Which of the following is an example of a cultural change that occurred due to interaction between the Europeans and the Native
Americans?
OA. Native American architectural styles became quite popular in Europe.
OB. European missionaries introduced Christianity to the Native Americans.
OC. European schools started teaching Native American languages.
OD. People in Europe began dressing like Native Americans.

Answers

Answer 1

"European missionaries introduced Christianity to the Native Americans" is an example of a cultural change that occurred due to interaction between the Europeans and the Native  Americans.

Explanation:

Christianity is the most followed religion in America. But the Europeans introduced Christianity to America (New World) at the start of the 16th century.

Spain was the first country that sent missionaries to America to preach Christianity in the year 1517. Also, they started to settle in America in 1565.

Then French and British eventually brought Christianity during their colonialism in America.

Native Americans interconnected with the Europeans by trading. Also, some people like their culture. Thus changed the culture of Native Americans by following Christianity.


Related Questions

Which is Necessary for a society to be considered a civilization choose all answers that are correct
A.division of Labor
B. Organized schools
C.a hierarchy of priests
D.literature
E.more food than is needed for survival

Answers

The correct answers are A and E: division of labor, and a surplus production ("more food than is needed for survival").

These are a few of the fundamental elements in deciding if a society is or is not a civilization. There are four main qualities that a society must have in order for historians to consider it a civilization:

Division of labor;

Surplus production;

Social stratification;

Writing.

Why was there constitutional crisis during 1955 to 1956 ?

Answers

Answer: The Coloured vote constitutional crisis

Was the response of the South African apartheid regime to the adoption of the Freedom Charter at the People's Congress in Kliptown on June 26, 1955.

The 156 defendants were charged with high treason, a charge that led to the death sentence. The defendants were finally found to be "innocent," but some of them were later convicted at the Rivonia Trial.

How were President de Klerk and former President
Botha different?
Botha was more focused on conciliation.
De Klerk was more opposed to progress
Botha was more motivated to make changes.
D
De Klerk was more willing to compromise.

Answers

Answer:

The right option is  D. De Klerk was more willing to compromise.

Explanation:

Frederik Willem de Klerk (1936-) was the last white president of South Africa (1989-1994), the last state leader of the racist apartheid regime of racial segregation. He released Nelson Mandela and negotiatied with him and Mandela´s African National Congress a political transition to majority rule.

4. Concurrent jurisdiction allows for which court(s) to hear a case? (1)

Answers

Concurrent Jurisdiction allows state and federal courts to hear the case.

Explanation:

Concurrent Jurisdiction means the authority to hear  a civil or a criminal case by more than one court. The states courts have the right to hear the case dealt by the federal courts too in US. It can also exist in different levels of state courts, familial courts and other government agencies. It can also make some determinations on the outcome of the case by both state and federal courts.

Mostly state courts have general Jurisdiction which it hears the cases if the residents by implementing the corresponding state laws. federal courts most often deal with the cases which may  be of national significance. Diversity Jurisdiction exists when the parties of different states fall in a dispute which may involve more than ten thousand US Dollars.

Final answer:

Concurrent jurisdiction allows state and federal courts to hear the same case, which includes situations involving federal laws or diverse citizenship.

Explanation:

Concurrent jurisdiction allows both state courts and federal courts to hear a case, depending on the circumstances. It emerges in situations where a case involves federal law, or when a lawsuit features diverse citizenship, meaning the parties involved are from different states.

With concurrent jurisdiction, plaintiffs have the opportunity for forum shopping, opting for the court that may be most favorable to their case.

This doesn't imply that all cases can be heard in both state and federal courts; certain matters, such as those involving federal questions or exclusive statutes, are limited to the federal level due to exclusive jurisdiction.

Help!!!

During the 1920s, more than a million African Americans moved from the farms in the South to the cities in the North.


Which was not a reason for this migration?


A. They were hoping to find better schools.

B. They found little or no discrimination in the North.

C. They expected to find better jobs.

D. They were looking for an opportunity to get ahead.

Answers

Answer:

B. They found little or no discrimination in the North.

Explanation:

During the 1920s there was a mass migration of the African American which is also called Black migration and Great migration to escape the discriminatory laws and racial segregation in the South. Other reasons were better education and economic opportunities of the industrial north. But not all hopes were fulfilled by the dream of the north as they faced segregation in the North too. They isolate in particular blocks and developed the new Black culture.

