The percent yield of a reaction is used to measure the efficiency of a given chemical reaction. It signifies how effectively the reactants have been converted to products. It does not directly indicate the number of reactants, products, or the limiting reactant.
Explanation:The purpose of finding the percent yield of a chemical reaction is primarily to determine the efficiency of the reaction. The term 'percent yield' represents the ratio of the actual yield (the amount of product actually generated in a reaction) to the theoretical yield (the maximum amount of product that could potentially be generated) multiplied by 100.
It does not directly allow us to determine the number of reactants or products, nor the limiting reactant of the reaction; its purpose rather is to assess how effectively the reactants have been converted into products. A high percent yield, close to 100%, means that the reaction was very efficient with little waste or side reactions taking place.
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How many different types of atoms are present in one molecule of aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)3? 2 3 4 5
Answer: There are exactly 3 different types of atoms in one molecule of aluminum hdroxide.
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Find the percent ionization of a 0.337 m hf solution. the ka for hf is 3.5 x 10-4. 1.1 % 1.2 x 10-2 % 3.2 % 3.5 x 10-2 % 4.7 %
To
determine the percent ionization of the acid given, we make use of the acid
equilibrium constant (Ka) given. It is the ration of the equilibrium
concentrations of the dissociated ions and the acid. The dissociation reaction
of the HF acid would be as follows:
HF = H+ + F-
The acid equilibrum constant would be expressed as follows:
Ka = [H+][F-] / [HF] = 3.5 x 10-4
To determine the equilibrium concentrations we use the ICE table,
HF
H+ F-
I 0.337 0
0
C -x +x
+x
---------------------------------------------
E 0.337-x x
x
3.5 x 10-4 = [H+][F-] / [HF]
3.5 x 10-4 = [x][x] / [0.337-x]
Solving for x,
x = 0.01069 = [H+] = [F-]
percent ionization = 0.01069 / 0.337 x 100 = 3.17%
The percent ionization of a 0.337 M HF solution : 3.2%
Further explanationAccording to Arrhenius, acids are substances which, when dissolved in water, release Hions.
An HₓY acid in water will ionize:
HₓY (aq) --------> xH⁺ (aq) + Yˣ- (aq)
Example:
HCl -------> H⁺ + Cl⁻
The amount of Hions produced by 1 acid molecule is called valence acid, whereas acidic residuals are formed after the release of Hions.
Usually, the name acid begins with the word acid followed by the name of the remaining acidic ion
The ion concentration of a weak acid is determined by the value of the acid ionization constant (Ka).
The greater the value of Ka, the greater the dissociated acid produces its Hion and the greater its acidity
HF is a weak acid
Weak acid ionization reaction occurs partially (not ionizing perfectly as in strong acids)
The ionization reaction of a weak acid is an equilibrium reaction
HA (aq) ---> H + (aq) + A- (aq)
The equilibrium constant for acid ionization is called the acid ionization constant, which is symbolized by Ka
The values for the weak acid reactions above:
Ka = [H +] [A-] / [HA]The greater the Ka, the stronger the acid, which means the reaction to the right is also greater
The degree of ionization (symbol α) is the ratio of the amount of ionizing substance to the amount of substance dissolved
α = amount of substance ionizing : amount of substance dissolved
HF decomposition reaction
HF ---> H⁺+ F⁻ if there is 0.337 M HF, then
[tex]\rm Ka=\dfrac{[H^+][F^-]}{[HF]}[/tex]
3.5 x 10⁻⁴. = x. x : 0.337-x (0.337-x is considered proportional to 0.337 because x is very small)
1,179.10⁻⁴ = x²
x = 0.01086
α = 0.01086: 0.337
α = 0.0322
α = 3.22%
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How much heat is required to convert 5.88 g of ice at − 12.0 ∘c to water at 27.0 ∘c ? (the heat capacity of ice is 2.09 j/g∘c, δhvap(h2o)=40.7kj/mol, δhfus(h2o)=6.02kj/mol)?
The total heat needed to heat ice from -12°C to 0°C, melt the ice at 0°C, and heat the liquid water from 0°C to 27°C is 2778 J.
To calculate the total heat needed for the three processes, we need to calculate the heat needed for each process separately and then add them together.
