Which of the following BEST describes the process of evolution by natural selection?
A. a rapid change of the traits of a species over time
B. a gradual change of the traits of a species over time
C. a rapid change of the traits of an organism over time
D. a gradual change of the traits of an organism over time

Answer:

Not necessarily

Explanation:

The answer would be: not necessarily, there is no such requirement.

Whenever we're multiplying in scientific notation, we may simply multiply the numbers separately and the rest separately. Let's say that in a general case we have two numbers:

[tex]n_1 = a \cdot 10^b[/tex]

[tex]n_2 = c \cdot 10^d[/tex]

In order to multiply them, we:

Let's apply this for some specific example, say, we have:

[tex]n_1 = 2\cdot 10^3[/tex]

[tex]n_2 = 3\cdot 10^4[/tex]

Final answer:

As the dew point and air temperature diverge, the air becomes drier, reducing the chance of precipitation since a significant drop in air temperature would be required to reach the dew point and initiate condensation.

Explanation:

When the dew point temperature and air temperature are getting farther apart, it indicates that the air is becoming less saturated with moisture. As the temperature drops without reaching the dew point, no condensation occurs. Hence, because the air is becoming drier, the chance of precipitation decreases.

The dew point is the temperature at which the air is completely saturated with moisture and condensation can begin. If the dew point is low, it means that the humidity is low, and there is less moisture available to form precipitation. Since the measurements indicate increasing separation between the dew point and air temperature, the likelihood of rain or snow decreases. This is because as the air temperature falls, it would have to drop a significant amount to reach the dew point and only then could condensation and precipitation potentially occur.

Answer:

Plasma.

Explanation:

Plasma

" The ionized gaseous mixture consist of atoms, ions and electrons is called plasma"

The plasma was first time identified by William Crookes in 1879. More than 99% universe matter is consist of plasma.

It is the fourth state of matter, the other three are solid, gas and liquid. The most of matter in the universe is plasma. When heat is supplied to the atoms, they gain energy the electrons in atom thus escape from the atom by gaining the energy and create the positive charge. Thus ions are formed. When heat is constantly supplied, the ionization process continue to take place and produce large number of positive charges, free electrons but some atoms not get ionized and remain neutral. Thus a cloud of free electrons , positive charge and neutral atoms is formed which is called plasma.

Examples:

The shining stars, lightning bolts, fluorescent light, flames, electrical current which passes through neon gas are some examples of plasma.

Answer:

0.0286 mol Cl

Explanation:

to convert atoms to moles, we need Avogadro's number.

1 mol= 6.02 x 10^23 atoms

1.72 x 10^22 atoms (1 mol/ 6.02 x 10^23)= 0.0286 moles

Answer:

the most reactive element in the periodic table are alkali metals (metals of the first group in the periodic table). They have one electron in the last energy level and easily react, they easily release the electron.

Explanation:

Explanation:

SADMEP

-2(bx-5) = 16 distribute

-2bx +10 = 16 subtracte

-10 -10

-2bx = 6

divide by -2x (on both sides)

b = -3x

Answer:

b= -3/x

Explanation:

To solve for b in the equation

-2(bx-5)=16

multiply the terms in the bracket by -2

-2bx + 10 = 16

subtract 10 from both sides of the equation

-2bx + 10 - 10 = 16 -10

-2bx = 6

divide both sides of the equation by -2x

-2bx/-2x = 6/-2x

b = -3/x

Answer:

Natural Gas

Explanation:

It is when fossil fuels like coal and other natural gasses are burned that greenhouse gas is emitted. Nuclear power does hold some danger if left unchecked, but does not contribute to greenhouse gasses in a significant way. Hydroelectric energy does not produce any greenhouse gasses as well. Geothermal energy is also something that does not produce greenhouse gasses and is renewable. The main reason why natural gasses are still used although they produce large numbers of dangerous gasses is because they cost much less than the other energy sources on this list.

