Which topic might interest a sociologist

Answer and Explanation :

Emerging ideas are those ideas which is developed by large number of scientists.

Whereas scientific consensus is the collection of judgement, position and opinion of all the scientists belong to a particular field.

An emerging idea in science is a new concept that is being tested, whereas scientific consensus represents well-established, widely accepted knowledge in the scientific community. Emerging ideas may evolve into scientific consensus after thorough validation, as seen with global warming, or they may be discarded if unsupported by evidence.

An emerging idea in science, often initiated as a hypothesis, is a concept that is relatively new and not yet widely supported or verified with extensive evidence. Over time, through rigorous testing, peer review, and the accumulation of evidence, these emerging ideas may either become part of the accepted body of knowledge or be discarded.

In contrast, scientific consensus represents the collective judgment, position, and opinion of the community of scientists in a particular field of study. Consensus is achieved when the overwhelming majority of scientists agree on a certain view based on a substantial body of evidence. It signifies that the idea or theory is widely accepted and has withstood continued scrutiny and validation, like in the case of global climate change and evolution.

Examples of emerging ideas being tested and challenged over time include research on the relationship between dietary cholesterol and blood cholesterol, and hypotheses regarding dark energy in astronomy. These contrast established consensuses such as evolutionary theory, which is strongly supported by the scientific community and widely considered a fundamental principle of biology.

Answer: collisions between the particles of gas and the container walls

Explanation:

Pressure is defined as the force acting per unit area.

[tex]Pressure=\frac{Force}{Area}[/tex]

Thus the pressure increases as the force increases and area decreases.

The particles present in a gas have least inter molecular forces of attraction ad thus the particles are in constant motion. they keep on colliding with other particles and the walls of the container in which they are kept.

Pressure of the gas molecules is due to the bombardment of gas molecules with other gas molecules and the walls of the container.

Pressure in a closed gas container is caused by collisions between the gas particles and the walls of the container. Changes in the number or temperature of the gas particles can alter the pressure.

In a closed container of gas, pressure is caused primarily by the collisions between the particles of the gas and the walls of the container. These particles are in constant, random motion and when they hit the container walls, they exert a force on it, resulting in pressure. Neither the thickness of the container walls nor the size of the gas particles directly affect the pressure within the container. However, increasing the number of gas particles (for instance, by adding more gas) or increasing their temperature (which speeds up their motion), would increase the pressure, because these changes result in more frequent and/or harder collisions with the container walls.

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Based on these data,10.81 is the average atomic mass of element b. Therefore, option C is correct.

An atom's mass is its atomic mass. Although the kilogram is the SI measure of mass, the unified atomic mass unit, or dalton, is a common way to express atomic mass. An unbound carbon-12 atom in its ground state has a mass of 112 of a Da.

The total number of protons and neutrons in an isotope's nucleus is referred to as the mass number. This is due to the fact that each proton and neutron has a mass of one atomic mass unit (amu). You may get the mass of the atom by multiplying the total number of protons and neutrons by 1 amu.

From the given table,

Element B has two isotopes i.e.,  

One with a mass of 10.01 and a relative abundance of 19,91,

while the another has a mass of 11.01 and a relative abundance of 80.09.

The average atomic mass

= ( 10.01 × 19.91 ) + ( 11.01 × 80.09)

= 1.99 + 8.817

= 10.81

Thus, option C is correct.

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Your question is incomplete, probably your question was

The table below gives the data that is needed to calculate the average atomic mass of element B. Isotope Atomic mass (amu) Relative abundance (%) B-10 10.01 19.91 B-11 11.01 80.09 Based on these data, what is the average atomic mass of element B? 10.01 10.51 10.81 11.01

hard and durable

sterling silver refer to a type of silver which has purity or more correctly finess,  92.5% silver by mass.the remaining 7.5% is copper and because of hardness it is being used in coins jewelry etc

Answer:

The given blank can be filled with harder and more durable.

Explanation:

Sterling silver refers to a silver alloy comprising 92.5 percent by weight of silver and 7.5 percent by weight of other metals, generally copper. Fine silver like 99.9 percent pure silver is comparatively soft, thus in order to increase hardness and strength, silver is generally alloyed with copper. However, sterling silver is vulnerable to tarnishing, and elements other than copper can be utilized in alloys to minimize tarnishings like zinc, germanium, silicon, platinum, and boron.

An acidic solution contains more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions, leading to a pH value less than 7.00, due to substances like HCl ionizing in water.

The type of solution that contains more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions is known as an acidic solution. In such a solution, substances like hydrogen chloride (HCl) ionize in water, producing a higher concentration of hydrogen ions, which are often represented as hydronium ions (H3O+), compared to hydroxide ions (OH-). According to Le Chatelier's principle, the equilibrium in water shifts to the left, leading to a decrease in hydroxide ion concentration. As a result, such solutions have a pH value less than 7.00. Conversely, a basic solution has a higher concentration of hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions, yielding a pH value greater than 7.00.

