Answer:
The answer is matrilocal residence.
Explanation:
In this pattern, the married couple lives with the wife's parents. It also applies when the couple lives near the parents. The married couple's children would also stay in the house, and the pattern will continue to do so for abour three of four generations.
As defined by the textbook, the term _________________ refers to youths who have been arrested four or more times during their minority and perpetuate a striking majority of serious criminal acts.
This small group is the "chronic 6%," a term used to refer to Chronic Juvenile/Delinquent Offenders.
What characterizes these juveniles is that they do not typically "grow out" of criminal behavior. Rather, they continue as adults. Out of all delinquent conduct, a large number of offences is attributed to these youths.
The term "chronic" in this context means that they repeatedly break the law over a long period of time.
Which of the following statements is false of total internal reflection (TIR)?
(1) When TIR occurs, the reflected light obeys the law of reflection.
(2) If TIR occurs at the boundary of water and air, then the light must be within water and heading towards the boundary with air.
(3) TIR causes a portion of the light to be refracted and the rest to be reflected.
(4) TIR only occurs when the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle.
Answer:
(3) TIR causes a portion of the light to be refracted and the rest to be reflected
Explanation:
Total internal reflection is the reflection of a light ray completely within a medium for example glass or water which bounces back after reflecting from the surrounding surfaces into the medium. When the incident angle is more than an certain limiting angle, called the critical angle, the phenomenon is called total internal reflection.
In total internal reflection none of the portion of the incident light gets refracted, it gets only reflected multiple times within the medium.
Hence the false statement is (3).
The correct option is c. TIR causes a portion of the light to be refracted and the rest to be reflected.
Total internal reflection (TIR) is a phenomenon that occurs when a wave (such as light) strikes a medium boundary at an angle larger than a particular critical angle with respect to the normal to the surface. The statements regarding TIR can be analyzed as follows:
1. When TIR occurs, the reflected light obeys the law of reflection. This statement is true. The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection, and this holds true for total internal reflection.
2. If TIR occurs at the boundary of water and air, then the light must be within water and heading towards the boundary with air. This statement is true. For TIR to occur, the light must be in the denser medium (water, in this case) and incident on the boundary with the less dense medium (air) at an angle greater than the critical angle.
3. TIR causes a portion of the light to be refracted and the rest to be reflected. This statement is false. In total internal reflection, all of the light is reflected back into the denser medium. There is no refraction into the less dense medium; this is what distinguishes TIR from other forms of reflection and refraction.
4. TIR only occurs when the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle. This statement is true. The critical angle is the angle of incidence above which the light is completely reflected and below which the light is partially refracted into the second medium and partially reflected.
Therefore, the false statement is c, which incorrectly suggests that a portion of the light is refracted during total internal reflection. In reality, when TIR occurs, no light is refracted into the second medium; all of it is reflected.
GreyWing Products Inc., a large conglomerate, took over a small startup company that had made some breakthrough innovations in the field of telecommunications. This purchase would help GreyWing Products to gain access to the startup company's superior technology and human capital. This transaction is an example of a(n):
A. cartel.
B. joint venture.
C.acquisition.
D. affiliate leadership.
The correct answer is letter C
Explanation: Acquisition of a company is the operation by which one company is absorbed by another, which succeeds in all rights and obligations.
Many states and the federal government have passed sexually violent predator civil commitment laws. The basis of these laws is to protect vulnerable citizens, or exercise the _____ power, and to restrain violent individuals, or exercise the state's _____ power.
A) police; parens patriaeB) parens patriae; policeC) double jeopardy; substantiveD) substantive; double jeopardy
Many states and the federal government have passed sexually violent predator civil commitment laws. The basis of these laws is to protect vulnerable citizens, or exercise the parens patriae power, and to restrain violent individuals, or exercise the state's police power.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
For making the laws which are related to the sexual violent predator, the government of many states or the federal government should make the police power being exercised properly.
The power of the Paren patriae who are the monarchs or the authority of the states who are considered to be the legal protectors of the citizens of the states should also be exercised properly to make the laws functions properly which are related with sexual acts and violence.