Answer:

natural gas :)

Explanation:

Answer:

Making oxygen

Oxygen can be made from hydrogen peroxide, which decomposes slowly to form water and oxygen:

hydrogen peroxide → water + oxygen

2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)

The rate of reaction can be increased using a catalyst, manganese(IV) oxide. When manganese(IV) oxide is added to hydrogen peroxide, bubbles of oxygen are given off.

Apparatus arranged to measure the volume of gas in a reaction. Reaction mixture is in a flask and gas travels out through a pipe in the top and down into a trough of water. It then bubbles up through a beehive shelf into an upturned glass jar filled with water. The gas collects at the top of the jar, forcing water out into the trough below.

To make oxygen in the laboratory, hydrogen peroxide is poured into a conical flask containing some manganese(IV) oxide. The gas produced is collected in an upside-down gas jar filled with water. As the oxygen collects in the top of the gas jar, it pushes the water out.

Instead of the gas jar and water bath, a gas syringe could be used to collect the oxygen.

Nutrients can enter cells through different mechanisms depending on their solubility. Lipid-soluble nutrients can diffuse through the plasma membrane, while water-soluble nutrients require transport molecules embedded in the membrane.

Lipid-soluble nutrients can diffuse through the plasma membrane, while water-soluble nutrients require transport molecules embedded in the membrane to enter cells. Once inside the cell, lipid-soluble nutrients are packaged for transport via the base of the cell, while water-soluble nutrients enter the capillary blood in the villi and travel to the liver.

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The mass of 6.45 x 10²² atoms of carbon​ is 12.864 grams

To calculate the mass of 6.45 x 10²² atoms of carbon, divide the number of atoms by Avogadro's number to get the number of moles, then multiply by the molar mass of carbon (12.011 g/mol) to find the mass in grams.

To calculate the mass of 6.45 x 10²² atoms of carbon, we will use Avogadro's number and the molar mass of carbon. Avogadro's number is 6.022 x 10²³ particles/mol, and the molar mass of carbon is 12.011 g/mol. We use these constants as conversion factors.

First, find the number of moles of carbon atoms:

Number of moles = (6.45 x 10²² atoms C) / (6.022 x 10²³ atoms/mol)

Number of moles = 1.071mol

The next step will be to convert these moles to grams using the molar mass of carbon:

Mass of carbon = Number of moles x Molar mass of carbon

Mass of carbon = 1.071 mol x 12.011 g/mol

Make the calculation and the result will give you the mass in 12.864 grams.

Answer:

[tex]\large \boxed{56.1 \, \% }[/tex]

Explanation:

We have the masses of two reactants, so this is a limiting reactant problem.  

We will need a balanced equation with masses and molar masses of the compounds involved. Gather all the information in one place

Mᵣ:      64.06     32.00     80.06

          2SO₂  +    O₂   ⟶  2SO₃

m/g:   544.5     160.0

1. Theoretical yield

(a) Calculate the moles of each reactant  

[tex]\text{Moles of SO}_{2} = \text{544.5 g} \times \dfrac{\text{1 mol}}{\text{64.06 g }} = \text{8.500 mol}\\\\\text{Moles of O} _{2}= \text{160.0 g} \times \dfrac{\text{1 mol}}{\text{32.00 g}} = \text{5.000 mol}[/tex]

(b) Identify the limiting reactant  

Calculate the moles of SO₃ we can obtain from each reactant.  

From SO₂:

The molar ratio of SO₂ to SO₃ is 2:2

[tex]\text{Moles of SO}_{3} = \text{8.500 mol SO}_{2} \times \dfrac{\text{2 mol SO} _{3}}{\text{2 mol SO}_{2}}  = \text{8.500 mol SO}_{3}[/tex]

From O₂ :

The molar ratio of SO₂:O₂ is 2 mol O₂:1 mol O₂.

[tex]\text{Moles of SO$_{3}$} = \text{5.000 mol O}_{2} \times \dfrac{\text{2 mol SO$_{3}$}}{\text{1 mol O$_{2}$}} = \text{10.00 mol SO$_{3}$}[/tex]

The limiting reactant is SO₂ because it gives the smaller amount of SO₃.