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The volume of 1 mole of helium gas when the pressure is 1.47 atm and the temperature is 287k is 16.02 litres.

The combined gas law is the law of of gaseous state which is made by combination of Boyle's law, Charle's law, Avogadro's law and Gay Lussac's law.

It is a mathematical expression that relates Pressure, Volume and Temperature.

(P1 × V1)÷T1 = (P2 × V2)÷T2

Also, we can simply write it as

PV = nRT

P = 1.47 atm

V = ?

n = 1

R = 0.0821

T = 287K

V = nRT ÷ P

V = 16.02 litres

Therefore, The volume of 1 mole of helium gas when the pressure is 1.47 atm and the temperature is 287k is 16.02 litres.

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The number of molecules of ammonia present in 3.0 g of ammonia is equal to 1.1×10²³.

Avogadro’s number expressed the number of units in one mole of any substance. Generally, these units can be atoms, ions, electrons, protons, or molecules depending upon the type of the reaction or reactant and product.

The value of Avogadro’s number is 6.022×10²³. Avogadro’s number is usually denoted by the symbol ‘N[tex]_A[/tex]’.

Given, the mass of the ammonia = 3g

The molecular mass of the ammonia (NH₃) = 14 + 3(1) = 17g

As one mole of the ammonia contains molecules = Avogadro number

It means 17 grams of ammonia has molecules = 6.022×10²³

Then, 3 grams  of ammonia will have molecules of ammonia

=  6.022 × 10²³ × (3/17)

= 1.1 × 10²³ molecules

Therefore, the number of molecules of ammonia in 3 g of ammonia is   1.1 × 10²³ molecules.

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Final answer:

To find the number of ammonia molecules in 3.0g of ammonia, you calculate moles from the given mass and molar mass, then use Avogadro's number to find the molecule quantity. The result is approximately 1.06 × 10²³ molecules, matching closely to option C in the question.

Explanation:

To determine how many molecules of ammonia (NH₃) are present in 3.0g of ammonia, we first need to calculate the molar mass of NH₃. The atomic masses of nitrogen (N) and hydrogen (H) are approximately 14.01 g/mol and 1.01 g/mol, respectively. A single molecule of NH₃ consists of one nitrogen atom and three hydrogen atoms, which gives us:

Molar mass of NH₃ = (1 × 14.01 g/mol) + (3 × 1.01 g/mol) = 14.01 g/mol + 3.03 g/mol = 17.04 g/mol

Next, we use the molar mass to convert grams of NH₃ to moles:

Moles of NH₃ = mass (g) ÷ molar mass (g/mol) = 3.0 g ÷ 17.04 g/mol = 0.176 moles of NH₃

Now we can use Avogadro's number (≈ 6.022 × 10²³ molecules/mol) to find the number of molecules:

Number of molecules = moles × Avogadro's number = 0.176 moles × 6.022 × 10²³ molecules/mol

This calculation gives us approximately:

Number of molecules ≈ 1.06 × 10²³ molecules of NH₃

Looking at the options provided, the closest answer to our calculated value is C) 1.1 × 10²³, which must be a rounded version of the value we obtained.

Answer : The molar mass of unknown gas is 99.8 g/mole.

Explanation :

Using ideal gas equation:

[tex]PV=nRT\\\\PV=\frac{w}{M}RT[/tex]

where,

P = pressure of gas = 1.04 atm

V = volume of gas = [tex]151.3ml=0.1513L[/tex]

conversion used : [tex](1L=1000ml)[/tex]

T = temperature of gas = [tex]25.0^oC=273+25.0=298K[/tex]

R = gas constant = 0.0821 L.atm/mole.K

w = mass of an unknown gas = 0.642 g

M = molar mass of an unknown gas = ?

Now put all the given values in the ideal gas equation, we get:

[tex](1.04atm)\times (0.1513L)=\frac{0.642g}{M}\times (0.0821L.atm/mole.K)\times (298K)[/tex]

[tex]M=99.8g/mole[/tex]

Therefore, the molar mass of unknown gas is 99.8 g/mole.

The heat capacity of a substance is the amount of heat needed to raise its temperature by one degree Celsius. In the case of 170g of water, with a specific heat capacity of 4.18 J/g°C, the heat capacity would be approximately 710.6 J/°C.

The heat capacity of a substance is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of that substance by one degree Celsius. For water, the specific heat capacity is around 4.18 joules per gram per degree Celsius. Therefore, to find the heat capacity of 170 g of water, we multiply the mass of the water by its specific heat capacity.

So, the calculation would go as follows:

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Answer:

Potassium (K)

Explanation:

First, you need to know the possible alkali metals, which are:

Sodium (Na), Litium (Li), Potassium (K) and Cesium (Cs), rubidium (Rb).

