Explanation:
It is known that on moving down a group there will occur a decrease in electronegativity of non-metals. Whereas stability of their conjugate bases increases on moving down the group.
This also means that their acid strength also increases.
For example, [tex]HX + H_{2}O \rightarrow H_{3}O^{+} + X^{-}[/tex]
where, X = F, Cl, Br or I)
Therefore, acidity will increase in the following order.
HI > HBr > HCl > HF
Hence, the stability of their conjugate bases will be as follows.
[tex]I^{-} > Br^{-} > Cl^{-} > F^{-}[/tex]
Thus, we can conclude that the most stable base is [tex]I^{-}[/tex] and least stable base is [tex]F^{-}[/tex].
In which direction will osmosis occur if a 1% sucrose solution is separated from a 9% sucrose solution by a differentially permeable membrane?
Describe three advantages nuclear fusion would have over nuclear fission.
In nuclear fission reaction a heavy nuclei breaks apart into two lighter nuclei and in fusion reaction two lighter nuclei fuse to form a heavy nuclei. Nuclear fusion produces tremendous amount of energy which is several times the amount produced by any nuclear fission reaction. It is the nuclear fusion reaction that powers the sun. Nuclear fission produces radioactive, toxic waste which nuclear fusion does not. The resources of nuclear fusion are abundantly available on Earth, such as lithium and hydrogen isotopes.
Consider a tank used in certain hydrodynamic experiments. after one experiment the tank contains 900 l of a dye solution with a concentration of 1 g/l. to prepare for the next experiment, the tank is to be rinsed with fresh water flowing in at a rate of 9 l/min, the well-stirred solution flowing out at the same rate. find the time that will elapse before the concentration of dye in the tank reaches 1% of its original value. (round your answer to one decimal place.)
____ 75) how many molecules of ch4 are in 48.2 g of this compound?
The molar mass of CH4 is 16.0 g/mol.
48.2 g CH4 x (1 mol / 16.0 g) = 3.01 mol CH4
1 mol = 6.02 x 10^23 molecules
3.01 mol CH4 x (6.02 x 10^23 molecules / 1 mol ) = 1.81 x 10^24 molecules
What kind of orbital is occupied by the lone pair electrons in caffeine molecule?
The lone pair electrons in a caffeine molecule are located in an sp³ hybrid orbital. This classification comes from observing atoms with similar structures, such as the nitrogen atom in ammonia. Hybrid orbitals are a theoretical model to explain electron behavior, and sp³ and sp² hybridizations are common in structures with lone pair electrons.
Explanation:The lone pair electrons in a caffeine molecule are typically found in an sp³ hybrid orbital. For instance, in the nitrogen atom of ammonia, which is structurally similar to parts of caffeine, we find three bonding pairs and a lone pair of electrons surrounding the atom. These are directed to the four corners of a tetrahedron, evincing that the nitrogen atom is sp³ hybridized, with one hybrid orbital occupied by the lone pair.
Essentially, any central atom surrounded by three regions of electron density will exhibit sp² hybridization. This includes molecules with a lone pair on the central atom and molecules with two single bonds and a double bond connected to the central atom.
It's important to realize that these hybrid orbitals are a theoretical model to describe the behavior of electrons within a molecule. So, in caffeine, we can predict where lone pairs of electrons are likely to be based on our knowledge of electron behavior and atomic structure.
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What is wrong with the following explanation of an experiment? When it was heated, the sample of carbon decomposed.
An aluminum sample has a mass of 80.01 g and a density of 2.70 g/cm3. According to the data, to what number of significant figures should the calculated volume of the aluminum sample be expressed?
Answer : The volume of aluminium sample should be [tex]29.6cm^3[/tex]
Explanation :
Density : It is defined as the mass contained per unit volume.