(c) Calculate the theoretical yield of SO₃.

[tex]\text{Theor. yield of SO}_{3} = \text{8.500 mol} \times \dfrac{\text{80.06 g}}{\text{ 1 mol}} = \text{680.5 g}[/tex]

2. Calculate the percent yield of SO₃

[tex]\text{\% yield} = \dfrac{\text{ 382.0 g actual}}{\text{680.5 g theor,}} \times 100 \, \% =  \textbf{56.1 \%}\\\\\text{The percent yield is $\large \boxed{\mathbf{56.1 \, \% }}$}[/tex]

Answer:

All of the above is a way in which groundwater depletion affects streams

Explanation:

Because of the excessive pumping it affects the groundwater level resulting in serious threat to the streams. Loss of the vegetation is the major cause for depletion of groundwater as it results in reducing the ability of the soil to hold on to the water. Evaporation of large tonnes of water affects the marine life, which extinct the various flora fauna fishes and other marine animals and plants. A huge amount of rain water is wasted every year due to the poor storage facility of water harvesting

Answer:

D

Explanation:

Answer:

(i) Formula = Fe₂(SO₄)₃

   Name = Iron (III) Sulfate or ferric sulfate

(ii) Formula (NH₄)₂CO₃

    Name = Ammonium Carbonate

Explanation:

Data given:

(i) Fe³⁺ and SO₄²⁻

ii) NH₄⁺ and CO₃²⁻

Formula and named of the compound =?

Solution:

(i) compound from Fe³⁺ and SO₄²⁻ and its name

writing a formula in combined form

compound formula form from Fe³⁺ and SO₄²⁻ = Fe₂(SO₄)₃

Name of the compound = Iron (III) Sulfate or ferric sulfate

______

(ii) compound from NH₄⁺ and CO₃²⁻ and its name

writing a formula in combined form

compound formula form from NH₄⁺ and  CO₃²⁻ = (NH₄)₂CO₃

Name of the compound = Ammonium Carbonate

gold:element

salt solution: mixture

bronze: compound

calcium carbonate: compound

hydrogen: element

soil: mixture

Anthony is interested in seeing the atoms in a piece of fish scale. he breaks the scale into the smallest piece he can, and look at it under a microscope. No, atoms are too small to see with a microscope. Therefore, option B is correct.

A laboratory tool called a microscope is used to look at things that are too small to be seen with the human eye. The study of small objects and structures under a microscope is known as microscopy. Being microscopic means being difficult to see without a microscope.

Microscopy is the process of looking through a microscope at small objects that are invisible to the unassisted eye. Optical microscopy, scanning probe microscopy, and electron microscopy are the three basic categories. Optical microscopes enlarge the image by reflecting light off of the object and using lenses or mirrors.

Although advancements in imaging have allowed their usage to spread into most fields of science and technology, microscopes remain a mainstay in research in the life sciences.

Thus, option B is correct.

To learn more about the microscope, follow the link;

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Answer:

Formula unit mass of [tex]NaHCO_{3}[/tex] is 84 u.

Explanation:

Formula unit mass can be calculated by the adding individual element mass in the formula of the compound.

The given compound - [tex]NaHCO_{3}[/tex]

From the given the atomic mass of each element in the given compound is as follows.

Atomic mass of sodium (Na) = 23 u

Atomic mass of Hydrogen (H) = 1 u

Atomic mass of carbon (c) = 12 u

Atomic mass of oxygen (O) = 16 u

The number of atoms in the formula:

1 sodium atom =23 u

1 hydrogen atom = 1 u

1 carbon atom =  12 u

3 oxygen atom = 3 X 16 u = 48 u

_____________________________

Formula mass = 84 u

_______________________________

Therefore, Formula unit mass of [tex]NaHCO_{3}[/tex] is 84 u.

In this reaction, Cl2 is reduced to form HCl and HBr is oxidized to form Br2.