Heating the ice from -12°C to 0°C
The heat needed for this process can be calculated using the following equation:
Q = m * C * ΔT
where:
Q is the heat in Joules (J)
m is the mass of the ice in grams (g)
C is the specific heat capacity of ice in Joules per gram degree Celsius (J/g°C)
ΔT is the change in temperature in degrees Celsius (°C)
The mass of the ice is 5.88 g, the specific heat capacity of ice is 2.09 J/g°C, and the change in temperature is 12°C (from -12°C to 0°C). Substituting these values into the equation above, we get:
Q = 5.88 g * 2.09 J/g°C * 12°C = 147.47 J
Melting the ice at 0°C
The heat needed to melt the ice can be calculated using the following equation:
Q = m * Δh_fus
where:
Q is the heat in Joules (J)
m is the mass of the ice in grams (g)
Δh_fus is the latent heat of fusion of ice in Joules per gram (J/g)
The latent heat of fusion of ice is 6.02 kJ/mol. We need to convert the mass of the ice to moles first.
0.327 moles = 5.88 g / 18.0 g/mol
Substituting the mass of the ice in moles and the latent heat of fusion into the equation above, we get:
Q = 0.327 moles * 6.02 kJ/mol = 1.96653 kJ = 1966.53 J
Heating the liquid water from 0°C to 27°C
The heat needed for this process can be calculated using the following equation:
Q = m * C * ΔT
where:
Q is the heat in Joules (J)
m is the mass of the liquid water in grams (g)
C is the specific heat capacity of liquid water in Joules per gram degree Celsius (J/g°C)
ΔT is the change in temperature in degrees Celsius (°C)
The mass of the liquid water is 5.88 g, the specific heat capacity of liquid water is 4.184 J/g°C, and the change in temperature is 27°C (from 0°C to 27°C). Substituting these values into the equation above, we get:
Q = 5.88 g * 4.184 J/g°C * 27°C = 663.82 J
Total heat
The total heat needed for all three processes is:
Q_total = Q_1 + Q_2 + Q_3 = 147.47 J + 1966.53 J + 663.82 J = 2777.82 J
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What is formed when two or more different elements chemically combine?
A. Atom
B. Compound
C. Mixture
D. Nuclear Fission
What volume of 1.25M HCl would be required to prepare 180 mL of a 0.500M HCl solution? A. 2.2 x 103 mL B. 450 mL C. 72 mL D. 0.014 mL
To solve this we use the dilution equation used in chemistry,
M1 V1 = M2 V2
where M1 is the concentration of the stock solution, V1 is the volume of the stock solution, M2 is the concentration of the new solution and V2 is its volume.
M1 V1 = M2 V2
1.25 M x V1 = 0.500 M x 180 mL
V1 =72 mL of the concentrated solution
Therefore, the correct answer would be option C.
A 45.2 mg sample of phosphorus reacts with selenium to form 131.6 mg of the phosphorus selenide. determine the empirical formula of phosphorus selenide. what will be the simplest molecular formula of this compound
The empirical formula of phosphorus selenide, formed from a reaction between 45.2 mg of phosphorus and selenium resulting in 131.6 mg of the compound, is P4Se3.
Explanation:To determine the empirical formula of phosphorus selenide, we have to find the ratio of the number of moles of phosphorus to the number of moles of selenium. First, convert the mass of each element to moles. The molar mass of phosphorus (P) is 30.97 grams per mole, and the molar mass of selenium (Se) is 78.97 grams per mole. Thus, we have 45.2 mg of P = 0.00146 mole and 86.4 mg of Se (= 131.6 mg - 45.2 mg) = 0.0011 mole.
Then, find the smallest whole number ratio of moles of P to Se, by dividing both by the smallest amount. The ratio of P:Se is 1.33:1, which is close to 4:3 when multiplied up.
So, the empirical formula of phosphorus selenide is P4 Se3.
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Determine the empirical formula of phosphorus selenide follows steps involving mass calculations and mole conversions, leading to the empirical formula of P₄Se₃.
