Answer:
D) vena cava --> right atrium --> right ventricle --> pulmonary circuit
Explanation:
The pulmonary circulation is part of circulatory system which carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart, to the lungs, and then returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
Vena cava brings deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart-right atrium. From the right atrium, the blood is pumped through the tricuspid valve into right ventricle. Deoxygenated blood then leaves the heart from the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where carbon dioxide is released and oxygen is picked up during respiration (blood becomes oxygenated). The oxygenated blood leaves the lungs through pulmonary veins to the left atrium of the heart.
The correct sequence of blood flow in both reptiles and mammals starts from the vena cava moves to the right atrium then to the right ventricle and finally to the pulmonary circuit for oxygenation in the lungs.
Explanation:The correct sequence of blood flow in both reptiles and mammals is represented by option D: vena cava --> right atrium --> right ventricle --> pulmonary circuit.
This is because the blood, first carrying waste materials like carbon dioxide returns to the heart via the vena cava and enters the right atrium. It then passes into the right ventricle, which pumps the blood to the lungs via the pulmonary circuit (arteries). In the lungs gas exchange occurs where oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is released. Oxygenated blood then returns to the heart ready to be circulated throughout the body.
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Garrod hypothesized that "inborn errors of metabolism" such as alkaptonuria occur because 21) ______
a.many metabolic enzymes use dna as a cofactor, and affected individuals have mutations that prevent their enzymes from interacting efficiently with dna.
b.metabolic enzymes require vitamin cofactors, and affected individuals have significant nutritional deficiencies.
c.enzymes are made of dna, and affected individuals lack dna polymerase.
d.genes dictate the production of specific enzymes, and affected individuals have genetic defects that cause them to lack certain enzymes.
e.certain metabolic reactions are carried out by ribozymes, and affected individuals lack key splicing factors.
➷ The correct option would be D. genes dictate the production of specific enzymes, and affected individuals have genetic defects that cause them to lack certain enzymes.
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which of these causes rivers to flow toward the ocean?
A- erosion
B- latitude
C- gravity
D- tides
the answer is C; Gravity
c gravity is the answer
All the energy available to humans has its origins in ______
Answer:
The sun
Explanation:
This is because humans are heterotrophs, meaning they source their energy from the other organism by feeding on them. The food chains begin with primary producers that convert the energy from the sun into biomass through the process of photosynthesis. This energy rises up the food chain as the primary producers are fed on by consumers (humans included).
Which of the following does not correctly describe basic regulation of digestive activity?
a. Digestive effectors are smooth muscle and glands.
b. conscious neural control
c. pH, stretch, and osmolarity are some of the inputs that can initiate digestive responses.
d. Short reflexes act locally in the GI tract.
The correct answer is: b. conscious neural control
Neural control of digestive tract is unconscious achieved via the autonomic nervous system.
Local nervous system of the digestive system is called the enteric or intrinsic nervous system. The major components of this nervous system are two networks or plexuses of neurons:
• The myenteric plexus – controls digestive tract motility
• The submucous plexus - regulates gastrointestinal blood flow and controls epithelial cell function.
Meiosis starts with a single diploid cell and produces
A. two haploid cells
B. two diploid cells
C. four haploid cells.
D. four diploid cells
E. eight haploid cells
Meiosis starts with a single diploid cell and produces C) four haploid cells.
Explanation:Meiosis starts with a single diploid cell, which contains two sets of chromosomes, and produces C) four haploid cells, each containing one set of chromosomes.
This process is important for the production of gametes, such as sperm and eggs, which have half the number of chromosomes compared to the parent cell.Learn more about Meiosis here:https://brainly.com/question/32192580
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The correct answer is option (C). Meiosis starts with a single diploid cell and produces four haploid cells.
Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in four haploid cells.
This process is essential for sexual reproduction in eukaryotic organisms, as it produces gametes (sperm and egg cells) that contain a single set of chromosomes.