Promotions, re-enlistments, and retirements are _______________ ceremonies that recognize milestones in an individual Marine
Answer:
Required
Explanation:
Promotions and Re-enlistment’s are required ceremonies to recognize milestones in an individual Marines career. First the time, date, and place for the ceremony must be designated and the information disseminated. The size of the unit and the space available for the formation will determine whether the unit will be formed at close interval or at normal interval. Once the unit has been formed, the individual or individual's to be recognized will form up in the rear of the formation. They form according to precedence of award, medals, certificate of commendation, meritorious mast, letter of appreciation, etc
- Personal awards presented first.
- Promotions second.
- Re-enlistments third.
Final answer:
Promotions, re-enlistments, and retirements in the Marines are significant life cycle ceremonies marking milestones in a Marine’s career. These ceremonials play a pivotal role in the resocialization process within the military, where personal identity is transformed to fit military roles and culture.
Explanation:
Promotions, re-enlistments, and retirements are significant life cycle ceremonies that recognize milestones in an individual Marine’s career. These ceremonies are critical for the resocialization of individuals within the military, where they may shed personal attributes and assume new roles that symbolize their commitment and status within the military structure. Tailored to acknowledge and celebrate various stages of a Marine’s service, these events are marked by formal procedures and rituals that not only reinforce the collective identity of the service members but also highlight the accomplishments and transitions of individual Marines.
In contrast to the unifying and celebratory nature of these ceremonies, other scenarios, such as a degradation ceremony, may involve stripping away individual rights and personal belongings to resocialize someone into a new role. This is commonly seen when new recruits enter military service and experience a transformation from civilian to soldier. This involves changes such as haircuts, new uniforms, and relinquishing previous lifestyle elements to adopt a new identity aligned with military culture and values.
The parent-teacher organization is selling baskets of cookies for a school fundraiser. The materials needed to make each basket cost $3.75 and the baskets are being sold for $10 each. If they spend $75 to advertise their sale, how many baskets must be sold to break even?
The correct answer would be 12 Baskets.
If they spend $75 to advertise their sale, 12 baskets must be sold to break even.
Explanation:
Break even is a point where there is no loss and no profit for the product produced and sold.
Now material needed to make each basket = $3.75
Selling Price of Baskets = $10
Profit on each basket = Selling Price - Cost to make basket = $10 - $3.75 = $6.25
So the advertising expense is $75. Then to find that how many baskets must be sold to break even, we would divide the advertisement cost with the profit on each basket as follows:
$75 / $6.25 = 12
So 12 baskets are needed to be sold in order to break even.
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Final answer:
The parent-teacher organization must sell at least 12 baskets of cookies at $10 each to break even on their fundraiser when accounting for a variable cost of $3.75 per basket and $75 in fixed advertising costs.
Explanation:
To determine how many baskets must be sold to break even on the cookie basket fundraiser, we need to account for both variable costs and fixed costs.
The variable cost is the amount needed to make each basket, which is $3.75.
The baskets are sold for $10 each, thus making a profit of $6.25 per basket ($10 - $3.75).
The fixed cost is the amount spent on advertising, which is $75. To find the breakeven point, we divide the total fixed costs by the profit per basket.
The calculation to find the breakeven point is: $75 / $6.25 = 12 baskets must be sold.
So, the parent-teacher organization must sell at least 12 baskets of cookies to cover their costs and break even.
The type of power most likely to result in negative feelings toward those who wield it is
a. expert
b. reward
c. referent.
d. personal
e. coercive.
The correct answer would be option E, Coercive Power.
The type of power most likely to result in negative feelings those who wield it is Coercive power.
Explanation:
Coercive Power is a type of power which is usually exercised by managers, in companies or anywhere having people working under them.
This is a power in which the employees or workers are being threatened by the manager to do the task or follow the manager, and if any employee or worker will not comply with the order of the manager, he will be given punishment.
Manager can threat the employee to demote him, or to not forward his good appraisal, or to not favor him in front of the upper management, or might be of job continuity.