What was President Truman saying about the Soviet Union?

Answers

Truman had already adopted an aggressive public stance against Russia in October of 1945.

Explanation:

He produced 12 items that he said would be governed by US policy, including the importance of opening up free markets. This program would be based on 'fairness and justice'. There can be 'no compromise with evil'. As half of his items were aimed at Soviet rule in Eastern Europe, it was clear what evil he meant. He added that no one would be allowed to interfere in US politics in Latin America. In short, Soviet interference with countries essential to its security was evil. But the US's exclusive dominance in its own sphere of interest was fair. The Soviets must have thought this was a nice hoax. In any case, a program based on 'no compromise with evil' is an absurdly naive basis for foreign policy, which condemns the country to a permanent state of war. Around this time, General Patton, among other prominent figures, spoke of the 'imminent Third World War').

Learn more on Harry Truman on

https://brainly.com/question/7443963

https://brainly.com/question/1528202

https://brainly.com/question/1365960

#learnwithBrainly

What traits in a source can be evaluated to help identify bias?

Claims
Tone
Reasons
Evidence
Raw Information

Answers

Answer:

Evidence

Claims

Explanation:

Evidence is the available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid.

Claims is the state or assertion that something is the case, typically without providing evidence or proof.

After battle of bunker hill what did Knox help moving

Answers

Answer:

Knox's "noble train of artillery".

Explanation:

Knox and his men crossed the border into Massachusetts and struggled on to Springfield. From here both the roads and the weather improved. With 80 yoke of fresh oxen, the expedition passed through Brookfield, Spencer, Leicester, Worcester, Shrewsbury, Northborough, Marlborough, Southborough, Framingham, Wayland, Weston, Waltham, and Watertown. On January 24, 1776, Knox's "noble train of artillery" entered Cambridge.

What battle ended the Revolutionary war and how?

Answers

Answer:

The last battle of the war was the Siege of Yorktown. The Continental Army sorrounded the British fortified position and the French ships blasted it from the sea. It ended with the surrender in the field of the British commander Gen. Charles Cornwallis on October 17, 1781.

Explanation:

Select all of the rights protected under the First Amendment.

This is an all or nothing question, meaning that it must be entirely correct to earn the points.



Freedom of Religion


Right to Peaceably Assemble


Freedom from Monarchs


Freedom to Choose Own Type of Government


Freedom of Press


Freedom of Speech


Right to Petition the Government for Redress of Grievances

Answers

Answer:

The right answers are:

Freedom of Religion

Right to Peaceably Assemble

Freedom of Press

Freedom of Speech

Right to Petition the Government for Redress of Grievances

Explanation:

Answer:

Freedom of Religion

Right to Peaceably Assemble

Freedom of Press

Freedom of Speech

Right to Petition the Government for Redress of Grievances

Explanation:

Which of the following city-states is a still a major city in Greece today?
A. Sparta
B. Athens
C. Thebes
D. Crete

Answers

Answer:b

(B)

Explanation:

Answer: Athens.
-
Explanation: Athens is the capital and largest city in Greece which holds over 700k citizens. It’s larger metropolitan area stretches to incorporate over 4 million people, making Athens one of the biggest metropolitan areas of Europe.

plz answer.. you will get branliest!!

Which effect did the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Plessy v. Ferguson have?

A. authorizing the system that kept black and white people separated


B. ending segregation in all public schools in America


C. protecting voting rights for African Americans by eliminating literacy tests


D. upholding the rights of all citizens to be treated equally by the government

Answers

Answer:

A

Explanation:

The effect that the United States Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson authorizing the system that kept black and white people separated. The correct option is a.

What is Plessy v.Ferguson case?

The Plessy v.Ferguson case was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision in which the Court ruled that racial segregation laws did not violate the U.S. Constitution as long as the facilities for each race were equal in quality, a doctrine that came to be known as "separate but equal".

Notably the court ruled the existence of laws based upon race was not inherently racial discrimination. The decision legitimized the many state laws re-establishing racial segregation that had been passed in the American South after the end of the Reconstruction era. The underlying case began in 1892 when Homer Plessy, a mixed-race man, deliberately boarded a "whites-only" train car in New Orleans.