Formula used :
[tex]Density=\frac{Mass}{Volume}[/tex]
Given :
Mass of aluminum = 80.01 g
Density of aluminium = [tex]2.70g/cm^3[/tex]
Now put all the given values in the above formula, we get :
[tex]2.70g/cm^3=\frac{80.01g}{Volume}[/tex]
[tex]Volume=\frac{80.01g}{2.70g/cm^3}=29.6cm^3[/tex]
Therefore, the volume of aluminium sample should be [tex]29.6cm^3[/tex]
The si standard of mass is the 1 kilogram international prototype kilogram stored in a vault in the basement of the international bureau of weights and measures in sevres, france. it is composed of an alloy that is 90% platinum and 10% iridium; having a density of 21.186 g/cm3. what is the volume of the standard kilogram?
Describe what conditions exist in water molecules to make them dipolar.
Water molecules are dipolar because the more electronegative oxygen atom attracts electrons away from the hydrogen atoms, creating a charge imbalance within the molecule. The bent shape of water molecules prevents the cancellation of these local dipoles, resulting in a net dipolarity that enables water to engage in hydrogen bonding and dissolve ionic compounds.
Water molecules are dipolar due to the unique arrangement and electrical properties of their constituent atoms. The molecule of water consists of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. Oxygen, being more electronegative, draws the shared electrons from the hydrogen atoms towards itself more strongly.
This electron shift results in a partial negative charge on the oxygen atom and a partial positive charge on the hydrogen atoms, creating a polarity in the molecule. Additionally, due to water's bent shape, with an H-O-H angle of approximately 104.45°, these individual bond polarities do not cancel out as they might in a symmetrical molecule. Instead, they reinforce each other, leading to a significant molecular dipole where the molecule has an uneven distribution of charge—oxygen being anionic and hydrogen being cationic.
This dipolarity allows water to form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules or interact with ions, facilitating the dissolution of ionic compounds in water. In essence, the conditions that make water dipolar are its asymmetry and the varying electronegativity of oxygen and hydrogen atoms.
If you add MeOH to CoCl2(Alc)2, the CoCl2(Alc)2 concentration will change. What are the two reasons for this concentration change?
A substance undergoes a change. Which of the following indicates that the change was a chemical change? The substance changed shape. New molecules formed. The substance froze. The substance changed size.
Answer: New molecules formed.
Explanation:
A physical change is defined as the change in which shape, size will be altered. No new substance gets formed in these reactions.
A chemical change is defined as the change in which chemical composition is altered. A new substance is formed in these reactions.
The substance changed shape is a physical change.
The substance froze means the state is changed and is a physical change.
The substance changed size is a physical change.
Thus when new molecules are formed, it is a chemical change.
What is the kinetic energy of the emitted electrons when cesium is exposed to UV rays of frequency 1.3×1015Hz?
To calculate the kinetic energy of the emitted electrons when cesium is exposed to UV rays with a frequency of 1.3×1015Hz, first, determine the photon's energy using Planck's equation, then subtract cesium's work function. The result is approximately 5.1938×10-19 J, illustrating an application of the photoelectric effect.
Explanation:To find the kinetic energy of the emitted electrons when cesium is exposed to UV rays of frequency 1.3×1015Hz, we first need to calculate the energy of the incident UV photons using Planck's equation: E = hf. Here, h is Planck's constant (6.626×10-34 Js), and f is the frequency of the UV rays.
E = (6.626×10-34 Js)(1.3×1015Hz) = 8.6138×10-19 J per photon
The work function φ (phi) of cesium, which is the minimum energy required to remove an electron from its surface, is approximately 2.14 eV, or 3.42×10-19 J. The kinetic energy (KE) of the emitted electrons can be found by subtracting the work function from the energy of the incident photons: KE = E - φ.
Therefore, the kinetic energy of the emitted electrons is approximately (8.6138 - 3.42)×10-19 J = 5.1938×10-19 J.
The calculation above shows how to determine the kinetic energy of photoelectrons ejected from materials like cesium when exposed to UV radiation with a specific frequency, using concepts from the photoelectric effect.
A neutral atom contains 5 neutrons and 4 protons. How many electrons does it contain?
A neutral atom with 4 protons contains 4 electrons because, in a neutral atom, the number of protons and electrons are equal.