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In which of the following events would carbohydrate loading NOT be beneficial?
a.weight lifting
b.distance swimming
c.cross-country
d.skiing marathons
Answer: B. Weight lifting
Explanation: Carbohydrates loading is the series of activities and way of life adjustments carried out by a person who wants to save energy for a straineous activity. Carbohydrates loading is usually done by athletes preparing for long distance races, marathons etc. For a weight lifter Carbohydrates loading will not be beneficial.
Carbohydrate loading is a sequence of exercises and lifestyle changes undertaken by someone who wants to conserve energy for strenuous activity.
Athletes who are training for long-distance races, such as marathons, typically stock up on carbohydrates. Carbohydrate loading will not be useful to a weight lifter.
So, Option A is the correct option as this is only the event in which carbohydrate loading is not beneficial.
The other options are incorrect as:
Option B is incorrect as A sprint race is defined as a swim of 50 or 100 meters; a middle distance race is defined as a swim of 200 or 400 meters, and a long-distance race is defined as a swim of more than 800 meters. Open water swimming can be included in long-distance swimming.
Option C is incorrect as Cross Country (abbreviated CC or XC) is a type of running competition in which competitors attempt to complete a course over open or difficult terrain. Grass, mud, trees, hills, flat ground, and water can all be found on these courses.
Option D is incorrect as A ski marathon is a long-distance, generally point-to-point event of more than 40 kilometers; some are staged in conjunction with shorter races, and most are accessible to the public.
Thus Option A is the only option in which carbohydrate loading is not beneficial.
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Which of the following occurs when a response satisfies a drive, strengthening the relationship between the cue and the response?
Answer:
Reinforcement
Explanation:
Reinforcement can simply be defined as any stimulus that reduces a drive. A drive is any stimulus that compels an organism to action with its removal eliciting a reinforcing response. Thus, a reinforcement can also refer to anything which boosts the chance of a desired response occurring.
A cue can be defined as an external stimuli whose function is to guide the brain to employ a particular intuitive process.
Example of Reinforcement: A mother can offer her daughter ice cream for keeping her room tidy. The girl will come to realize that she'll get an ice cream whenever she tidies her room reinforcing her response to tidy her room whenever she's asked to do so.
According to Freud, during the phallic stage of psychosexual development, little boys have conflicting feelings of love and hate toward their mothers that cause them to identify with their fathers. This phenomenon is called:
Answer:
Oedipus Complex
Explanation:
Sigmund Freud used the term 'Oedipal Complex' for the psychological state occurred during the Phallic stage of development. In this stage, libido, the life force, is concentrated in what is termed as the erogenous zones, of the child's body. In this stage, a child experiences an unconscious desire for his mother and jealousy toward his father.
Freud says that in the Phallic stage, a child identifies with his father due to fear of castration or because of the competition of his father. A child with this complex, tends to identifying with his father since he desires to develop masculine characteristics. At the same time, the child represses his sexual desire toward his mother
Freud studied Greek mythology, for example, Oedipus Rex, the drama by Sophocles in which Oedipus marries his mother Jocasta after killing his father.
Graduated driver licensing (GDL) laws are designed for novice drivers to gain _____ incrementally, or in stages.
Answer: Graduate driver licensing laws are designed for novice drivers to gain EXPERIENCE incrementally or in stages
Graduate driver licensing was established to give opportunity to drivers to gain driving experience reducing all risk such as avoiding driving at night, in the expressway.
They involve different stages; acquiring a learner's permit; a probationary license; a full license.
In the movie Trading Places, a millionaire bets his brother that he can turn a beggar and thief into an upstanding citizen and turn a wealthy, moral man into a common criminal, just by altering the circumstances and environment of the two men. This view reflects the ideas of:
Answer:
The answer is John Watson
Explanation:
John Watson was a famous American Psychologist, he is know as the father of behaviorism (Behavioral psychology). He conducted research on animal behavior, child development and advertising. He is known for his controversial "Little Albert" experiment and kerplunk experiment. He made popular the use of scientific theory with behaviorism. Behaviorism is a theory of learning which is based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning, conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment.
Watson strongly believed that environment is a factor that shapes a person's behavior over their genetic make up or natural temperament. A person's responses to environmental stimuli shape their actions and to change certain actions or behaviors one has to arrange circumstances to re-enforce the required actions and avoid circumstances that oppose them.