By boarding the whites-only car, Plessy violated Louisiana's Separate Car Act of 1890, which required "equal, but separate" railroad accommodations for white and non-white passengers.

Learn more about Ferguson, here:

https://brainly.com/question/12846797

#SPJ3

In the 1920s, many Americans embraced nativism in response to a change in society. What is nativism?

A. a belief that all Native Americans should be given full citizenship

B. a policy of favoring native inhabitants over immigrants

C. a philosophy that immigrants being fresh perspectives to existing societies

D. a system for uniting Americans in urban and rural areas ​

Answers

Answer:

Nativism is a policy of favoring native inhabitants over immigrants  

Explanation:

The middle of the nineteenth century is known for having a wave of inmigrants over the United States. Due to this large number of inmigrants moving in the US people who considered themselves as descendants of the Thirteen Colonies founders started a movement mostly against Irish  inmigrants to prevent them from entering the country.  

How did the Federalists and the Antifederalists debate the issues regarding the Constitution?

Question options:

Both resorted to essays and articles, to reach the majority of the citizens, to debate the problems or the merits of the Constitution


They were done only as public debates


They let the state legislatures completely control the debates


They did not debate the issues and relied entirely on the citizens to read the Constitution and decide for themselves what it meant and would do

Answers

Answer: The answer is either A OR B, I AM PRETTY SURE IT IS A.

Both resorted to essays and articles, to reach the majority of the citizens, to debate the problems or the merits of the Constitution

what part of the Constitution helps settle disputes between different levels of government in the federal system​

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

Supremacy Clause. a provision of the U.S. Constitution that states that the Constitution, federal laws, and treaties of the United States are the "supreme Law of the Land

Which of Hitler's foreign policy aims was more to blame for the outbreak of WWII?
Group of answer choices

To acquire living space in Eastern Europe.

To destroy the Treaty of Versailles

To create a stronger economy in Germany.

To create a greater Germany.

Answers

To create a greater germany

Answer:

I thought it was to destroy the treaty of versallies

Explanation:

"Adolf Hitler came to power with the goal of establishing a new racial order in Europe dominated by the German “master race.” This goal drove Nazi foreign policy, which aimed to: throw off the restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles; incorporate territories with ethnic German populations into the Reich; acquire ..."

the leader of the Athenian empire worked to​

Answers

Answer:

The leader of the Athenian Empire worked to give citizens 'direct input' into the government.

Explanation:

Cleisthenes, one of the most visionary leaders Athens has ever had, believed in the participation of common citizens in the government so that it would be easy to make it more and more people-centric. It was his idea that if the people give inputs about how they want the administration to function, the mean of all suggestions given by them would be the best way to govern.

The influence of the media on political discussion

Answers

The media influences political discussion in many, many ways. A few of them are:

I) It defines what is object of political discussion. When a journalistic report is made on a subject that wasn't a matter of public concern, it has many more chances to become a public concern.

II) One implication of the previous item is that the media has the power to shape what is believed to be a public matter.

III) It can also define what is not an object of political discussion. If the media doesn't report on a public demonstration, for example, it is saying that it is not important and it doesn't deserve attention.

IV) The media has the power to direct the public's attention. That means it is able to define what the public's attention will turn to. If it is to one or another scandal, corruption case, etc.

V) The media can change the course of a political discussion. Because it is able to direct the public's attention the media can directly influence the course of a public discussion. It can define if at a certain point the public will be paying attention to Congress or some politician's personal life, for example.

How much were farmers getting payed in 1920

Answers

By 1920, 52.4 percent of the 132,744 Minnesota farms reporting to the Agricultural Census carried mortgage debt, totaling more than $254 million.

1920s, marketing farm products was a very different process. During World War I (1914-1918) the U.S. was Europe's major source of food. Nebraska farmers took out bank loans to buy or rent more farmland to help meet this demand. After the war, as farming in war torn countries returned to normal, European demand for U.S. food dropped. York County farmers tried to find new markets for their crops and livestock.
Trains were widely used to transport crops to market.
began replacing horse-drawn machines across Nebraska, farmers found they could plant and harvest more acres with fewer workers.