In this reaction, Cl2 is being reduced to form HCl, and HBr is being oxidized to form Br2. The substance being reduced gains electrons, while the substance being oxidized loses electrons.

Cl2 + 2HBr → 2HCl + Br2

Cl2 is the oxidizing agent because it causes the oxidation of HBr, and HBr is the reducing agent because it causes the reduction of Cl2. The oxidizing agent is the species that gets reduced, while the reducing agent is the species that gets oxidized.

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Final answer:

In the reaction Cl2 + 2HBr → 2HCl + Br2, HBr is oxidized and Cl2 is reduced, making the correct choice A) HBr oxidized; HCl reduced.

Explanation:

In the reaction Cl2 + 2HBr → 2HCl + Br2, the substance being oxidized is HBr and the substance being reduced is Cl2. According to the provided half-reactions, oxidation involves the loss of electrons, and in this case, Br− (from HBr) loses electrons to form Br2. Conversely, the reduction involves the gain of electrons where Cl2 gains electrons to form 2Cl− (from HCl).

Therefore, the answer to the question is that HBr is oxidized; Cl2 is reduced, making the correct choice: A) HBr oxidized; HCl reduced. The oxidizing agent is Cl2 and the reducing agent is Br− from HBr.

Foliation:

exfoliation :

Answer:

When a basketball player jumps to make a shot, _____

The downward force on the floor is equal to the upward force on his feet

Explanation:

According to Newton's Third Law of motion :

For every action there is equal and opposite reaction .

Hence when the  basketball player jumps to make a shot, The gravity (downward force) and his energy (upward force on his feet) exert equal forces on each other in opposite directions.

Answer:

to provide energy to the body and helps u grow stonger

Explanation:

Answer:

88.04moles

Explanation:

Nᴀ=6.02×10²³ (constant)

n=N/Nᴀ=

[tex] = \frac{ {5.3 \times 10}^{25} }{ {6.02 \times 10}^{23} } = 88.04moles[/tex]

We can convert the number of molecules to moles by dividing the number of molecules by Avogadro's number. In this case, 5.3 x 10²⁵ molecules of CO₂ is approximately equal to 88.04 moles.

To solve the student's problem, we need to find the number of moles in 5.3 x 10²⁵ molecules of CO₂. We do this by dividing the number of molecules by Avogadro's number (approximately 6.02 x 10²³ mol-1), a constant which tells us the number of molecules in a mole.

So, the calculation is as follows:

Number of Moles = (Number of molecules) / (Avogadro's number)

Which in this case becomes: Number of Moles = (5.3 x 10²⁵ molecules) / (6.02 x 10²³ mol⁻¹) ≈ 88.04 moles

So, 5.3 x 10^25 molecules of CO₂ is approximately equal to 88.04 moles.

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Explanation:

Characteristics of electric energy Typically, these negative electrical charges (electrons) move through the electrical conductor. Normally the conductor is made of a metallic material because they have a greater amount of free electrons. Electrons and protons are charged particles within an electric field.

Electrical energy is the ability of electric charges to perform work due to their relative positions. It is continuously converted to other forms of energy in an electric circuit, and it can also be generated mechanically and stored for later use.

Electrical energy, which falls under the broader category of physical energy forms, has some distinct features. Firstly, electrical energy is the ability of charged particles to perform work as a result of their positions relative to each other - this is also referred to as electric potential energy. It's important to note that positive charges usually move from regions of high potential to low while negative ones do the opposite.

Secondly, electrical energy is commonly present in electric circuits where it gets continually converted into other forms of energy. For instance, in a conductor, the electrical energy transforms into thermal energy. These energy conversions are radically important because they illustrate the principle of energy conservation, which states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transformed.

Lastly, electrical energy is produced mechanically by moving a conductor through a magnetic field and stored in devices such as batteries and capacitors for future use. In biological systems, electrolytes in cells and body fluids supply electrical energy, leading to voltage changes that aid in transmitting impulses in nerve and muscle cells.