To determine the empirical formula of phosphorus selenide, follow these steps:
Calculate the mass of selenium in the compound:
Mass of selenium = Mass of phosphorus selenide - Mass of phosphorus
Mass of selenium = 131.6 mg - 45.2 mg = 86.4 mg
Convert the masses to moles:
Moles of phosphorus (P):
45.2 mg P × (1 g / 1000 mg) × (1 mol P / 30.97 g P) = 0.00146 mol P
Moles of selenium (Se):
86.4 mg Se × (1 g / 1000 mg) × (1 mol Se / 78.96 g Se) = 0.00109 mol Se
Determine the simplest whole number ratio of moles:
Ratio of P to Se = 0.00146 / 0.00109 ≈ 1.34
The ratio of P to Se is approximately 1.34:1. This ratio is close to the simple fraction 4/3. Therefore, the ratio is adjusted to 4:3 to yield whole numbers.
Based on this ratio, the empirical formula of phosphorus selenide is P₄Se₃.
Answer:
The empirical formula of phosphorus selenide is P₄Se₃.
It is logical to conclude that water cannot dissolve vegetable oil because the oil is
Answer:
The oil is insoluble with water.
Explanation:
The water and oil do not mix, they are illustrated as immiscible. The molecules of water are polar, that is, they exhibit a small positive charge at one terminal and a small negative charge at the other terminal, and they attach with each other. The molecules of oil are non-polar, and they possess no charge. Due to this, the molecules of oil are more fascinated with each other than to the molecules of water, and the molecules of water are more fascinated towards each other than to the molecules of oil.
Aluminum oxide (used as an adsorbent or a catalyst for organic reactions) forms when aluminum reacts with oxygen.
The atomic mass of N is 14.01 g/mol, and the atomic mass of H is 1.008 g/mol. What is the molecular mass of NH3?
17.034 g/mol
15.018 g/mol
14.12 g/mol
45.054 g/mol
Answer:
Option A = 17.03 g/mol
Explanation:
Given data:
Atomic mass of nitrogen = 14.01 g/mol
Atomic mass of hydrogen = 1.008 g/mol
Molecular mass of NH₃ = ?
Explanation:
Molecular mass of NH₃ = (14.01 g/mol × 1) + (1.008 g/mol × 3)
Molecular mass of NH₃ = 14.01 g/mol + 3.024 g/mol
Molecular mass of NH₃ = 17.03 g/mol
Ammonia consist of hydrogen and nitrogen both are nonmetals that's why ammonia is an covalent compound.
Biuret reagent will indicate the presence of
The Biuret test is a simple and quick method to detect proteins in a sample, and a positive result is indicated by a color change from blue to violet or purple. The correct answer is proteins.
Biuret reagent is used to test for the presence of proteins in a sample. The Biuret test is a chemical test used to detect the presence of peptide bonds in proteins and peptides. When Biuret reagent, which contains copper(II) ions, is added to a solution containing proteins, the copper(II) ions react with the nitrogen and oxygen atoms in the peptide bonds to form a violet or purple-colored complex. This color change indicates the presence of proteins.
The Biuret reaction is not specific to proteins; it can also react with compounds that contain two or more peptide bonds. However, it is most commonly used to detect proteins in biological samples. The test is not quantitative, but it can give a rough estimate of the amount of protein present based on the intensity of the color change.
The Biuret reagent typically consists of a solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH) and copper(II) sulfate (CuSOâ‚„). The alkaline solution (KOH) denatures the proteins, exposing the peptide bonds, and the copper(II) ions form the characteristic colored complex with the peptide bonds.
In summary, the Biuret test is a simple and quick method to detect proteins in a sample, and a positive result is indicated by a color change from blue to violet or purple.
A substance decays so that the amount a of the substance left after t years is given by: a = a 0 · (0.9) t , where a 0 is the original amount of the substance. what is the half-life (the amount of time that it takes to decay to half the original amount) of this substance rounded to the nearest tenth of a year?
I think the correct form of the equation is given as:
a = a0 * (0.9)^t
where t is an exponent of 0.9 since this is an exponential decay of 1st order reaction
Now to solve for the half life, this is the time t in which the amount left is half of the original amount, therefore that is when:
a = 0.5 a0
Substituting this into the equation:
0.5 a0 = a0 * (0.9)^t
0.5 = (0.9)^t
Taking the log of both sides:
t log 0.9 = log 0.5
t = log 0.5 / log 0.9
t = 6.58 years
Answer:
half life = 6.58 years
Answer:
6.58 years
Explanation:
When a ketone and its enol are in equilibrium, under most conditions the concentration of the enol is ________ the concentration of the ketone?
