In 1883 the Supreme Court ruled in the Civil Rights Cases that the law exceeded Congress's constitutional power under the Fourteenth Amendment, because it applied to individual rather than state action. The law was not authorized under the Thirteenth Amendment, which was not limited to state action
Answer:
It only protects citizens from discrimination by the state government, not private businesses.
Explanation:
Which option most accurately analyzes the role of Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson in the Civil War?
He was a respected corps commander who served as Lee’s most trusted advisor after the deaths of generals Longstreet and Stuart.
He defeated General Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg and prevented Confederate troops from progressing north.
He was a commander in the Union Army with a conflicted relationship with Lincoln, who relieved him of his command after the Battle of Antietam.
He was one of General Lee’s most trusted generals; he was accidentally shot by his own troops at the Battle of Chancellorsville.
Answer: He was one of General Lee’s most trusted generals; he was accidentally shot by his own troops at the Battle of Chancellorsville.
This one is true because he was shot by his own men at Chancellorsville, none of the other answers satisfies this
Answer:
Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson was one of General Lee’s most trusted generals; he was accidentally shot by his own troops at the Battle of Chancellorsville.
Explanation:
When the Civil War arrived, Thomas Jackson was a colonel of the Virginia militia, and was stationed at Harpers Ferry until J.E. Johnston replaced him.
Jackson excelled in the first battle of Bull Run in 1861 (where he received his famous nickname Stonewall), after which he was promoted to general on October 7 of that same year and was given command of the Valley District, with headquarters in Winchester (Virginia), where he defeated Union troops, far superior to his own. He also had a prominent role in the second battle of Bull Run, Antietam and Fredericksburg.
On May 2, 1863, during the victorious Battle of Chancellorsville, Jackson went on a night reconnaissance mission and was shot by his own men, who because of the darkness did not recognize him.
What does the official language of a country tell you about how it might have been colonized?
Well, the official language of a country can give away the language that was brought to the country by its colonizers. So, a country that speaks English was likely colonized by the British. A country who speaks French was likely colonized by the French. A country that speaks French and British likely had itself fought over by the French and British.
Summarize the events of the Transcontinental Railroad on the United States
im on the same one , its super tricky ill get back with you if i find out
Answer:
The Transcontinental Railroad in the United States is the name of a railroad line across the United States that linked the city of Omaha (Nebraska) with Sacramento (California) in the 1860s. This railroad line linked the rail network of the east and west and its construction required enormous feats of engineering and work to cross plains and high mountains. It was an achievement of the presidency of Abraham Lincoln, which was completed four years after his death. The two railway companies that built the line were the Union Pacific and Central Pacific.
This infrastructure work created a transport network that revolutionized the population and economy of the Western United States. With this railroad the caravans of wagon trains of the Old West were not necessary and became obsolete. This greatly increased the population of white settlers in the West, while the native population decreased considerably in the regions where the railway crossed.
The railroad route followed the main roads used for the opening of the West, the so-called Oregon Route, the Mormon Route, the California Route, and the Pony Express. The Central Pacific company built 1,110 kilometers of railroad, starting in Sacramento, California, and continuing east. The Union Pacific Company built 1,749 km of track, starting at Council Bluffs, and continuing west. Most of the stretch of the Union Pacific was built by Irish workers, and by veterans of the Union and Confederate armies. The stretch of the Central Pacific was built primarily by Chinese immigrants.
There were rivalries between the two companies and it is known that each lone sabotaged the work of the other. These attitudes and actions were promoted in large part by the way in which the government gave the money to the companies. When they arrived near the junction point, they changed the routes so that each company could claim government grants on the same plot of land. To end the fighting, Congress finally declared where and when the railroads should meet.
Given the risks, should Canada have developed nuclear energy?
Canada probably did the right thing by not developing the nuclear energy. The nuclear energy is very clean, and it is also very effective and produces a lot, being relatively cheap too. On the other hand, it comes with the risk of making a huge catastrophe. Since Canada has lot of rivers, especially large ones, it is capable of producing more than enough energy, and plus not having the risks that the nuclear energy brings with it. Also, the country has very small population, and even though the economy is well developed, it is not that big of consumer of energy when compared with the largest economies, thus it is able to produce clean energy, risk free, without any problem for itself.