Explanation:In chemistry, a neutral atom is one where the number of protons and electrons are equal. Protons carry a positive charge while electrons carry a negative charge. When these charges balance out, the atom is neutral. Hence, in the case of this atom with 4 protons, it must also have 4 electrons to keep it neutral. it means that it had no overall change So, the answer is that a neutral atom with 4 protons contains 4 electrons.
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How is an emulsion different from a solution
What would you predict is worse based on your knowledge of quantum theory - a weak beam of ultraviolet light, or an intense beam of infrared light?
A biotic factor in a desert ecosystem would be the
A) humidity of the air.
B) air temperature.
C) cactus growing.
D) sandy soil.
A certain element forms an ion with 10 electrons and a charge of +2. identify the element.
Answer:
Mg (Magnesium)
Explanation:
Pearson Chemistry Question (Ions and the Periodic Table)
A liquid has a density of 1.17 g/cm3, how many liters of the liquid have a mass of 3.75 kg
The element sulfur has an atomic number of 16 and mass number of 32. how many neutrons are in the nucleus of a sulfur atom? if sulfur forms covalent bonds with hydrogen, how many hydrogen atoms can bond to one sulfur atom? essay
The nucleus of a sulfur atom wil have 16 Neutron and two Hydrogen atoms can form covalent bond with sulfur.
What is Covalent bond ?A covalent bond is an electron exchange that causes the production of electron pairs between atoms.
Covalent bonding is a stable equilibrium of the attractive and repulsive forces between two atoms that occurs when they share electrons. Bonding pairs or sharing pairs are other names for these electron pairs.
Sulfur and hydrogen combine to form H₂S as a result (Hydrogen Sulphide).
H₂S is a moderately polar molecule due to its bent geometrical structure and the little difference in electronegativity between sulfur (2.58) and hydrogen (2.2), which results in a non-zero dipole moment.
Therefore, The nucleus of a sulfur atom wil have 16 Neutron and two Hydrogen atoms can form covalent bond with sulfur.
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A word problem tells you that you have 27.8 moles of carbon dioxide. It asks how much that is in grams of carbon dioxide.
Luckily, they also supply a conversion factor.
1 mole of carbon dioxide is equal to 44 grams of carbon dioxide.
You set up a conversion equation in the format shown in the image.
What would you write in the space labeled 'C' in the diagram.(?)
A) 1 mole of carbon dioxide
B) 44 grams of carbon dioxide
C) 27.8 moles of carbon dioxide
Draw the structure of a compound with molecular formula c5h12 that exhibits only one kind of proton (all 12 protons are chemically equivalent).
The compound C5H12 with only one kind of proton is pentane, a straight-chain alkane with five carbon atoms. There's no functional group to create a chemically different environment for the hydrogen atoms, hence all 12 protons are chemically equivalent.
Explanation:The compound with a molecular formula C5H12 that exhibits only one kind of proton (all 12 protons are chemically equivalent) is the linear form of pentane. This is a straight-chain alkane with five carbon atoms, where each carbon atom is single-bonded to its neighbors and the remaining bonding spots are filled with hydrogen atoms. Here is how the structure of pentane is represented:
-CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3-
The reason it exhibits only one kind of proton is because there is no functional group that can create a chemically different environment for the hydrogen atoms, making all 12 protons chemically equivalent.
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The density of platinum is 21.45 g/cm3 at 20 ∘c. calculate the mass of 80.00 cm3 of platinum at this temperature.
Final answer:
The mass of 80.00 cm3 of platinum at 20 ℃, given its density of 21.45 g/cm3, is calculated to be 1716 grams (1.716 kilograms) using the formula Mass = Density × Volume.
Explanation:
To calculate the mass of 80.00 cm³ of platinum at a temperature of 20 ℃, given that the density of platinum is 21.45 g/cm³, we use the formula for density:
Density = Mass / Volume.
Rearranging this formula to find mass gives us Mass = Density × Volume.
Substituting the known values:
Density = 21.45 g/cm³Volume = 80.00 cm³Gives us:
Mass = 21.45 g/cm3 × 80.00 cm³ = 1716 g or 1.716 kg.
Thus, the mass of 80.00 cm³ of platinum at 20 ℃ is 1716 grams or 1.716 kilograms.