Answer:
Much lower than ketone is more stable than enol. N, 4-Dimethylpent -4-en-2-Amine (NH_3 protonated in acidic protoned in acidic conditions) d. [Proton cannot re extracted from OH in acidic conditions to firm O^(-)].
What volume does 15.6 g of H2O(g) occupy at 36.2 degrees Celsius and 1.25 atm
Final answer:
The volume occupied by 15.6 g of H2O(g) at 36.2 degrees Celsius and 1.25 atm can be calculated using the Ideal Gas Law. The volume is approximately 18.13 liters.
Explanation:
To find the volume occupied by 15.6 g of H2O(g) at 36.2 degrees Celsius and 1.25 atm, we can use the Ideal Gas Law, which is PV = nRT. Here, P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin.
First, we convert the mass of water to moles:
Molar mass of H2O = 18.015 g/molMoles of H2O = 15.6 g / 18.015 g/mol = 0.866 moles (approximately)Next, we convert the temperature from degrees Celsius to Kelvin:
Kelvin temperature = 36.2 + 273.15 = 309.35 KNow we can plug these values into the Ideal Gas Law:
PV = nRTV = nRT / PV = (0.866 moles) * (0.0821 L*atm/(K*mol)) * (309.35 K) / (1.25 atm)V ≈ 18.13 LSo, the volume occupied by 15.6 g of H2O(g) at 36.2 degrees Celsius and 1.25 atm is approximately 18.13 liters.
Diatomic n2 can react with diatomic h2 to form ammonia (nh3). the balanced chemical equation is: n2 + 3 h2 ? 2 nh3 if 6 moles of h2 totally reacted with more than enough n2, how many moles of ammonia would be expected to form?
compare and contrast thomsons plum pudding model with rutherfords nuclear atomic model
Different atomic models were proposed to explain the distributions of charged particles in an atom. Two of these models proposed by J.J. Thomason and Ernest Rutherford are discussed below.
Similarities
Both models explain the presence of positively charged and negatively charged particles. Thomson's model indicates that atoms have a spherical shape. Rutherford's model indicates that electrons are revolving around the nucleus, which is a sphere shape. Both models state that positively and negatively charged particles are held together by the electrostatic force of attraction.Differences
Thomason's Plum pudding model describes that atom possess a spherical shape in which positive charges are distributed uniformly. Rutherford's model states that positively charges particles concentrates on the center called the nucleus. Thomason's model does not give any idea about the nucleus and Rutherford's model explains about the nucleus. Thomason's model states that electrons are embedded in positively charged particles. In Rutherford's model electrons are revolving around the nucleus in a circular path called orbits.Hence, we can conclude that the key difference is that, Thomason's model does not give any idea about the nucleus and Rutherford's model explains about the nucleus.
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A 3.45 microgram sample of Uranium has a mass of how many grams?
Calculate the ph of a 0.30 m cocl3 solution. the ka value for co(h2o)63 is 1.0 ✕ 10-5.
The pH of acid is between 0-7 on pH scale while for base pH range is from 7-14. Therefore, the pH of solution is 1.84. pH is a unitless quantity.
What is pH?pH is a measurement of amount of hydronium ion H₃O⁺ in a given sample. More the value of hydronium ion concentration, more will be the solution acidic.
On subtracting pH from 14, we get pOH which measures the concentration of hydroxide ion in a given solution. pH depend on the temperature. At room temperature pH scale is between 0 to 14. pH of neutral solution is 7.
Ka for Co (H2O)[tex]_6[/tex]³⁺ is 1.0 ✕ 10⁻⁵
Ka = 1.0 ✕ 10⁻⁵
x²/[0.3-x]x =1.0 ✕ 10⁻⁵
Substituting all the given values in the above equation, we get
[H+]= 0.014
The formula for calculating the pH of solution is given as
pH = -log [H+]
pH = 1.84
Therefore, the pH of solution is 1.84.
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Why are metallic bonds in an alkali metal relatively weak?
In which type of chemical bonding are electrons shared between adjacent atoms?
______ bonds are made between successive amino acids during elongation.
Which atoms have the same number of neutrons?