The cultural Revolution ended by the early 1970's in which three ways did it cause devastation in china
Answer:
The Chinese Cultural Revolution was a profound political-ideological campaign carried out from 1966 in the People's Republic of China by the then leader of the Chinese Communist Party, Mao Zedong, whose aim was to neutralize the growing opposition to some of the less radical sectors of the party as a result of the failure of the Great Leap Forward economic plan (1958-1960), whose effects led to the death of millions of people due to the widespread famine known as the Chinese Great Famine.
The campaign was accompanied by several episodes of violence, instigated mainly by the Red Guard, formed by groups of young people from the most diverse sectors (military, peasants, students, party elements, government, etc.) organized in the so-called "revolutionary committees" attacked those suspected of political disloyalty to the regime, to the figure of Mao and to Maoism, in order to consolidate (or restore) the power of the leader where it was needed. The targets of the Revolution were party members more aligned with the West or the Soviet Union, bureaucratic officials, and, above all, intellectual. As in the intellectuality were some of the potential enemies of the revolution, higher education was practically disabled in the country. It was in this period that the production and distribution of The Red Book, the collection of quotations of Mao that exalted his ideology and professed a form of cult to his personality, was leveraged.
Incidentally or intentionally, the movement eventually weakened Mao's opponents and represented a partisan depuration against the insinuating revisionism. The process was officially ended by Mao during the 9th Congress of the Communist Party of China in April 1969. However, experts say that it lasted, in fact, until Mao's death in 1976 and the rise to power of Deng Xiaoping, who gradually started the changes in the political and economic direction of the country.
Which best defines humanism?
A. a movement in literature and the arts that emphasized an appreciation of nature, feeling and emotion.
B. a movement that stressed the idea that reason and knowledge could bring justice, equality, and freedom.
C. a movement that stressed the wisdom of the classics, the dignity of humans, and human potential.
D. a movement begun by Renaissance artists that said all works of art should show humans as lifelike figures.
Answer:
C.
Explanation:
A movement that stressed the wisdom of the classics, the dignity of humans, and human potential best defines humanism.
What is dignity?The belief that each and every individual has intrinsic worth drawn solely from their humanity is the foundation of the concept of human dignity. Their social rank, ethnicity, gender, or any other trait outside their humanity has no bearing on it.
Understanding that people deserve respect solely for being people because they have special traits that are essential to being human is known as human dignity. When someone is treated with respect, given value as an individual, and in an ethical way, they have a right to dignity.
Without theism or other supernatural ideas, humanism is a progressive way of thinking that upholds our ability and obligation to live moral lives of personal fulfillment and aspiration to the larger good. Humanism is a compassionate, reasoned ideology that is influenced by art and science.
Therefore, option (C) is correct,
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What were the pros and cons of the United States participating in the Treaty of Versailles and joining the League of Nations?
Pros- Would theoretically prevent future wars by uniting nations that would not fight each other, Would create an international peacekeeping forum if it was successful.
Cons- Lacked any real power, Japan just left, Had limited participation, since US didn't want to join it, and Germany was not allowed.
The pros of the United States participating in the Treaty of Versailles and joining the League of Nations included the establishment of the League for maintaining world peace and the opportunity to shape international policies. However, opposition from the U.S. Senate and concerns over loss of constitutional power and entanglement in foreign disputes were cons, along with the failure to fully reflect Wilson's original vision and the financial burden on Germany.
Explanation:The pros of the United States participating in the Treaty of Versailles and joining the League of Nations were:
1. The establishment of the League of Nations, which aimed to maintain world peace and prevent future conflicts.
2. Wilson's vision of a new world order, where nations could come together for mutual security and resolve disputes without resorting to war.
3. The opportunity for the United States to have a say in global affairs and shape international policies.
The cons of the United States participating in the Treaty of Versailles and joining the League of Nations were:
1. Opposition from the U.S. Senate, which feared that joining the League would undermine their constitutional power to declare war and draw the nation into foreign disputes.
2. Concerns over Britain and France's control of the League and the potential for the U.S. to be entangled in conflicts that did not directly affect its interests.
3. The failure of the treaty to fully reflect Wilson's original Fourteen Points and the heavy financial burden of reparations on Germany.
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Which statement is true about both World War 1 and World War 2
A.) an assassination integrated Warfare
B.) battles were fought in Europe the Pacific Africa and Asia
C.) Germany lost and its power and economy work severely damaged
D.) Britain and the United States fought against each other
In what way was Truman's decision to use the atomic bomb MOST influenced by his predecessor, Franklin D. Roosevelt?