Now, the reaction that is taking place is the following:

M + O2 ------> M2On

Where n should be the oxidation state of the metal. In this case, most of the alkalin metals have an oxidation state of +1, so, this number should be 1. However some elements can produce the peroxyde, like litium, sodium and potassium.

The following reaction would be:

M2O + H2O --------> MOH

Now, the hint here is that the solution is tested with a flame. This, would be, the final hint to know which element this is.

In the case of sodium, litium and potassium, the reactions being held are as following:

Li + O2 ------> Li2O2         Li2O2 + 2H2O ------> 2LiOH + H2O2

Na + O2 ------> Na2O2         Na2O2 + 2H2O ------> 2NaOH + H2O2

K + O2 ------> K2O2         K2O2 + 2H2O ------> 2KOH + H2O2

Now, all of these elements throw a different color in the flame. Litium is a red or crimson. Sodium is usually yellow, and finally the potassium is always purple.

Therefore the identity of this metal would have to be potassium.

I believe its sublimation. An example of it could be like dry ice.

Hope that helps!

Answer : The change of phase from a solid to a gas is called sublimation.

Explanation :

Melting or fusion : It is a type of process in which the phase changes from solid state to liquid state at constant temperature.

Freezing : It is a type of process in which the phase changes from liquid state to solid state at constant temperature.

Evaporation : It is a type of process in which the phase changes from liquid state to gaseous state at constant temperature.

Condensation : It is a type of process in which the phase changes from gaseous state to liquid state at constant temperature.

Sublimation : It is a type of process in which the phase changes from solid state to gaseous state without passing through the liquid state at constant temperature.

Deposition : It is a type of process in which the phase changes from gaseous state to solid state without passing through the liquid state at constant temperature.

Hence, the change of phase from a solid to a gas is called sublimation.

Ionization energy of an atom decreases down a group. It is due to the increase in the number of electrons and orbitals and thus screening of electrons reduces the nuclear pull.

Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to remove the loosely bound valence electron from an atom. From left to right in periodic table, the electronegativity of atoms increases thereby the ionization energy.

The positive charge of protons in the nucleus attracts the revolving electrons and each electron experiences a nuclear attractive pull which keep the electrons surrounds the nucleus.

However, one electron is shielded from the attractive pulling by its neighboring electrons and this shielding or screening increases with increases with increase in number of electrons Hence as the shielding increases, the net nuclear force decreases make it easy to remove the valence electron.

Down a group, the number of shells or orbitals increases and the electrons becomes more far from the nucleus and thus more shielded results in the decrease in ionization energy.

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Final answer:

An ion with 21 protons and 19 electrons has a +2 charge, due to having two more protons than electrons.

Explanation:

The charge of an ion is determined by the difference between the number of protons and electrons. An ion with 21 protons and 19 electrons has more protons than electrons, indicating a net positive charge.

Since each proton carries a charge of +1 and each electron carries a charge of -1, we calculate the charge by subtracting the number of electrons from the number of protons (21 protons - 19 electrons = +2).

Therefore, the ion has a +2 charge.

The element with the given electron configuration is iodine (I).

The element with the ground-state electron configuration kr 5s2 4d10 5p1 is iodine (I), which has an atomic number of 53. Iodine has the electron configuration [Kr]5s²4d¹05p¹. In this configuration, the noble gas core is represented by kr, followed by the valence electrons in the order of 5s², 4d¹0, and 5p¹.

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In a metallic bond, electrons are delocalized, meaning they are free to move around and are not associated with a single atom, forming a 'sea of electrons' around metal cations

In a metallic bond, electrons are delocalized. This means that the valence electrons are not associated with any single metal atom but are free to move throughout the entire structure of the metal. These delocalized electrons form a 'sea of electrons' around the metal cations (positive ions), leading to the characteristic properties of metals, such as conductivity of electricity and heat, ductility, and malleability.

The lightest compound of carbon and chlorine is carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), which fulfils the octet rule for all atoms without any formal charges. The carbon forms four covalent bonds with the chlorine atoms, and each chlorine atom has three lone pairs of electrons.

The question is asking for a Lewis structure for a compound made from carbon and chlorine that would have each atom have a complete octet of electrons and no formal charges. Based on the given mass percentage, the simplest possibility would be carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Carbon has four electrons in its outer shell and chlorine has seven. In a CCl4 molecule, the carbon atom forms four covalent bonds with the chlorine atoms, using one of the electrons in carbon's outer shell and one electron from each chlorine atom. Thus, each atom has an octet of electrons. Carbon tetrachloride is composed of a central carbon atom bonded to four chlorine atoms in a tetrahedral shape. The Lewis structure would have carbon in the center, with a bond to each of the four chlorine atoms, and each chlorine atom will have three lone pairs of electrons.

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