of Mauritius.

Just as the example of Darwin's observation on the population of giant tortoises in the Galápagos Archipelago, the dodo bird didn't need to compete for survival, allowing them to grow large. Similarly, other birds that evolved in a favorable environment with abundant food and less competition, such as Moa, also grew large showing that species size can be largely influenced by the absence of predators and the availability of ample resources.

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Exercise creates muscle fibers and lactic acid, if the workout is done vigorously, that is the second option, as normal exercise can improve the enzyme activity of the muscles and improve their health.

Lactic acid is produced in the muscles during intense exercise when the body's demand for energy exceeds its oxygen supply, so lactic acid can build up in the muscles and cause fatigue and discomfort, and it improves enzyme function and plays an important role in breaking down carbohydrates and fats to produce energy for the muscles, but it can cause microscopic damage to muscle fibers, resulting in muscle soreness and tears, which are usually the result of traumatic injury or overuse.

Hence, exercise creates muscle fibers and lactic acid, if the workout is done vigorously, that is the second option.

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Further explanation

Microtubules or microtubules are tubes composed of microtubulins which are about 37 nm in diameter and have a length. more robust than actin, microtubules regulate the position of organelles in cells. Microtubules are divided into two, namely singlet microtubules and doublet microtubules. Microtubules have two ends, the negative end connected to the microtubule regulating center, and the positive end near the plasma membrane. Organelles can glide along microtubules to reach different positions in the cell, especially during cell division.

Microtubules are formed from globular proteins called tubulin, each tubulin molecule is a heterodimer consisting of two globular subunits that are tightly bound. Both have nearly the same size, one of each type joining non-covalently

to form a dimer. Dimers are the building blocks for erecting microtubules. One by one the dimers form a cylindrical wall in the shape of a helix. The microtubules lengthen by adding molecular ulcules at the edges.

In addition to being a tubulin homodimer association, microtubules also associate with other proteins, namely MAP protein (microtubule associated protein or protein associated with microtubules! during cell division (microtubular interphase).

MAP (a group of proteins that bind and stabilize microtubules). Similar to two classes of chemicals that change microtubules, MAPS can stabilize microtubules. Therefore, the expression of this variable protein among various types of dangerous human diseases and between individual patients with the same type of cancer has implications for results in chemotherapy using targeting microtubule agents.

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Class: College

Subject: Biology

Keywords : Microtubules,Dimer, Tubulin, Protein

Answer:

They are larger and so they have more gravity (apex)

Explanation:

Answer:

They have a bigger gravitational pull and they are larger

Explanation:

Apex

Smooth muscle is another type of tissue that possesses pacemaker cells beside the cardiac mucle. It has a pacemaker activity that can remove the vibration of waves without the present of some external stimuli. In addition, smooth muscle can also start a spontaneous contraction. 

Each person would receive [tex]\(4.17 \times 10^{12}\)[/tex] free electrons.

To solve this problem, we need to know the number of free electrons in the extension cord.

Let's assume that the extension cord contains [tex]\(2.5 \times 10^{22}\)[/tex] free electrons.

Now, we'll divide the total number of free electrons in the extension cord by the population of the Earth:

[tex]\[\frac{2.5 \times 10^{22}}{6 \times 10^9} = \frac{2.5 \times 10^{22}}{6,000,000,000} \approx 4.17 \times 10^{12}\][/tex]

Each person would receive approximately [tex]\(4.17 \times 10^{12}\)[/tex] free electrons.

Answer: Option B food web

Explanation:

So, the food web is the conceptual model that represents flow of energy in an ecosystem.