A) Roosevelt promised victory by unconditional surrender.
B) Roosevelt publicly endorsed the use of nuclear weapons.
C) Roosevelt vowed to get revenge for the Pearl Harbor attack.
D) Roosevelt declared that Japan would be defeated at all costs.
A is the correct answer.
The Allies declared after the Potsdam Summit that the only surrender they would accept from the Axis powers was an unconditional surrender, that is, one without any conditions attached it to be the surrendering party.
Truman was fully briefed about Japan's resolve and had to weigh that in deciding where and how to force Japan into an unconditional surrender. If they had not dropped the bomb, preparations were being made to land an invasion force.
The creation of initiative, referendum, and recall procedures during the progressive era
During America's "Progressive Era" (1890s through 1920s, ) populists in Nevada adopted several major political reforms, including initiative, referendum, and recall. The right to referendum was the first reform, enacted in 1904.
Answer: the expansion of citizens direct participation in the democratic process
Explanation:
Just took the test
What and where was Hitler’s Atlantic Wall?
stretched all the way from Norway, along the Belgium and French coastline to the Spanish border. The Atlantic Wall covered a distance of 1,670 miles and it formed the main part of Hitler's 'Fortress Europe
Answer:
stretched all the way from Norway, along the Belgium and French coastline to the Spanish border
What happened during the United States polio epidemics of the 1940s and 1950s? How did these epidemics affect the daily lives of families and children?
Between 1940´s and 1950´s the United States suffered the most serious and major outbreak of polio.
The disease cut across genders and social status. The figures were shocking. More than 50,000 children were infected and thousands of them were paralyzed. Other thousands ,unfortunatelt,died.
Many public places were shut down so as to prevent polio from spreading,as it is a communicable disease.Because there was not too much information about polio familes went crazy and were totally fearful of letting their children play outside their houses or mingle with other kids.In addition, many insurance companies took advantage of this serious problem and started selling insurances for babies.
The hospitals were crowded with kids so doctors had to prepare special units exclusively for polio treatment.
why were americans concerned about the venezuelan boundary dispute?
Heyo Whats up
The Venezuelan Boundary Dispute officially began in 1841, when the Venezuelan Government protested alleged British encroachment on Venezuelan territory. In 1814, Great Britain had acquired British Guiana (now Guyana) by treaty with the Netherlands.
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Americans were concerned about the Venezuelan boundary dispute primarily due to the Monroe Doctrine and the principle of U.S. hegemony in the Western Hemisphere. The dispute between Venezuela and British Guiana (now Guyana) threatened to expand European colonial influence in Latin America, which went against U.S. foreign policy interests of preventing European interference in the region. Furthermore, there was a fear that if the United Kingdom gained more territory, it could become a greater economic and military threat.
The issue arose in the late 19th century when gold was discovered in the disputed area, and both Venezuela and British Guiana laid claim to the territory. The concern for Americans was twofold: firstly, it was a matter of upholding the Monroe Doctrine, which was a cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy asserting that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention. Secondly, there was an underlying goal to assert U.S. dominance in the Western Hemisphere and curb any potential British expansion. President Grover Cleveland's administration took a firm stand when it invoked the Monroe Doctrine and demanded arbitration to resolve the dispute, which eventually led to an international tribunal deciding the border in 1899.
how were african slaves used on the large plantation answers
They where forced to work in the fields and pick cotton and cut sugar cane and much more for no pay. :(
What are three formal (mandated by the Constitution) responsibilities of the Governor of Georgia?
Governor of Giorgia has many formal responsibilities stated by the Constitution, among those powers we can mention:
1- The command of military forces in Giorgia, since he is the commarnder-in chief.
2- In case of any vacancy in the Georgia House of Representatives and Georgia senate, he/she is the person allowed to fill it.
3- Governor is in charge of assuring the execution of laws and of maintaining the peace and order among citizens.
15 POINTS HERE THEY ARE COME ANSWER
Who were most likely to be plantation owners?
Yeomen
Quakers
members of the wealthy class
members of manumission societies
Members of the wealthy class were the most likely
Please mark me brainliest members of the wealthy class
What two issues do aging empires face
Aging empires face internal decay, evident in ineffective leadership and internal conflicts, and external threats, such as difficulty defending remote territories. As for the aging global population today, major issues include the strain on healthcare systems and the potential for a pension crisis.