1) H-1 and He-3
2) H-2 and He-3
3) H-3 and He-3
4) H-3 and He-4
Final answer:
Atoms H-2 (deuterium) and He-3 both have 1 neutron each, which means they have the same number of neutrons.
Explanation:
The student has asked which atoms have the same number of neutrons. To find this out, we must compare the nucleon number (sum of protons and neutrons) for each atom and subtract the atomic number (number of protons) to get the number of neutrons.
For H-1 (protium), it has 1 proton and no neutrons.
For H-2 (deuterium), it has 1 proton and 1 neutron.
For H-3 (tritium), it has 1 proton and 2 neutrons.
For He-3, it has 2 protons and 1 neutron.
For He-4, it has 2 protons and 2 neutrons.
From this, we can see that H-2 (deuterium) and He-3 both have 1 neutron.
Therefore, the correct answer is (2) H-2 and He-3 have the same number of neutrons.
Which scientist first proposed physical laws to mathematically describe the effect of forces on the motions of bodies?
a.Galileo Galilei
b.isaac newton
c.Albert Einstein
d.ben franklin
What color is a marker that indicates safe water on all sides?
A white spherical buoy with vertical blue bands is used as a marker that indicates safe water on all sides in maritime settings.
Explanation:A marker that indicates safe water on all sides is typically labeled as a spherical, white buoy with vertical blue bands. These navigational aids are universal in maritime settings and they are also called a Safe Water Mark, or sometimes a fairway, mid-channel, or sea buoy. They indicate that there is safe, navigable water all around the buoy and are not indicative of danger otherwise.
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A marker that indicates safe water on all sides typically has a green color. In nautical navigation, "green" markers, often in the form of buoys or beacons, are used to indicate the safe, navigable side of a channel or waterway.
Green is frequently the color of a signpost that denotes safe water on both sides. "Green" markings, frequently in the shape of buoys or beacons, are used in maritime navigation to denote the side of a canal or waterway that is safe and navigable. A green marker indicates a safe passageway that is to the side of the marker where it is located. These markings are used by seafarers and boaters to make sure they remain in the deep and secure area of the river. On the opposing side, red markings are utilized to denote the area that is safe to cross through. This system is a component of the lateral navigation aids that provide secure and efficient navigation on waterways.
Color Codes for Navigational Aids: Different color codes and markers are used in maritime navigation to give mariners crucial information and aid in their safe navigation of waterways. These "buoys," as these markers are frequently called, are used to designate the locations of hazards, safe channels, and other navigational data.
Safe Water Markers: One category of these navigational aids is safe water markers. They serve to alert mariners to the presence of safe, navigable water. In order to direct vessels away from hazards like shallow places, rocks, or reefs, safe water signs are often set in open, deep waters.
Green: Green is the traditional and universally accepted hue used for safe water markers. A green marker tells seafarers they can safely navigate around the buoy on all sides. The color green is related to the idea of "go" or safe passage. The green buoy, which designates the middle of a navigable channel, is open to vessel traffic on either side.
Topmarks and Shapes: In addition to their distinctive colors, safe water buoys may also include topmarks that stand out to mariners—shapes or symbols that are attached to the buoy's top. These extra characteristics are used to aid seafarers in distinguishing between various marker kinds and to offer more navigational information.
Regulation Compliance: The International Association of Lighthouse Authorities (IALA) and the U.S. Coast Guard in the United States have established standards for the usage of green markers to denote safe water. To promote reliable and safe navigation on the water, these organizations offer standards and guidelines for the use of navigational markers and aids.
In conclusion, seafarers can cruise around a green nautical marker without worrying about running aground or coming across hazards because it shows that they are in an area of safe water. It is a crucial component of the system that aids in ensuring the safe passage of ships across waterways all over the world.
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Two electrons are found in the same atom. One has the quantum number set (3, 2, 0, +½), and the other has the quantum number set (3, 1, 0, +½). They share the
a same sub level but differentt orbitals
b same orbital but different spin directions
c same energy level but different sublevels
d same type of sub level but found in different energy sub levels
Answer:
Explanation: In an atom, there is a nucleus at the center that has protons and neutrons inside it and the electrons are present in different shells(energy levels) around the nucleus. These shells(energy levels) are divided into sub shells(sub energy levels).