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Answer:

1 electron

Explanation:

Since this substance is the in the first column in the periodic table, hence it would have 1 electron in its outermost ring

Answer:

The three components are:

Explanation:

Soil is made up of three main components:

Result: The three main components of soil are minerals, organic matter, living organisms.

Soil is made up of three main components: inorganic minerals, organic matter, and a mixture of water and air, which are essential for plant life and soil processes.

The three main components of soil are inorganic minerals, organic matter, and a combination of water and air. These components are crucial in sustaining plant life and facilitating various biological processes. Inorganic minerals make up about 40 to 45 percent of soil volume and provide essential nutrients. Organic matter, which includes decomposing plant and animal residues, microorganisms, and living soil organisms, comprises about 5 percent of the soil volume. Lastly, water and air occupy the remaining 50 percent of soil volume, ensuring that plants receive the water needed for growth and air for root respiration.

Answer:

1)

A) The balanced equation is (1):

(1) [tex]2H_2 +O_2[/tex] ⇒ [tex]2H_2O[/tex]

B) The limiting reagent is the Hydrogen. There is a simple rule to identify the limiting reagent. the explanation is shown below

C) The maximum amount of water produced is given by the limiting reagent (hydrogen) and this quantity is 198g of water

2)

The percent yield is 89.65%

Explanation:

A) In this case you must take into account that the molecules involved in the reaction are oxygen and hydrogen in its diatomic form. This is because the monoatomic form is unstable in nature or said in another way, both oxygen and hydrogen are only found in nature in diatomic form.

In that order of ideas, you can pose the following equation:

(2) [tex]H_2 +O_2[/tex] ⇒ [tex]H_2O[/tex]

The equation (2) is not balanced, for that reason you should balance the amount of atoms of each element. I suggest start balancing oxygen and then balance the hydrogen. If you do that, the result will be equation (1).

B)  The rule to identify the limiting reagent is the following:

In this case you have:

[tex]oxygen: \frac{11mol}{1mol} =11[/tex]

[tex]hydrogen: \frac{11mol}{2mol} =5.5[/tex]

C) If you want to calculate the amount of water produced you need the equation balanced. Take into account that the maximum amount produced of a product is given by the limiting reagent.

If you don´t understand the concept of limiting reagent, I invite you to analyze the following example:

Continuing with the calculations, take into account that this should be based on the hydrogen (the limiting reagent). The procedure is shown below:

(3) [tex]11molH_2*\frac{2molH_2O}{2molH2}*\frac{18gH_2O}{1molH_2O}  =198g[/tex]

Note that the excercise provide 11 moles of the limiting reagent (hydrogen). You should relate the amount of moles of hydrogen with the amount of moles of the product (water). To do so, you have to identify the stoichiometric coefficient in the reaction for both the hydrogen and the water (remember, the equation should be balanced). Finally, the molecular weight of the water relate the amount of moles with its mass.

2) First of all, you must verify if the equation is balanced. Once the equation is balanced you must calculate the theoretical yield.

To do so, you assume that all the limiting reagent is consumed to form the product (sodium oxide in this case).

Take into account that the limiting reagent is the sodium because the reaction is carried out with excess oxygen

The procedure is similar to the one shown in equation (3), but now you have mass instead of moles; this implies that first of all you have to transform the mass to moles :

[tex]34,6gNa*\frac{1molNa}{23gNa}=1.504molNa[/tex]

Note that 23 is the molecular weight of the sodium.

Once you calculate the amount of moles of limiting reagent, follow the procedure in equation (3):

(4) [tex]1.504molNa*\frac{2molNa_2O}{4molNa}*\frac{62gNa_2O}{1molNa_2O}=46,624gNa_2O[/tex]

46,624g is the theoretical yield of the reaction. The experimental yield of the reaction is given by the excercise, note that the problem state that 34.6 g of sodium produce 41.8g of sodium oxide.