Agriculture requires transportation, and most Nebraska crops and livestock were shipped to market by railroads in the 1920s. Steam engines chugged across the plains stopping every 20 to 40 miles to take on more water. In fact, towns along the railroads were located fairly close together because, in the 1800's when the railroads were built, they needed the water towers close together.

In the 1920s, U.S. farmers faced hard economic times, with earnings falling due to overproduction and plummeting commodity prices. From 70 cents to 10 cents per bushel, farm earnings dropped significantly, leading to a wave of farm foreclosures and reduced average daily wage rates for farmworkers.

In the decade following World War I, the economic situation for farmers in the United States was dire. Starting in 1920, the farmers' earnings were dramatically affected, with prices dropping from 70 cents per bushel at the beginning of the 1920s to just 10 cents by the end of the decade. The problem of overproduction led to a surplus of food, causing price collapse and triggering a wave of farm foreclosures.

Farmers struggled to recuperate the money they had borrowed during the war to increase production, and commodity prices such as corn, wheat, and pork plummeted. The average daily wage rate for a farmworker also decreased from $2.82 in 1920 to $2.30 by 1929, adding to the financial strain. The hardship for farmers continued into the Great Depression, with many losing their land and livelihoods in the ensuing years.

how did the "peace of god" movement and the international peace conference at the hague influence the u.s war department's 1940 code conduct

Answers

International peace conference held at Hague aimed at world disarmament

Explanation:

International peace conference which was called by Tsar of Russia to discuss the disarmament and use of weapons to the minimum and it also aimed for maintaining peace and stability. It was held at Hague. Tsar of Russia sought some financial assistance in making the country strong with unique military arsenal and he called for the convention. Tsar of Russia desired to match and compete with the military strength of Austria and Germany.

But the conference was not fruitful but some rules and conventions were maintained and framed in case of a series of war. This conference also facilitated the establishment of international code of arbitration. It also influenced the code of conduct both allied and axis powers in both the world wars.

During Suleyman I’s rule, the Ottoman Empire




took control of the Eastern Mediterranean and parts of Europe.



defeated the Byzantine Empire.



turned the Hagia Sophia church into a mosque.



expanded into Anatolia and conquered Syria and Egypt.

Answers

Answer:

During Suleyman I’s rule, the Ottoman Empire A) Took control of the Eastern Mediterranean and parts of Europe

Explanation:

During Suleyman 1 rule from 1520 to 1566, the Ottoman Empire conquered lands has increased revenues to times. It was in his time that Suleyman led war campaigns against Christian states in Central Europe and the Mediterranean like Belgrade which became under Ottoman Empire in 1521 and Rhodes which under the rule of Knights of St. John for a long time came under the power of Ottoman Empire from 1522 to 1523. In August 1526, At Mohacs, Suleyman destroyed the military strength of Hungary from the Hungarian King, Louis II where he lost his life during the battle.

The Answer is: A. Took control of the Eastern Mediterranean and part of Europe

Explanation:

changes that developed during the Enlightenment inspired the American Revolution, French Revolution, and Latin American Revolution. Leaders of these revolutions based their wars for political change which enlightenment ideas? Select all that apply!

A. Freedom, Natural Rights, and self-determination

B. The relationships between governments and people they governed, and limited government

C. Questioning discoveries of the Scientific Revolution, acceptance of church explanations for origins of the universe, and ignoring the advice of citizens calling for democracy

D. Social contract (consent of the government), and the common good of people

E. Accepting the authority of the king as divine right, and absolute government in which the ruler makes decisions for the people

More than one answer is right.

Answers

Answer:

The Enlightenment ideals that inspired so many world revolutions were Option A, Option B, and Option D.

Explanation:

The idea of a social contract was fundamental to Enlightenment ideals of government. Thomas Hobbes philosophies' were foundational to this principle. He believed that the natural state of man was chaos and that we enter into social contracts in order to organize a civil society. Natural rights are those that are not dependent on any particular set of laws or government; they are universal and inalienable.  John Locke is most famous for his conception of natural rights which are perfect equality and freedom, as well as the right to preserve one's life and property. These Enlightenment ideals led to the overthrow of many monarchies where authority came from divine right and the rise of democratic and republican forms of government that were chosen by the people to be governed throughout Europe and the Americas.