To know more about the position and other information about an electron present in an atom we use a set of four numbers known as quantum numbers.
The four quantum numbers are:
principal quantum number:- It's denoted by n and it has an integer values 1, 2, 3 and so on. It's tells us about the shell in which an electron is present.
Azimuthal or orbital angular momentum quantum number :- It's denoted by l and its values are (n-1), where n is principal quantum number.
for example, if n = 1 then l = 0
n = 2 then l = 0 or 1
n = 3 then l = 0, 1 or2
and n = 4 then l = 0, 1, 2 or 3
l = 0 indicates the electron is in s subshell.
l = 1 indicates the electron is in p subshell.
l = 2 indicates the electron is in d subshell and
l = 3 indicates the electron is in f subshell.
Magnetic quantum number :- It's denoted by ml and it has values from -l to +l values.
It determines the number of orbitals and their orientation within a subshell.
for example, l = 0 then ml = 0
l = 1 then ml = -1, 0, +1
l = 2 then ml = -2, -1, 0, +1, +2
l = 3 then ml = -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3
Spin quantum number :- It is denoted by ms and it does not depend on other quantum numbers. It tells us if the spin of an electron is clockwise or counter clockwise.
it has +1/2(clockwise) or -1/2(counter clockwise) values.
The four quantum numbers are written in the order n, l, ml and ms.
If we look at the given two sets of quantum numbers then values of n, ml and ms are same but the value of l is different.
Value of n is same means both electrons are in same energy level. Value of ms is same means the spin of both the electrons is same.
Value of l for the first set is 2 means the electron is present in d-subshell. Value of l for the second set of quantum numbers is 1 means the electron is present in p-subshell.
choice A is not correct as the electrons are in different subshells.
Choice B is also not correct as the electrons spin is in same direction.
Choice C is correct as the electrons are in same energy level but different sublevels.
Explain, in terms of particles, concentration, and reaction rate, what you expect to happen when liquid water is sealed in a flask on a warm day and reaches a state of equilibrium. h2o(l) h2o(g)
If 30.0 ml of a 0.500 m koh solution are needed to neutralize 10.0 ml of hcl of unknown concentration, what is the molarity of the hcl
The molarity of HCl will be "1.5 M".
Molarity,
M₁ = 0.500 MM₂ = ?Volume,
V₁ = 30 mLV₂ = 10 mLAccording to the dilution equation,
→ [tex]M_1 V_1= M_2 V_2[/tex]
or,
→ [tex]M_2=\frac{M_1 V_1}{V_2}[/tex]
By substituting the given values, we get
→ [tex]= \frac{0.500\times 30}{10}[/tex]
→ [tex]=\frac{15}{10}[/tex]
→ [tex]= 1.5 \ M[/tex]
Thus the above is the appropriate answer.
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Name three characteristics of nonmetals.
Which statement is correct regarding the rate of the reaction below? 3A + B 4X + 2Y The rate of disappearance of B is three times greater than that of A. The rate of formation of Y is twice the rate of formation of X. The rate of formation of X is four times the rate of disappearance of B. The rate of disappearance of A is three times the rate of formation of Y.
Looking at a potential energy diagram what is the name given to represent the amount of energy needed for the reaction to take place?
The amount of energy needed for a reaction to take place is called activation energy. It determines the rate at which a chemical reaction occurs.
Explanation:In a potential energy diagram, the amount of energy needed for the reaction to take place is called the activation energy. Activation energy is the minimum energy required for reactant molecules to collide with sufficient energy to form a high-energy activated complex or transition state. It determines the rate at which a chemical reaction occurs, with higher activation energy leading to slower reactions and lower activation energy leading to faster reactions.
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An ion from a given element has 38 protons and 36 electrons what is the charge
A positively charged ion, or cation, results when an atom loses electrons, resulting in more protons than electrons. In this case, the ion with 38 protons and 36 electrons carries a 2+ charge due to the excess of two protons.
Explanation:In an atom, the number of protons determines the atomic number and identifies the element. Normally, an atom is neutral, having the same number of protons and electrons. However, when an atom gains or loses electrons, it becomes an ion and carries a charge. In the case of your ion, it has 38 protons and 36 electrons. The positive protons outnumber the negative electrons by two, so your ion carries a 2+ charge.
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