Aging empires typically face two significant issues: internal decay and external threats. Internal decay can manifest as leadership crises, where rulers cannot effectively govern, leading to political instability and succession disputes. These internal conflicts weaken the empire from within, making it vulnerable to external threats. Moreover, as an empire's borders extend, maintaining control and defending its distant territories become increasingly challenging, often leaving areas on the periphery susceptible to neglect and eventual loss.
Regarding the second century CE, the periphery of the Roman Empire faced problems such as increasing poverty, famine, and social upheavals. Additionally, the strain of constant military defense against border incursions would have further compounded their difficulties. Empires in decline might endure several cycles of prosperity and downturn, marked by events like war, pestilence, and the rise and fall of social cohesion or asabiya. The Roman Empire, for example, experienced such cycles before its eventual disintegration.
George Mason refised to sign the Consitution and oppsed its Ratification becaused he blieved that it
He did not believe the Constitution established a wise and just government. He was one of only three delegates present in the final days of the convention who didn't sign the document. The other two refused to sign due to their personalities.
Which group believed that land could be owned? A. Sioux B. Nez Perce C. Apache D. White settlers
Answer:
Explanation:
White settlers:
A group of communities that emerged as a result of the vast European expansion into other parts of the world starting in the late fifteenth century are referred to as "white settler societies."
White settlers thought it was possible to acquire land. They would erect fences to surround their property.
Hence, Option (d) is the correct answer.
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A problem with people who bought stock on credit during the 1920s was that if the stock market collapsed they
The major problem faced by people who bought stock on credit in the 1920s was significant financial losses if the stock market collapsed. The aftermath led to a wave of loan foreclosures, bank failures, and ultimately a widespread economic crisis known as the Great Depression.
Explanation:
The problem with people who bought stock on credit during the 1920s was that they faced significant financial losses if the stock market collapsed. This phenomenon intensified during the stock market crash of 1929, when stock prices plummeted and investors who had bought on credit (or margin) found themselves unable to repay their loans. Essentially, these individuals borrowed money to purchase stocks, anticipating that the stock prices would continue to rise. When the market collapsed, they not only lost their original investments but also owed money on the loans they had taken out to buy the stocks. Simultaneously, poor income distribution among Americans meant that a huge percentage of the population had no savings, losing their means of survival as the economy declined.
Bank losses following the crash spurred a cascade of financial hardships for general citizens. Many banks had also invested in the stock market, and these investments lost value when prices dropped. The banks responded by foreclosing on businesses and personal loans, forcing people to repay their debts abruptly. Along with the stock market's direct impact on investors, this wave of foreclosures had a devastating effect across the broader economy. In the aftereffect of the crash, banks started to fail as panic led to massive cash withdrawals, further deteriorating the economic situation.
The contagion effect of panic also played an essential role in the crash aftermath. A wave of fear induced people to sell their stocks hastily, leading to a vicious cycle of falling prices. This mix of panic, coupled with the already precarious economic situation, culminated in economic hardship named the Great Depression.
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The graphic organizer explains the structure of an informative essay.
The thesis statement should be included in the
introduction.
first body paragraph.
second body paragraph.
conclusion.
The graphic organizer explains the structure of an informative essay.
The thesis statement should be included in the Introduction.
What is an essay?The definition of an essay is ambiguous and overlaps with that of a letter, a paper, an article, a pamphlet, and a short fiction. Generally speaking, an essay is a piece of writing that presents the author's own argument.
An essay is often a condensed piece of writing that presents the author's point of view or narrative. It is frequently used interchangeably with the words "story," "paper," or "article." Formal essays often address serious subjects and have an intellectual tone.
The essay has no set structure. It should not be restricted because it is a creative process. However, there is a fundamental format that is typically used while writing essays. The fundamental format of an essay.
It starts with an introduction then a body and finally ends with a alluring conclusion.
Introduction: This is the starting to an essay. The writer makes his/her initial introduction to the subject. The beginning paragraph of the essay might provide a very quick description of the paper. It usually just has 4-6 lines, which is not very long but it may differ with writer.