According to the poster, what is responsible for the sinking of the ship?
the captain
the shipmate
careless words
the design of the ship

Answers

According to the poster, careless words are responsible for the sinking of the ship.

Answer: Option C

Explanation:

This poster was created by Fischer and Anton Otto during the WW II. The poster has the scenario of a ship burning in the sea meanwhile the sailors were rowing lifeboat away from the ship.

Some of them were wearing life jackets and some of them were wounded. It also contains wording that " A Careless Word" on the top and " Needless Sinking" at the bottom. This poster is one of the collections of the WW II collection named American War Posters.



Read the passage.

Nina worked in a clothing factory in 1900. When a fire broke out in the factory, Nina’s arms were burned so badly that she could not work for weeks. Nina was fired and her family had to live without her income, while her former employer hired a new worker right away.

Which Progressive Era reform would have helped Nina?
union
boycott
antitrust law
labor standards law

Answers

Answer:

The labor standards law would have helped Nina.

Explanation:

If the labor standards law would have been in place, the employer would have had to compensate Nina for her loss. This would have been because as per the labor standards law, it is the responsibility of the employer to take care of the employees at work. The laws not only guarantee safe working conditions but also offer job security, minimum wage limit, and protection against hardship or exploitation.

Answer:

d

Explanation:

How did the new mass culture change women in the 1920s social, economic, and political

Answers

The new mass culture changed women in the 1920s social, economic, and political as follows:

The mass culture movement in the 1920s impacted women in many ways. They won the right to vote which was possible through the 19th amendment of the constitution. The availability of birth control devices enabled them to have fewer children.

The development and introduction of tools like the washing machine relieved them from a lot of hectic work burden. Women also went to work and due to which they began to earn money and participate in economic activities.

Role of prithivi narayan shah in unification of nepal? ​

Answers

Prithvi Narayan Shah sent Gorkhali troops, under Kaji Biraj Thapa, to attack Nuwakot. ... After his kingdom spread from north to south, he made Kantipur the capital of expanded country, which was then known as Kingdom of Gorkha (Gorkha Samrajya).

Who helped the early emperors of China govern ?

Answers

Qin Shi Huang helped the early emperors of China govern.

Explanation:

He emerged Zheng, King Qin while he was thirteen; the very first emperor of China while he was thirty-eight once the Qin defeated all those other states of battle and in 221 BC united all of China.

Throughout his reign, his commanders increased considerably the Chinese Government's size; interventions south of Chu forever attached the Hunan and Guangdong Yue territories to Chinese ethnic space; interventions in Central Asia captured the Xiongnu nomadic Ordos Chain, although they ultimately also contributed to the Modu Chanyu Confederacy.

Of the three traditional branches of government, which one encroaches that most on others particularly in a representative republic?why?

Answers

Answer:

Legislative because there the (Senate and House of Representatives

Explanation:mark the brainliest plz

Of the three traditional branches of government, it is the legislative branch that encroaches most on others particularly in a representative republic.

What are the  branches of government?

In a nation, for the smooth running of the government, there are very few strings required by the one who is responsible for all the decisions that are to be taken for the good and benefit of the nation.

The government, as the ruling government position, is responsible for making all kinds of decisions to make responsibilities easier and smoother. There is a distribution of responsibilities among the governments.

But the question is who will be held accountable; historically, three branches of government have been allies: executive, legislative, and judicial.

Therefore, the most important one is the legislative branch.

Learn more about the  branches of government  from here:

https://brainly.com/question/28397046

#SPJ2


Which TWO sentences describe the demographic effects of the Agricultural Revolution?
The percentage of the total population living in urban areas increased.

The rural population increased steadily, while the urban population stabilized.

The urban population increased steadily, while the total population stabilized.

The percentage of the workforce employed in agriculture decreased.

The percentage of the workforce employed in agriculture increased.

Answers

Answer:

The urban population increased steadily, while the total population stabilized.

The percentage of the workforce employed in agriculture increased.

Explanation:

The correct answers are A) The percentage of the total population living in urban areas increased and C) The urban population increased steadily, while the total population stabilized.

The TWO sentences that describe the demographic effects of the Agricultural Revolution are "The percentage of the total population living in urban areas increased and the urban population increased steadily, while the total population stabilized."