Here is the step-by-step explanation of meiosis:
1. Meiosis begins with a single diploid cell (2n), which contains two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
2. The cell undergoes DNA replication, so that each chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids.
3. The cell then enters meiosis I, which is divided into several stages:
Prophase I: Homologous chromosomes pair up in a process called synapsis, and crossing over occurs, which allows for genetic diversity.Metaphase I: Homologous pairs align at the metaphase plate.Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes are pulled apart and move to opposite poles of the cell.Telophase I and Cytokinesis: The cell divides into two non-identical haploid cells (n), each with one set of chromosomes.4. Meiosis II follows, which is similar to mitosis and involves the separation of sister chromatids:
Prophase II: Chromosomes condense again.Metaphase II: Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.Anaphase II: Sister chromatids are pulled apart.Telophase II and Cytokinesis: The cell divides into two haploid cells, resulting in a total of four haploid cells from the original diploid cell.But, some of the trees may survive this process. What adaptation would give a tree a chance to survive this environmental change?
The most likely adaptation that would give a tree a chance to survive the transition from forest to desert is the type of root system that can grow deep into the ground. Option C is correct
Adapting to a changing environment involves multiple factors, and a combination of adaptations might increase a tree's chances of survival. However, the ability to access deeper water sources through a robust root system would be a key advantage in the scenario of transitioning from forest to desert.
A deep root system that can tap into deeper water reserves would be the most crucial adaptation for a tree to survive the drying out of its previous forest habitat. Such roots allow the tree to extract water even during prolonged periods of drought, increasing its chances of survival in the transitioning environment.
complete question:
In some areas of the world, deserts are expanding into places that were once forests. During this process, some of the forest trees will die off because of the change in climate.
But, some of the trees may survive this process. What adaptation would give a tree a chance to survive this environmental change?
A) The growth of limbs that are skinnier and longer.
B) The use of cones to protect and eventually spread seeds.
C) The type of root system that can grow deep into the ground.
D) Increased hardness of the wood in the tree that allows it to grow higher, and absorb more sunlight.
Which region of a tRNA molecule binds to amino acids?
a. Anticodon loop
b. Codon loop
c. The 3’ end
d. Variable loop
30 points!! Will give brainliest if all questions are answered
1.Identify the phenotypes for the offspring of a parent with the genotype IAi and a parent with the genotype IAIB.
A. type O
B. type A and type B
C. type A and type AB
D type A, type AB, and type B
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2.Which of the following can help determine if a trait is an X-linked trait?
A. a Punnett square
B.a pedigree
C.a testcross
D a phenotype
-------------------------------------------------------
3.Why are males more likely than females to have an X-linked disorder?
A. Males have two X chromosomes, so there is a greater chance of inheriting a recessive allele.
B. Males are unable to inherit the dominant allele for sex-linked traits.
C. Males have only one X chromosome, so a recessive allele is always expressed.
D. Males always express the recessive allele, even when a dominant allele is present.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.Some people may be born with a trait for producing "wet" earwax. People who have this trait have inherited either one or two of the same allele. This means that the trait is __________.
A. phenotypic
B. recessive
C. segregated
D. dominant
----------------------------------------
5.When a chicken that is true-breeding for black feathers is crossed with a chicken that is true-breeding for white feathers, the resulting offspring have grey feathers. This is an example of __________.
A.simple dominance
B. codominance
C complete dominance
D. incomplete dominance
Answer:
1. D
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. D
Explanation:
1. As shown in the punnet square below, the offprings can have the following genotypes; AA, AO. AB, and BO. The phenotypes of the offsprings will therefore have blood types; A , AB and B.
2. A pedigree is a tree that shows the family history of an individual. In the lineage, one can discover that a particular disorder is transmitted by a certain gender, which is most often the males. This is how sex-linked disorders are indentified.
3. The Y chromosoms have very few genes and does not match the X chromosome allele for allele. Therefore a recessive gene on the X chromosome in males is likely to be expressed than in females because females have an extra X crhomosome.
4. The dominant allele is always expressed over the recessive one even when both are present (heterozygous) in an individual. Only when both aleles are recesive will the recessive trait be expressed.
5. Incomplete dominance means none of the alleles have complete dominance over the other. This means that both are expressed and the expressed traits is an intermediate of the individual traits of the alleles.