There are many opportunities to use creativity in essay introductions. This will catch the reader's attention and maintain it. It may be achieves by beginning with a quotation or a proverb. On occasion, it may even begin with a definition or an anecdote.
Body: The heart of your essays is in this. Sandwiched between the opening and the conclusion is the essay's main body. The essay's most crucial and significant information will thus be found here.
Usually, the body of the essay requires a lot of information. The ideas and substance need to be organised.
Conclusion: The essay's final part is this one. Even though a conclusion may occasionally be a simple repetition of the introduction, it should nonetheless include unique words and sentences. Another excellent location to summarise a tale or an argument is towards the conclusion. A moral or a conclusion to a narrative might help to finish up the essay.
What is a thesis statement ?A thesis statement is, in the simplest sense, a succinct declaration that tells the reader what the essay will be about. The major argument or point to be covered, the aim of the essay, and the author's point of view on a certain issue are all things that they are used to educate the audience on. One sentence constitutes the thesis statement. This sentence appears in an article's first paragraph.
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After fighting two wars to stop this british drug trade, the chinese government gave up what control of what city?
Hong Kong is the answer
The Chinese government ceded control of Hong Kong to the British following the First Opium War as part of the Treaty of Nanjing.
After two wars aimed at stopping the British drug trade, specifically the opium trade, the Chinese government ceded control of the city of Hong Kong to the British. The First Opium War (1839-1842) ended with the Treaty of Nanjing, under which Hong Kong was surrendered to Great Britain.
The Second Opium War (1856-1860) resulted in further humiliations and concessions from China, although the ceding of Hong Kong had already occurred a result of the first conflict.
What is the interstate commerce commision about
Hello!
The Insterstate Commerce Comission (ICC) was a regulatory independent agency which was created by The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 in the United States. The agency's purpose was to regulate the economics and servicies of railroads to ensure fair rates for example. It was established against the railroad abuses like rate discrimination. This agency was integrated by five members chosen by the US president and it had the faculty of investigate public transportation companies to find out if they were braking the law. The agency was abolished in 1995.
I hope this helps
During world war 1 the central powers included
Answer: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire
Context/explanation:
In the years prior to World War I, there was much military buildup and alliance formation happening among the nations of Europe. This all served to increase tensions between the nations of Europe. There was pressure to form alliances with other nations to strengthen a nation's defenses in case there was a war. The Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance set up in opposition to each other. The Triple Entente consisted of Britain, France and Russia. The Triple Alliance consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. When the war broke out, Italy shifted its loyalties and sided with the Allies (Britain, France, Russia). Germany and Austria-Hungary picked up Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire as additional allies during the war, known as the Central Powers.
Answer:
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire
Explanation:
Roosevelt uses the term “square deal” again in the second sentence of this excerpt. Read both paragraphs together. What does the term “square deal” seem to mean in this second use?
The term “square deal” seem to mean, in this second use, is Roosevelt wants to change the rules to give everyone more opportunities and rewards. Thus, option (c) is correct.
Who is Franklin D. Roosevelt?
30 January 1882 marked Franklin D. Roosevelt's birth. Through politics, but as a Democrat, Franklin D. Roosevelt entered the public sector. New York president in 1910.
A person deserves a fair shot at getting a fair bargain, thus if they don't do nice things and give themselves a decent chance, they don't get one. To stop workplace safety violations and labor abuses, Theodore created the Square Deal.
As a result, option (c) is correct.
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(C) Roosevelt wants to change the rules to give everyone more opportunities and rewards.
which colony was settled by quakers?
They settled in Salem, New Jersey which would become Pennsylvania. Hope I can could help!
What Native American group was the first of the modern Native American tribes to live in Oklahoma
As near as I can tell it was the Chaktaw who were moved (forcibly) from Mississippi to Oklahoma in 1830.
Very soon after the eastern Shawnee were moved from Ohio to Oklahoma in 1831. Very soon after or during that time the Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma were also moved from Ohio to Oklahoma. You could look up the trail of tears to get the real story of how these moves took place.
The correct answer is the Wichita and Affiliated Tribes, who were among the first of the modern Native American tribes to live in Oklahoma.
The Wichita and Affiliated Tribes, which include the Wichita, Keechi, Waco, and Tawakoni, have a long history in the region that is now Oklahoma. These tribes were part of the Caddoan linguistic group and were known for their semi-sedentary lifestyle, living in grass lodges and engaging in agriculture, particularly the cultivation of corn.