Child X's mental age is 15, and his actual age is 12.
What is his IQ (as defined by Stern) on a standard Binet-Simon exam?
Answer:
125
Explanation:
Stern define IQ with the formula 100 ( mental age / chronological age)
100 (15 / 12 ) = 125 with the range of 120 - 129 defined as Superior by Stanford Binet-Simon fifth edition
What are the two requirements that must be met prior to initiating system disinfection?
The two requirements that must be met prior to initiating system disinfection are: Developing Disinfection profiles and Benchmarks
Disinfection profile contains description of the proposed change in disinfection procedure and it also has analysis on to what extent that the process can affect the current standard and status of disinfection of the place. Monitoring for 12 months (consecutively) is required.
Benchmarks are the results or initial changes happened.
Two requirements must be met for system disinfection: verifying the disinfectant's efficacy through proper testing, such as use-dilution tests, and optimizing conditions to enhance disinfectant effectiveness by removing limiting factors such as bodily fluids or biofilms.
Explanation:Before initiating system disinfection, two primary requirements must be ensured. First, the efficacy of the disinfectant being used should be validated using appropriate tests, such as swabbing surfaces before and after use and conducting use-dilution tests as suggested by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists International (AOAC). These tests ensure that no microbial growth occurs after disinfection and that results are consistent across different batches and on different days. Second, the conditions must be optimized to facilitate the effectiveness of the disinfecting agent; factors such as the presence of bodily fluids or biofilms can compromise its effectiveness and should therefore be minimized to maintain a sterile environment.
It is also essential to consider the biological safety level (BSL) and the type of item being disinfected, which could range from critical to noncritical, based on the level of contact it will have with tissues.
In addition to examinations that are specifically authorized by the Insurance Code, the Superintendent may examine each domestic life insurer as often as it is deemed necessary for the protection of the consumers. The Code requires examination of domestic life insurers every __________.
Answer:
5 years.
Explanation:
The Superintendent is entitled to examine the transactions, accounts, records, and any other type of information of any authorized domestic life insurer as frequently as it is deemed necessary. In addition, domestic life insurers must be carefully examined at least once every 5 years. This applies to authorized domestic life insurers which conduct business in the State of New York.
What procedures must be described in an agreement called an "assurance of compliance" with a U.S. federal agency
Answer:
The procedures having relevance with the Common Rule ensuring the protection of the subjects, inclusive of a review given by an independent committee as reliable as an IRB must be described in an agreement called an ‘Assurance of Compliance’ with a US federal agency.
Explanation:
A certain set of guidelines has been put up to ensure the uniformity of procedures implemented to carry out the functioning of various agencies working under the US federal agencies.These procedures have to comply with the common rule and ensure that the people and the environment are protected during the functioning of the agency.The United States' voter turnout rate in presidential elections tends to hover around ______ percent.
Answer:
The United States’ voter turnout in presidential elections tends to hover around 60 percent.
Explanation:
Though the United States Is a country with one of the greatest literacy rates in the world, only a little more than half of the adult population of the United States finds casting vote to be a significant duty.Around 40% of the United States adult population chooses not to cast their vote in the presidential elections owing to reasons like hatred towards the system, feeling of dislike towards the candidates, irresponsible behaviour, etc.In the United States, the voter turnout rate in presidential elections typically ranges from 50-60 percent. This can vary based on various factors including candidates, current events, and public sentiment.
Explanation:The voter turnout rate in presidential elections in the United States tends to hover around 50-60 percent. Voter turnout is described as the percentage of eligible voters who cast a ballot in an election. Eligibility varies by country, and the voting-eligible population should not be confused with the total adult population. These rates have been measured since the 1820s, the time of the nation's first elections. The percentage tends to change based on factors like the candidates running, current events, public sentiment, and more.
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A buyer bought a vacation home at Lake Geneva, WI. He purchased the home with a mortgage which included the boat, the dock, the boat house and the home. What type of mortgage did the owner receive?
Answer:
The mortgage received by the owner was a package mortgage.