In which compartment of the cell do Krebs cycle and fatty acid oxidation take place?
these happen in the mitochondria
Lipids in a bilayer can diffuse laterally at a relatively fast rate, but \"flip-flop\" from one leaflet to the other very slowly without catalysis. Three protein families –flippases (or flipases), floppases, and scramblases – catalyze the movement of lipids across the bilayer. Sort each of the phrases as describing flippases, floppases, or scramblases. Choose the best, most-specific enzyme name. a. Not ATP-dependentb. Activation may result in increased membrane lipid symmetryc. ABC transporterd. Translocate lipids from outer (extracellular) leaflet to inner (cytosolic) leaflete. Translocate phosphatidylserine, preventing apoptosis and engulfment by macrophagesf. Move phospolipids from inner (cytoplasmic) leaflet to outer (extracellular) leafletg. Move phospohlipids across the lipid bilayer down the concentration gradient
1) Flippases
d. Translocate lipids from outer (extracellular) leaflet to inner (cytosolic) leaflet
They are ATP dependent enzymes and they translocate phospholipids against a concentration gradient.
2) Floppases
f. Move phospolipids from inner (cytoplasmic) leaflet to outer (extracellular) leaflet
c. ABC transporter
They move substrates such as phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol against their concentration gradient.
3) Scramblases
a. Not ATP-dependent
b. Activation may result in increased membrane lipid symmetry
e. Translocate phosphatidylserine, preventing apoptosis and engulfment by macrophages
g. Move phospohlipids across the lipid bilayer down the concentration gradient
Their enzymatic activity is bidirectional and depends on the calcium concentration.
Match the terms to the descriptions:cytoplasm , epithelial tissues, nucleus, organelles, organs, system, DNA, connective cells, 1. the basic structural unit of the body 2. organs working together to perform a specific bodily function 3. structures that perform special functions within a cell 4. tissues that work together to perform a specific bodily function 5. acts as the "brain" of a cell 6. designed to regulate temperature, secrete lubricants, and protect the body from harmful substances 7. fluid-like substance inside a cell 8. the genetic blueprint for all cells 9. tendons, blood, and fat are examples of these cells
DNA to 8. the genetic blueprint for all cells
Nucleus to 5. acts as the "brain" of a cell
Connective cells to 9. tendons, blood, and fat are examples of these cells.
Epithelial tissues to 6. designed to regulate temperature, secrete lubricants, and protect the body from harmful substances.
Cytoplasm to 7. fluid like substance in a cell
Organelles to 3. structures that perform special functions within a cell
These are the only ones I know.
Answer:
1. the basic structural unit of the body
7
cytoplasm
2. organs working together to perform a specific bodily function
9
connective cells
3. structures that perform special functions within a cell
2
system
4. tissues that work together to perform a specific bodily function
8
DNA
5. acts as the "brain" of a cell
4
organs
6. designed to regulate temperature, secrete lubricants, and protect the body from harmful substances
5
nucleus
7. fluid-like substance inside a cell
1
cells
8. the genetic blueprint for all cells
6
epithelial tissues
9. tendons, blood, and fat are examples of these
3
organelles
Explanation:
Thanks
Bacteriophage t4 can adsorb to its host because of binding sites in its tail fibers that recognize areas of the e. Coli cell wall.
True
False
Where do the catabolic products of fatty acid breakdown enter into the citric acid cycle?
α–ketoglutarate
pyruvate
succinyl CoA
acetyl CoA
Answer:
acetyl CoA
Explanation:
The break down of free fatty acid or fatty acid degradation is the process in which fatty acids are broken down into their basic metabolites. The process of degradation includes three steps:
1. Lipolysis of fat stores of and release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue
2. Process of activation and transport into mitochondria catalyzed by the enzyme fatty acyl-CoA synthetase.
3. β-oxidation-formation of final product - acetyl-CoA which is the entry molecule for the citric acid cycle.
Discuss one observation that you found interesting while looking at the onion root tip cells
Root tip cells are fast growing cells, it is due to them that the root can grow and lengthen.
What is interesting about the observation of these cells is that we can observe all the phases of the life of the cell. Given its rapid division, we can observe the different phases of mitosis which are prophase ( condensation of chromatin), metaphase (alignment of chromosomes on the equatorial plate), anaphase (separation of sister chromatids), telophase (formation of both nuclei) and cytokinesis (separation of nuclei and division of cytosol in two).
An interesting observation in the onion root tip cells is the visible stages of cell growth and development from division to differentiation. This area is rich in growth factors, regulating rapid cell division at the tip, and presents an excellent model to study cellular lifecycle.