Before the Wichita and Affiliated Tribes, the region was inhabited by various other indigenous peoples for thousands of years. However, the Wichita tribes were present in the area at the time of European contact and played a significant role in the history of Oklahoma. They were known to inhabit the southern plains, including parts of present-day Oklahoma, Kansas, and Texas.
The Wichita tribes faced numerous challenges, including conflicts with other tribes and encroachment by European settlers. Despite these challenges, they maintained a presence in the region and have contributed to the cultural diversity and rich history of Oklahoma.
Today, the Wichita and Affiliated Tribes are a federally recognized tribe with headquarters in Anadarko, Oklahoma. They continue to preserve their cultural heritage and contribute to the social and economic fabric of the state."
Which two nations battled for control over Silesia as part of the Third Silesian War, one of the conflicts of the Seven Years’ War?
Your answer would be Prussia and Austria!
The correct answer is Prussia and Austria battled for control over Silesia as part of the Third Silesian War, which was one of the conflicts of the Seven Years War.
The Seven Years' War, which took place from 1756 to 1763, was a global conflict that involved many of the world's great powers at the time. One of the central theaters of this war was the battle for control over Silesia, a region located in Central Europe, rich in natural resources and with a significant strategic importance.
The Third Silesian War, which was part of the broader Seven Years' War, was primarily a struggle between Prussia and Austria for dominance over this region. Prussia, under the leadership of Frederick the Great, had initially seized Silesia from Austria during the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748). The Third Silesian War was Austria's attempt to regain control over Silesia.
The conflict saw several key battles, including the Battle of Lobositz, the Battle of Prague, and the Battle of Kolin, among others. Despite Austria's efforts and the formation of a coalition against Prussia, which included France, Russia, Sweden, and Saxony, Frederick the Great managed to retain Silesia through a combination of military genius and diplomatic maneuvering.
The war ended with the Treaty of Hubertusburg in 1763, which confirmed Prussian control over Silesia, marking a significant shift in the balance of power in Europe, as Prussia emerged as a major power at the expense of Austria.
What was the end result of the United States decision to provide military aid to Central American countries in the 1980s?
Central American leaders grew tired of the interference and asked the United States to leave.
During the Cold War, tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union were the common denominator in the foreign affairs of these two countries. Russia wanted to spread communism in many regions of the world. The Soviets had already influenced Hungary, East Germany, Bulgaria, Romania, Poland and Cuba. The United States always tried to stop communism from spreading throughout the world. So, the end result of the United States' decision to provide military aid to Central American countries was that it achieved its goal of containing Communism within the Central American region.
What was the political and social system of the Middle Ages
Final answer:
The Middle Ages were dominated by feudalism, a hierarchical system where serfs worked land owned by the aristocracy in exchange for protection. Innovations during the High Middle Ages increased trade and agriculture, leading to social and economic changes. Despite its challenges, feudalism's legacy persisted, setting the stage for future political structures in Europe.
Explanation:
The Political and Social System of the Middle Ages
The dominant political and economic system during the Middle Ages was feudalism. At the heart of this system were the feudal estates, where all land was controlled by members of the aristocracy, who were also responsible for providing security to the serfs working their lands. The social structure was highly hierarchical, consisting of the king at the top followed by lords, knights, and serfs at the bottom. Social obligations were central to the functioning of this system, with serfs pledging loyalty and labor to the nobles in return for protection and sustenance.
From the 10th century onwards, Europe saw a shift from Roman influences to a blend of Roman, Christian, and Germanic traditions leading to a unique societal structure. The High Middle Ages introduced innovations that spurred trade and agriculture, with manorialism and feudalism reflecting the organization of society. Intellectual life thrived with the birth of scholasticism and the founding of universities.
Despite the various challenges faced by feudalism, such as the Great Famine, Black Death, and Hundred Years' War, the system persisted until it began to evolve in the fourteenth century with the rise of the merchant class and the weakening of feudal bonds. Throughout the Middle Ages, 'politics' often equated to armed struggle, and the Church's efforts to enforce Christian virtues did little to change the warlord nature of the political landscape.
By the end of the Middle Ages, the emergence of stronger central states began to reduce the power of feudal lords, while new social and political ideas started to challenge the accepted norms of hierarchical inequality that had been long established.