Explanation:
A mortgage that consists of multiple assets makes up a package of the inclusive assets. When there are two more items kept for mortgage, all the items in the mortgage are treated as a single package.Once the mortgage package is received, the owner is authorised to use the assets included in the package as long as the amount of mortgage is paid.Hightrail Park, a state park popular amongst weekend hikers, is suffering erosion along its trails. The primary cause are the many hikers, who looking for a quicker route between the switchbacks, cut between trails, thereby trampling undergrowth. Without grass and weeds, the land abutting the trails is more prone to erosion. To combat this problem, state park officials have placed yellow tape on those parts of the trail where erosion is most significant. State park officials expect that the park will not witness any erosion more extreme than what the park is currently witnessing.The argument above depends on which of the following assumptions?A. Hikers who hike between trails tend to hike along a similar route, thereby making erosion more likely in certain areas along the trail.B. Hikers who hike during the week are not as likely to walk on the land between the switchbacks.C. Erosion in the state park can be caused by other factors such as significant rainfall.D. The yellow tape at higher altitudes along the trail, where weather is more severe, will fall apart at the same rate as the yellow tape located at lower altitudes.E. Those parts along the trail that do not qualify as being highly eroded will not in the next five years become more eroded than those parts along the trail that are currently the most eroded.
Answer:
The correct option is E
Explanation:
From the statement, we already know the action taken by the state park official (Placing yellow tapes on parts of the trail with most significant erosion) and the purpose of the action (Abating the erosion). From the options provided;
Option A simply stated the obvious that we already know from the question (hikers being the cause of the erosion because they hike along the trail), but we already know this from the statement.
Option B has no correlation with the aim of reducing the extremely of the erosion and hence its not an option
Option C is assumptive in nature and the scenario here is not based on assumption hence C is not the right answer.
Option D just tells us that the yellow tape would fall off at a faster rate and hence it does not support the argument. What if the yellow tape at higher altitudes falls off or break downs faster than the other? What effect does this have?
Option E is correct. Because the aim of the action is to ensure erosion is not extreme, and not to prevent it, the action taken concentrates on the areas that are eroded by bikers and does not say anything about the areas that are not yet eroded. Hence, this assumption clearly supports the argument.
The argument assumes that yellow tape will prevent further erosion by deterring hikers from creating shortcuts, and it presupposes hikers adhere to marked trails, that significant factors causing erosion are limited to trampling, and that current rates of erosion will not worsen or move to other areas.
The argument that Hightrail Park officials have made depends on the assumption that the measures taken, specifically placing yellow tape along eroded areas, will prevent further erosion. This assumption is based on the idea that hikers will respect the barriers and that these barriers will be effective in preventing erosion in the most affected areas. However, the argument is challenged by a number of other factors that the officials might be assuming, or potentially overlooking.
One such assumption could be that hikers who create shortcuts between trails tend to do so along similar paths, concentrating the erosion in certain areas, which the yellow tape might help protect (Assumption A). Another underlying assumption might be that the erosion factors are limited to just the trampling of undergrowth by hikers, ignoring other causes such as natural events like significant rainfall (Assumption C). There is also the implicit hope that the current erosion does not spread to currently unaffected areas (Assumption E).
You are driving to school and notice that there is an injured dog lying on the side of the road—presumably the victim of a hit-and-run. You are in a very busy part of town, however, so you decide that your help probably isn't needed (someone else will attend to the dog and call for help, if they haven't already). Social psychologists would say that ____ prevented you from helping in this case.
Answer:
Diffusion of responsibility
Explanation:
Diffusion of responsibility is the concept that similar in many ways with bystander effect. In this concept when there is something happened in front of a group of people and each individual thinks that the other person is there to take the responsibility called diffusion of responsibility. In this scenario, no one takes responsibility.
Thus when you see an injured dog alongside the road and it seems hit and run by the victim. But that time you are going so busy and you think there is no need for his/her help. Another person is there they will help but no one does that is called diffusion of responsibility.
Diffusion of responsibility is what likely prevented action in the scenario described, as the individual assumed someone else would help the injured dog, demonstrating the bystander effect.