The percent yield is calculated using equation (5)

(5) [tex]percent yield=\frac{ExperimentalYield}{TheoreticalYield}*100[/tex]

Replacing in equation (5) you have:

[tex]%yield=\frac{41.8}{46.624}*100=89.65[/tex]

key concept: The experimental yield can never be greater than theoretical yield, for that reason the percent yield is always lower than 100%. If the percent yield calculated is greater than 100 you should check carefully the procedure.

Magnesium has a higher ionization energy than barium due to its smaller atomic radius and stronger nuclear charge. The smaller the atomic radius and the greater the nuclear charge, the more tightly the electrons are held. Therefore, it requires more energy to remove an electron from a magnesium atom than from a barium atom.

Magnesium has a higher ionization energy than barium because magnesium has a smaller atomic radius and a stronger nuclear charge compared to barium. The smaller the atomic radius and the greater the nuclear charge, the more tightly the electrons are held, resulting in a higher ionization energy. For example, magnesium has a smaller atomic radius (145 pm) and a higher nuclear charge (positive charge from 12 protons) compared to barium with a larger atomic radius (222 pm) and a lower nuclear charge (positive charge from 56 protons). Therefore, it requires more energy to remove an electron from a magnesium atom than from a barium atom, resulting in a higher ionization energy for magnesium.

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Answer:

The steps are explained below, the essential step is to find mass here, 120 g of NaOH.

Explanation:

In order to answer this question, we need to define molarity conceptually firstly to see what variables we need. According to the formula, molarity is equal to the ratio between moles and volume, while moles itself is a ratio between mass and molar mass. This means we have a formula for molarity involving mass, molar mass and volume:

[tex]c = \frac{n}{V} = \frac{m}{MV}[/tex]

In order to prepare a 500.0 mL of stock solution of 6.0 M of NaOH, we then need to find the mass of NaOH dissolved in this solution using the equation above:

[tex]m = cMV = 6.0 M\cdot 39.997 g/mol\cdot 0.5000 L = 120 g[/tex]

Now, since we have the mass of NaOH, we can describe the steps needed to prepare this solution:

Our solution is prepared.

Newton's investigation of light followed a method similar to the scientific method. He hypothesized that light was composed of particles, conducted experiments, particularly with prisms to decompose and recombine light, to test this hypothesis and concluded that light was indeed made of particles.

Newton's investigation of light followed a structured methodology that is similar to what's known as the scientific method today. This method involves establishing a problem, forming a hypothesis, conducting experiments to test the hypothesis, analyzing the results and forming a conclusion. In the case of Newton's study on light, he began by identifying a problem: the understanding of the nature of light. He formed a hypothesis that light was composed of particles.

To test this hypothesis, he conducted a variety of experiments, the most famous of which involved passing sunlight through a prism to decompose it into a spectrum of different colors. He observed that the different colors could be recombined to form white light again using another prism which refutes the accepted belief at that time that color is added to light by the prism. Based on his experiments, Newton concluded that light is indeed made up of particles, later to be known as corpuscles.

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Final answer:

Newton's investigation of light using the scientific method demonstrated reproducibility and articulate logical conclusions, leading to advancements like the discovery of infrared and ultraviolet light, and the creation of the Newtonian telescope.

Explanation:

Isaac Newton's investigation of light exemplifies the scientific method through two key attributes: reproducibility and the clear articulation of observations and logical conclusions. The reproducibility of his work allowed others to confirm and extend his findings, such as William Herschel's discovery of infrared light and Johann Ritter's detection of ultraviolet light, using Newton's experimental methods. Newton's approach also included making explicit predictions, verifying them empirically, and offering theoretical explanations based on his observations on how different colors of light interacted with matter.

His insights on light lead to the adaptation of mirrors instead of lenses in telescopes to avoid color distortions, which was applied in his own reflecting telescope design. Newton's work on light and his laws of motion and gravitation also involved expressing experimental results using mathematics, highlighting the interplay between empirical data and theoretical work in the progression of scientific understanding.

The Law of Conservation of Energy states that The total energy of an isolated system is constant. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only be transformed from one form to another or transferred from one system to another.