Technological advancements were at the very front of the progress made by Agriculture and farming during the Agriculture Revolution. These new techniques made the population grow. From 1700 to 1860, Great Britain continued to progress and increased the production of food. The population grew in England from 5.5 million in the 1700s to 32 million at the end of the 1900s.

I need some help please and thank you!!

Answers

Answer:

a. Religion became more personal

Explanation:

because the other answers don't make as much sense

Other Questions
Dans sporting goods received a shipment of 120 sweatshirts. Half of the sweatshirts were size large. One-fourth of the large sweatshirts were red. What was the total number of sweatshirts in the shipment that were both large and red? What equals the expression if a=2.4 b=0.237 c=9.49. c-2ab Saul is in Germany, driving on theAutobahn. He drives 50 km in fifteenminutes. How fast is Saul driving?a. 50 km/hb. 100 km/hc. 200 km/hd. 400 km/h The human resources department of Mevertyn, a public relations firm, decided to stop giving meal coupons to the employees who come late to office. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario best illustrate?A) McClelland's Learned Needs TheoryB) Equity theoryC) Alderfer's ERG TheoryD) Reinforcement theory Sarah claims that most people are happy; she knows this because she read it on Wikipedia. Jake concludes that Sarah does not have enough evidence to make the claim that most people are happy. What two elements of critical thinking is Jake demonstrating?A. Metacognition and forming conclusions based on the evidenceB. Analyzing the facts and metacognitionC. Evaluating the argument and forming a conclusion based on the evidenceD. Analyzing the facts and evaluating the argument Instability of user capability needs, design, and production processes are most likley to cause:_________- Maviyane-Davies believes that design is a powerful tool for social change. His last fourteen years in Zimbabwe saw a consistent loss of freedom and none of the economic improvement promised by the government of President Robert Mugabe. He originally produced the human rights series at his own expense, but it was eventually adopted by the _______________________. If you are driving at the speed limit and another driver sounds his horn and starts to pass, you should -a) Slow down and allow him to passb) Refuse to give way as he is already driving at the speed limit.c) Speed up to get out of his way.d) Sound your horn and wave to warn him When a new viral infection appears in a population, scientists usually try to develop a vaccine against the virus. Which substances would most likely be contained in the new vaccine?A. live bacteria that ingest virusesB. white blood cells from an infected individualC. weakened viruses associated with the infectionD. a variety of microbes that will attack the virus George is involved with a project at work and notices that he has a pending update for his computer. George knows that updates are important, and he decides to take a break and complete the restart of the computer so that the update can install. After George restarts the computer, he notices that his AutoCAD program is running slowly. The issue continues to the point that George decides to call the technician and ask him to check what is going wrong on his computer. The technician tells George to turn the computer off and then on again and asks George how much RAM is counted. The amount of RAM is 8GB less than the amount that was installed on Georges system.What hardware could be causing this problem? (Select all that apply.)A. RAMB. ProcessorC. MotherboardD. Video cardE. CMOS battery A return to basic doctrine within a sect is called:A) FundamentalismB) TerrorismC) OppressionD) GenocideI need this answer asap!!! A sample of gas contains four gases (He, Ne, Ar, and Xe) with the following partial pressures: He (43 mm Hg), Ar (835 mm Hg), and Xe (111 mm Hg). If the total pressure in the container is 1355 mm Hg, what is the partial pressure of Ne in the sample? According to lines 10-11, people who think systematicallycomposed a large portion of early civilization.are outnumbered by people driven by emotion.determine the course of human progression.think with childlike minds.are the modern equivalent of medicine men. What additional attribute do we think should be included within the definition of the word competent? You are discussing the component on an Advanced Technology eXtended (ATX) motherboard that supports communication between the central processing unit (CPU) and random access memory (RAM). Which component provides? Suppose y varies directly with x if y=27 when x=3 what is y when x=5 write the standard form of the equation of the circle that passes through the origin, (2.8,0), and (5,2) An oil change at city auto is regularly $30. Mr Allen has a coupon for 15% off. He wants to know the sale price of the service Rita's family is moving to Grand Junction to Dallas. The moving van averages 60 miles each hour. About how many hours does the van take to reach Dallas? Explain your work __________is a process whereby companies compare their practices and performance measurements to those of other companies. Steam Workshop Downloader