Explanation:Social psychologists would say that diffusion of responsibility prevented you from helping the injured dog. This concept describes the tendency for individuals to be less likely to take action or help in an emergency situation when other people are present. The more bystanders there are, the less likely any one person is to intervene, often because each assumes that someone else will take responsibility. This is closely related to the bystander effect, where the presence of others can discourage an individual from helping in emergencies or when someone is in distress. The assumption that others will help or have already taken action leads to a decreased sense of personal responsibility.
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According to psychologist Terrie Moffitt, ____________________ exhibit early onset of delinquency that persists into adulthood.
Answer:the life-course-persistent offenders
Explanation:
Terrie Moffitt, is an American psychologist who studies the development process of offenders
and how it differs with age.
According to Terrie Moffitt offenders can be categorised into two types based on their antisocial behaviour.
The adolescent limited offenders these are offenders who only exhibit deviant behavior only at their adolescent stage and it never passes to adulthood
and
The life-course-persistent offenders display deviant behavior early in their childhood and it persist until they are adult
In response to the "Heinz dilemma," Marlee says, "No one will think you're bad if you steal the drug, but your family will think you're an inhumane husband if you don't. If you let your wife die, you'll never be able to look anyone in the face again." Marlee is at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?
Answer:
Stage 3, the "good-boy-good-girl" orientation
Explanation:
Kohlberg has given the theory of moral development in which he has given three-stage, each consisting of two sub-stage.
The "good-boy-good-girl" orientation: It comes under the conventional stage of moral development and is the third sub-stage in the theory, and is also referred to as "Interpersonal Relationships". The stage is focused on an individual relying on or living up to social roles and expectations. It emphasizes on being nice, conformity, and the consideration related to the choices of a person to influence relationships.
In the question above, Marlee is at Stage 3, the "good-boy-good-girl" orientation.
According to the New-Classical perspective, what will happen in the long-run if the government adopts a policy to increase aggregate demand?
Answer:
Increase in inflation
Explanation:
According to the New-Classical perspective, an increase in aggregate demand will in the long-run result in an increase in inflation.
Aggregate demand has to do with the the total spending on goods and services over a period of time at a particular level of prices. Any policy that will bring about an increase in aggregate will result in increase in prices of goods and services in the long-run.
Fill in the blank: Short strings of specific keywords with low search volume are called ___________.
Answer: Long-tail keywords
Explanation:
Long-tail keywords are specific key phrases, usually a bit longer than more commonly searched keywords but commands a lesser search traffic. However, due to the specific nature of these keywords they have higher probability of converting into sales than other search keywords.
As industrialization began to boom, Durkheim believed people were more susceptible to anomie because:_________.A. Collective norms are weakened. B. Society no longer has the support of the collective consciousness. C. Specialization of labor lead to alienation. D. All of the above.
Answer:
option D.
Explanation:
The correct answer is option D.
Due to industrialization the previously common norm and value of the society decrease because people are disconnected from society.
As people are disconnected the collective consciousness decreases.
Due to this specialization of the labor decrease because workers don't interact and they have low enthusiasm.
You manage a department of five employees. You have identified that Joe has a high need for achievement, Mary has a high need for power, and Tim has a high need for affiliation. Sarah scored high on the need for power and low on the need for affiliation. Doug scored low on both need for power and need for affiliation. Which of these five employees is most likely to be suitable for a new assignment that involves a high degree of personal responsibility and feedback?
Answer:
The most suitable person would be Joe.
Explanation:
Those who seek power are more likely to abuse it and may not be too open to receive feedback.
On the contrary, Joe and his search for success and achievement, not only benefit him but also those around him. He is more likely to take his new position with great seriousness and concentration than the other employees.
Voir dire is the process of selecting a jury through individual questioning of potential jurors. a. True b. False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Voir dire is a legal process in which potential jurors are questioned about their likely biases and backgrounds before they are selected to be part of a jury. The selections are usually being made by the Attorneys as the last stage of the three stages in jury selection.
“Have any of you read or heard anything about this case from any source whatsoever?” is a sample question being put forward to the potential jurors and the scope of these questions often vary.