Explanation:One interesting observation that could be made while looking at the onion root tip cells is the clear and organized progression of cell division, or mitosis. In the root tip of the onion, there are different zones visible under the microscope, each representing a different stage of cellular development.
Cell division is primarily observed in the apical meristem, which is a region at the tip of the root. Beyond the apical meristem, cell elongation takes place, which is an essential process of growth. Furthermore away from the root tip, cell specialization or maturation occurs, where the cells differentiate to perform various functions such as transport or support. Hence, the onion root tip serves as a perfect model to understand plant growth and cellular differentiation.
This can be a particularly interesting observation to make as one can view the entire life cycle of a cell from birth to specialization in a small section of an onion's root. Furthermore, another interesting observation is the presence of growth factors near the root tip which regulate the cell division, which might explain why mitosis occurs so rapidly and frequently in that area.
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There is much interdependence among the biogeochemical cycles on Earth. How is warmer ocean water involved in these cycles? A) Warmer air temperatures mean warmer ocean temperatures. This results in more precipitation and less atmospheric carbon dioxide. Reactivate B) As ocean temperatures increase, evaporation increases. Increased evaporation results in lower amounts of all atmospheric gases, including oxygen. Reactivate C) Warmer ocean temperatures would result in increased evaporation, which in turn would lower the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, thereby reducing global warming. D) Atmospheric carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, would cause rising ocean temperatures, which will cause an increase in evaporation. The added water vapor would further increase global warming.
Answer: D) Atmospheric carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, would cause rising ocean temperatures, which will cause an increase in evaporation. The added water vapor would further increase global warming.
Explanation: usatestprep approved
Within the inner membrane of a chloroplast, interconnected sacs of membrane called ______ are suspended in a thick fluid called the ______.
A) chlorophyll… thylakoid
B) thylakoids… grana
C) thylakoids… stroma
D) grana… thylakoid
D) gas exchange
Answer is C) thylakoids... stroma
The interconnected sacs within a chloroplast's inner membrane are called thylakoids, and they are suspended in a thick fluid known as the stroma. Thylakoids are essential for photosynthesis, forming stacks called grana, while the stroma facilitates the synthesis of carbohydrates.
Explanation:The answer to the question 'Within the inner membrane of a chloroplast, interconnected sacs of membrane called ______ are suspended in a thick fluid called the ______.' is C) thylakoids… stroma. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts also have the distinguishing feature of outer and inner membranes. The inner membrane encloses a set of interconnected and stacked fluid-filled membrane sacs known as thylakoids. These thylakoids are grouped into stacks called granum (plural = grana). The thick fluid that is found surrounding the grana and within the inner membrane is called the stroma. The thylakoid membranes are critical for the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, while the stroma houses the enzymes necessary for the synthesis of carbohydrates during the light-independent reactions, commonly known as the Calvin cycle.
Within the inner membrane of a chloroplast, interconnected sacs of membrane called thylakoids are suspended in a thick fluid called the stroma. Each stack of thylakoids is called a grana. This arrangement allows for the efficient capture and conversion of light energy during photosynthesis.
When blood sugar is low A) the liver creates insulin. B) glycogen is broken down in the pituitary gland. C) the pancreas secretes glucagon to trigger the liver to release stored glucose. D) the pancreas secretes glucose to increase sugar levels and restore homeostasis. Eliminate
The answer is C. the pancreas secretes glucagon to trigger the liver to release stored glucose.
Answer:
C) the pancreas secretes glucagon to trigger the liver and release stored glucose
Explanation:
Are claims about the effects of meditation most likely scientific or pseudoscientific?
NOT pseudoscientific, because people have made claims about it but scientific observations have not been made
Answer:
Scientific
Explanation:
There are hundreds of scientific studies on Meditation.
Here are some benefits already proven by scientific studies:
IT ACCELERATES THE BRAIN'S POTENTIAL PROCESSING CAPACITYIT RELEASES THE NEURONAL TISSUEIT REDUCES RISK OF HEART DISEASEIT CAN IMPROVE RECALL MEMORYKelley wants to conduct an experiment about sound. Which question could Kelley best test with a scientific experiment? A. Why is sound important for everyday communication? B. Through which material does sound travel at the greatest speed? C. Which sound from a musical instrument is the most pleasant? D. What type of scientists study sound and its properties?