Vincent enjoys playing the guitar and practices for hours at a time. Practicing is a very pleasurable activity for him, and he does not do so for any kind of tangible reward. Vincent is _____ motivated to play the guitar.
Answer:
Intrinsically motivated
Explanation:
Intrinsic motivation is the behavior that is being rewarded by internal motivation. The behavior could be engaged in the action that is motivated internally. This behavior will naturally satisfy a person because it occurs from an inner motivation.
Extrinsic motivation is the opposite of intrinsic motivation. This motivation engaged in behavior that is the result of the outer factor. Intrinsic motivation occurs when a person is not engaged in a behavior that is rewarded by the external behavior.
Thus here in the above statement, Vincent loves to play the guitar and enjoy singing because of his internal motivational behavior.
Vroom used the term to refer to a decision style in which the leader obtains necessary information from employees and then selects a solution to the problem. When asked to share information, employees may or may not be told what the problem is.
Victor Vroom's term for the leadership style where the leader consults employees before making decisions is 'Consultative Decision Style'. This style relies on participation and collaboration from employees, drawing parallels to 'Theory Y' and 'Democratic Leadership' where employees are seen as active contributors to the decision-making process. The effectiveness of this style depends on open communication, team collaboration and the leader’s ability to utilize the collective inputs of the team.
Explanation:The term the student is referring to is associated with the leadership studies of Victor Vroom. He termed this management style as 'Consultative Decision Style' under leadership function and styles. In this style, a leader obtains crucial information from team members before making a final decision. This approach aligns closely with sociological 'Democratic Leadership' and 'Theory Y', as managers assume that employees will find satisfaction and fulfillment from participating in the decision-making process.
Under a democratic or consultative leadership function, employees may have a say in setting their work goals and can contribute to the planning and decision-making process. This method often reduces confirmation costs but increases transaction costs, requiring a balance. However, in this style, consensus building is important and if done quickly, can prevent the formation of opposing factions within the team.
For example, Toyota allows its production line employees to stop the entire line if they notice a defect, enabling a swift response to and rectification of the issue. Hence, the effectiveness of this leadership style depends a lot on open communication, teamwork, and the ability of the leader to harness the collective wisdom of the team.
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The question discusses a leadership style part of Vroom's 'Leader-Participation Model', closely aligned with Theory Y of management. This style emphasizes employee involvement in decision making, creating a more democratic and participative workplace environment. An example is the Toyota production line policy that values employee input in process and management decisions.
Explanation:The question refers to a management style encapsulated in Victor Vroom's 'Leader-Participation Model'. This leadership style involves the leader sourcing necessary information from employees before deciding on a solution to a problem. This is closely associated with Theory Y of management proposed by McGregor (1960), which suggests that employees perform better under leadership that actively involves them in setting their personal and work goals, thus participating in decision making.
For instance, in a Theory Y workplace, employees participate in the decision-making process by providing their inputs on aspects like task prioritization, efficiency and safety considerations. This management style values employee input and allows for meaningful consultation on any changes to the management system. A classic example is the Toyota production line policy, which enables any employee to halt the entire line to address defects, emphasizing the importance of employee involvement in decision making.
Democratic leadership and group decision-making are other facets of this strategy. In the democratic decision-making process, all members of the group participate in deciding on the course of action. While this directive can slow down decision making since consensus building can be time-consuming, it fosters a collaborative environment and contributes to a balanced decision based on collective experience and knowledge.
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Mandy's "save the whales" speech was very effective because she started off with some stories about whales, then she moved into facts, statistics, and sources. Which principle of support material organization did Mandy effectively use in her speech?A)"soft" to "hard" evidenceB)primacyC)complexityD)specificity
Answer:
A) "soft" to "hard" evidence
Explanation:
Soft evidence refers to simple experiences, observations and factual details about a situation or an object. Hard evidence refers to empirical and scientific evidence. These are normally facts that have been proven through research work and are in the form of statistical data and research sources. In this case, Mandy presented some stories about whales which means that she first presented soft evidence. Then, Mandy presented facts, statistics, and sources which is hard evidence. Hence, Mandy used the principle of soft to hard evidence to support the material organization effectively.