B. Through which material does sound travel at the greatest speed.
Answer: B. Through which material does sound travel at the greatest speed.
Explanation:
Plz help me
Based on the diagram oxygen flows through the circulatory system in which order
A. 1, 2, 4
B. 2, 1, 3
C. 5, 3, 1
D. 3, 2, 4
Oxygen moves in the sequence 5, 3, 1 as shown by option C
How does oxygen move through the circulatory system?
During inhalation, oxygen first enters the lungs where it diffuses across the alveoli into the bloodstream, starting the journey through the circulatory system. Oxygenated blood is pumped by the left ventricle through the systemic circulation and reaches tissues through capillaries after attaching to hemoglobin in red blood cells.
While deoxygenated blood, which contains carbon dioxide, returns to the heart and is pumped to the lungs for gas exchange, oxygen is released for cellular use in capillaries. This dynamic process makes sure that cells always have oxygen to use and makes it easier to get rid of waste carbon dioxide.
Peppered moths use the adaptation of camouflage as protection from predators. They may have a variety of colors or shades, but before the Industrial Revolution, they were typically white with black speckles. The Industrial Revolution in the 1880s introduced large-scale pollution into the environment. The pollution resulted in widespread, dark-colored staining of buildings and trees.
Which of the following was the most likely effect of the Industrial Revolution on peppered moths in cities?
A.
The peppered moths developed a tolerance to smog and chemical waste.
B.
Over time, the white, speckled moths were outnumbered by plain white moths.
C.
The population of light-colored moths decreased and the population of dark-colored moths increased.
D.
The peppered moths adapted an improved sense of sight and smell.
The answer is; C
This is due to natural selection that is the basis of evolution. The light-colored moths became conspicuous to its predators in the dark environment. The black moths on the other hand camouflaged and were preyed on less. This allowed black moths to have an increased chance, compared to light-colored moths, of reaching reproductive age and passing their genes to the next generation.
The answer is C). Hide from predators
Which descriptions refer to fog? Check all that apply.
burns off when it gets dark
forms at or near the ground
extends up to 10 miles into the sky
found in areas near bodies of water
forms when the ground warms at night after a cool, dry day
found in areas near bodies of water
forms when the ground warms at night after a cool, dry day
extends up to 10 miles into the sky
forms at or near the ground
Answer:
Everything except A
A forensic anthropologist is analyzing the skeletal remains of a human. She discovers a wide pelvic region, long narrow nasal aperture, narrow ribcage region. Based on the information, conclude the gender & race of the remains.
A) male, negroid
B) male, caucasian
C) female, negroid
D) female, caucasian
The correct answer is C
Female, negroid conclude the gender & race of the remains. Thus, the correct option is C.
What is Negroid race?Negroid is defined as an obsolete racial grouping of different people indigenous to south Africa of the area that extended from the southern Sahara desert in the west to the African Great Lakes in the southeast, but also to remote parts of South and Southeast Asia.
Negroid race women have a wide pelvic region, long narrow nasal aperture, narrow ribcage region.
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A GG,BB and bb
B only GG and Bb
C only GB and Gb
D GB,Gb,gb and gB
the answer will be either a or b
The letter combinations GG, GB, Gb, gB, gb, BB, Bb represent different genetic combinations, or genotypes, that can result from the pairing of alleles received from parents. Dominant alleles are represented by capitalized letters (G, B) and recessive alleles by lowercase letters (g, b). The combinations influence the genetic traits of an organism.
Explanation:This question appears to involve terms related to genetics and inheritance. GG, GB, Gb, gB, gb are all examples of genetic increases involving two alleles. In genetics, the combination of these two alleles, inherited from parents, makes the genotype of an organism. GG, BB, Bb, gb, GB, Gb, gB represent the various combinations possible from parents' genotypes.
For example, if G and B represent dominant alleles and g and b represent recessive alleles, then GG or BB would be homozygous dominant, bb or gb would be homozygous recessive, and GB, Gb, gB would be heterozygous. These combinations determine the genetic traits of the offspring.
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7. Process in which proteins lose their three dimensional structure from the application of extreme heat:
The answer to this question:
The process in which proteins lose their three-dimensional structure from the application of extreme heat is known as denaturation.
Denatured proteins lose their 3D structure not allowing them to function any longer.
Genetic variation in a population of animals or plants depends mainly on which of the following?
A) the organism being haploidB) sexual recombinationC) migration of genes among the chromosomesD) mutation
The correct answer is: B) sexual recombination
Sources of genetic variation are different:
• Genetic mutations-random and rare events that occur within the genome and contribute to variations among individuals (or population). Mutations might be neutral, harmful or beneficial when they form new alleles favored by natural selection.
• Crossing over (genetic recombination)-event that occur during the meiosis (cell division that creates gamets)
• Random segregation during meiosis
• Random fertilization
• External source such as transposable genetic elements or retroviruses.
Which of the following correctly summarizes the main issue with most genetically engineered food crops?
A. Resulting crops are less nutritious.
B. Creating a market for the resulting crops has proven difficult.
C. Increasing one quality in a food crop may degrade other qualities.
D. Resulting crops are too expensive because of the engineering.
The issue with genetically engineered food crops is C: INCREASING ONE QUALITY IN A FOOD CROP MAY DEGRADE OTHER QUALITIES
Answer: B). Increasing one quality in a food crop may degrade other qualities.
Explanation:
Genetically engineered food crops are those crops whose DNA is manipulated so as to produce desire effect in them. The manipulations are done so as to induce characteristics such as drought and pest resistance, increase in yield and quality of the food products.
Except the above mentioned improvement, some issues are also associated with the genetically engineered food crops. The one is improving one quality, will degrade the other. As, the induced genes may suppress the effect of other expressive genes in the organism.
Definition of: Number and variety of living organisms; includes genetic, species, and ecological types.
Final answer:
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life, including genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. It measures the variety of organisms and the genetic differences within them. Estimates suggest Earth could have around 8.7 million eukaryotic species, essential for the planet's resilience.
Explanation:
What Is Biodiversity?
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life that exists on Earth, encompassing the diversity of genes within species, the multitude of species, and the different ecosystems they form. The term can be measured on several organizational levels, including genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. Genetic diversity pertains to the differences in DNA among individuals of the same species, ensuring that populations can adapt to changing conditions. Species diversity is the count of different species within an ecosystem or globally, and ecosystem diversity relates to the variety of habitats, biological communities, and ecological processes.
The formal biological definition of a species involves a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. The system for classifying life on Earth that was introduced by Linnaeus in the 1700s involves various levels of taxa, from species up to kingdoms, and introduced the binomial nomenclature for naming species.
While it is difficult to ascertain the exact number of species on Earth, estimates suggest there are about 8.7 million eukaryotic species, with yet a greater number of prokaryotes. This vast array of life forms contributes to Earth's biodiversity, which is vital for the resilience and sustainability of our planet.
Identify the characteristics of tornadoes and hurricanes. develops over warm ocean water heated by the Sun travels relatively short distances before losing its energy equivalent of a typhoon loses strength as it moves from water to land common in the Plains states of the United States process begins when the ground is heated to high temperatures
Answer:
Similarities:
They moveBoth are storms with strong winds Very destructiveDifferences:
Tornadoes form over landHurricanes form over waterHurricanes occur less frequently than tornadoes
Establishment of communities in newly formed environments, such as volcanic lava flows or sand bars, is called __________. Development of new communities in disturbed environments, such as a burned or clear cut forest, is called __________. A. tertiary succession, primary succession B. secondary succession, primary succession C. secondary succession, tertiary succession D. primary succession, secondary succession
The right option is; D
Establishment of communities in newly formed environments, such as volcanic lava flows or sand bars, is called primary succession. Development of new communities in disturbed environments, such as a burned or clear cut forest, is called secondary succession.
Primary succession is a type of ecological succession (changes) which occurs when communities of organisms establish new habitat in areas that are not capable of sustaining life due to various events such as volcanic lava flows, sand bars, oil spills, flooding, and landslides.
Secondary succession occurs when a smaller scale disturbance such as forest fire affect a stable existing ecosystem. Such disturbances support the reappearance of life because it does not remove all organisms and nutrients from the existing ecosystem.
Answer:
D. primary succession, secondary succession
Explanation: