The correct answer is: 2.5%
The vast majority of the human genome (97.5%) is comprised of non-coding DNA with different functions. Non-coding DNA includes telomeres, introns, non-coding RNA genes and gene regulatory sequences.
• Telomeres-ends of DNA with protective role (prevents shortening of DNA),
• Non-coding RNA genes-e.g. genes for tRNA,
• Gene regulatory sequences such as promoter, enhancers and silencers.
The eggs released by sponges during reproduction have proteins on their surfaces that prevent sperm from different sponge species from binding to the eggs. what type of reproductive isolation would include this example? the eggs released by sponges during reproduction have proteins on their surfaces that prevent sperm from different sponge species from binding to the eggs. what type of reproductive isolation would include this example? gamete incompatibility behavioral reproductive isolation hybrid inviability mechanical reproductive isolation
gamete incompatibility?
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1. Eight double-stranded DNA molecules resulted after three complete cycles of a single DNA double helix. How many molecules will result after 10 cycles? 20 cycles? 30 cycles? (Hint: You’ll need a calculator that can do logarithmic functions)
2. How do the amplified DNA strands compare with the original DNA strands? (Answer should include: Are the sequences the same/different? Length the same/different?)
3. After 30 cycles, what percent of the DNA in the test tube would be like the original DNA strand? What percent would be like the target segment?
Could DNA be amplified with only one primer? WHy or why not?
4. Primers will sometimes complement each other and create a DNA product. This creates a problem when trying to determine what came from your target DNA and what was created by the primer complementation.
5. What could you add when you design your PCR experiment to make sure that only DNA product you are seeing is coming from your target DNA? (Hint: what do you need for any experiment?)
where the abcd at idk but here some help
Typically, the goal of PCR is to make enough of the target DNA region that it can be ... by gel electrophoresis, or cloned into a plasmid for further experiments. ... are used in each PCR reaction, and they are designed so that they flank the target .... copies of a DNA sequence that we can see or manipulate that region of DNA.
For example, it might be a gene whose function a researcher wants to ... Typically, the goal of PCR is to make enough of the target DNA region that it ... Like other DNA polymerases, Taq polymerase can only make DNA if it's ... determines the region of DNA that will be copied, or amplified, by the primers she or he chooses.
1. After 10 cycles, there would be 1024 DNA molecules, after 20 cycles there would be 524288 molecules, and after 30 cycles there would be 536,870,912 molecules. 2. The amplified DNA strands have the same sequence as the original DNA strands, but the length is different. 3. After 30 cycles, only approximately 0.0000015% of the DNA in the test tube would be like the original DNA strand.
Explanation:1. The number of double-stranded DNA molecules after each cycle of amplification in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be calculated by multiplying the number of molecules from the previous cycle by 2. In this case, after 3 cycles, there are 8 molecules. So, after 10 cycles, there would be 8 x 2⁷ molecules (2 raised to the power of 7) which is equal to 1024 molecules. Similarly, after 20 cycles, there would be 8 x 2¹⁹ molecules which is equal to 524288 molecules, and after 30 cycles, there would be 8 x 2²⁹ molecules which is equal to 536,870,912 molecules.
2. The amplified DNA strands would have the same sequence as the original DNA strands since PCR duplicates the DNA template. However, the length of the amplified DNA strands would be different, as each cycle of amplification doubles the number of DNA molecules.
3. After 30 cycles, only a fraction of the DNA in the test tube would be like the original DNA strand. To calculate the percentage, we can divide the number of molecules of the original DNA strand (8) by the total number of molecules after 30 cycles (536,870,912) and multiply by 100. This would result in approximately 0.0000015% of the DNA being like the original DNA strand. The remaining 99.9999985% would be similar to the target segment.
PCR requires two primers, one for each strand of the original DNA, to target the specific region of interest. Using only one primer would not allow specific amplification of the target DNA, as the polymerase would randomly bind to any available single-stranded DNA molecule and amplify it.
4. When primers complement each other and create a DNA product, it becomes challenging to distinguish between the DNA that originated from the target DNA and the DNA created through primer complementation. This can lead to false amplification results and difficulties in accurately determining the amplification of the target DNA.
5. To ensure that only the DNA product from the target DNA is observed, you can add a control sample that lacks the target DNA. This control sample should contain all the PCR components, including the primers, except for the target DNA. By comparing the amplification results of the control sample with the target DNA sample, you can confirm that the DNA product observed is specific to the target DNA.
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Why don't most parasites kill their host?
Atleast 2 sentence response
Because they think that they are too humble to kill hosts. They think, "We will let Steve Harvey live."
The phylum __________ has both invertebrate and vertebrate groups.A. EchinodermataB. UrochordataC. ChordataD. CephalochordataE. Onychophoran
Your answer would be C. Chordata.
The phylum Chordata includes both invertebrate and vertebrate groups. The correct answer is C.
Chordates are characterized by the presence of a notochord, a hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post A tail at some stage of their development.
Invertebrate chordates, such as tunicates and lancelets, belong to the subphyla within Chordata. These invertebrate groups possess some of the characteristic features of chordates but may not retain them throughout their entire life cycle.The vertebrates, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, also belong to the phylum Chordata. They possess a backbone or vertebral column, which distinguishes them from the invertebrate chordates.Therefore, the correct option is C.
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Any stimulus that opens a ________ ion channel will produce a graded potential.
A) a voltage-gated
B) a chemically-gated
C) a sodium
D) a mechanically-gated
E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
Ion channels are proteins located in the membrane that allow ions to pass through the channel pore. Ion channels can be classified (by what opens and closes the channels) into few groups:
• Voltage-gated channels-open and close in response to membrane potential
Examples: Voltage-gated proton channels, Voltage-gated sodium channels, Voltage-gated potassium channels
• Ligand-gated (neurotransmitter) or ionotropic receptors (ligand binds to extracellular domain of the receptor
Examples: "nicotinic" Acetylcholine receptor, ionotropic glutamate-gated receptors
• Lipid-gated- lipid molecules bind to the transmembrane domain of the channel
Example: Inward-rectifier potassium channels
• Light-gated channels-like rhodopsin channel that is directly opened by photons
• Mechanosensitive (e.g. stretch, pressure) ion channels.
Alleles for the same trait are separated from each other during the process of what?
Meiosis. But more specifically: Anaphase I.
I think you meant ALS
Which of the following correctly identifies body structures made of a collection of tissues?
organs
organ systems
super tissues
cells
Tissues make up organs
Answer: organs
Explanation: If we take into consideration the structure of the human body we can say that the cells are the smallest biological units. A combination of cells form tissue. The different organs of the body are made of tissue and a group of organs is an organ system. So, a structure made up by a combination of tissues is an organ.
The sahara is where some of the earliest human fossils have been found
I think this statement is true.
But recent discoveries, have brought to light new human remains (some of the oldest) in Morocco, on the "other side of Sahara".
Which of these accurately describes Newton’s third law?
A. The relationship among mass, acceleration and net force.
B. The stronger the net force acting upon an object, the greater the acceleration of the object.
C. An object in motion stays in motion, and an object at rest stays at rest, unless an unbalanced force acts upon it.
D. For every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force.
The answer is d I hope this helps
Newton's third law is accurately described by 'For every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force,' illustrating the mutual interaction between two objects where forces are applied.
The correct answer that accurately describes Newton's third law is D: For every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force. This law highlights the interaction between two objects: when one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object simultaneously exerts a force back on the first object of equal magnitude but in the opposite direction.
Newton's third law can be observed in various everyday scenarios, such as when you push against a wall, the wall pushes back against you with the same force. This law is an essential principle in understanding the nature of forces and how they interact to produce motion or maintain the status quo.
why type of physical weathering is caused by the expansion of water?
Final answer:
Frost wedging, also known as freeze-thaw weathering, is the type of physical weathering caused when water freezes in the cracks of rocks, expanding and breaking the rock apart.
Explanation:
The type of physical weathering caused by the expansion of water is called frost wedging or freeze-thaw weathering. This occurs when water permeates cracks in rock or soil and then freezes, expanding and exerting a force that can fragment the rock. In the broader context of thermal stress, many materials, including water, expand when heated and contract when cooled. Water is unique in that it expands upon freezing, which is essential to the process of freeze-thaw weathering.
Examples of thermal stress impacts include roadways buckling due to a lack of sufficient expansion joints, and biological cells rupturing when foods are frozen. Conversely, large forces can result if materials that tend to expand on heating are restrained, potentially causing them to deform or break their container.
Movement of the chromosomes during anaphase would be most affected by a drug that prevents which of the following events in mitosis and cell division?
A) nuclear envelope breakdownB) elongation of microtubulesC) shortening of microtubulesD) formation of a cleavage furrow
The correct answer is: C) shortening of microtubules
Chromosome movement is possible thanks to changes in microtubule length. Several types of microtubules are involved. First, during the anaphase kinetochore microtubules shorten and consequently the chromosomes move toward the spindle poles. Then the astral microtubules that are anchored to the cell membrane pull the poles further apart. At the end of anaphase, the interpolar microtubules slide past each other and that additionaly separate the chromosomes.
In mitosis and cell division, the movement of chromosomes during anaphase would mainly be affected by a drug that prevents the shortening of microtubules as they are responsible for the movement of chromosomes to the cell poles.
Explanation:The movement of chromosomes during anaphase during mitosis and cell division would be most affected by a drug that prevents the shortening of microtubules (option C).
During anaphase, sister chromatids separate and move towards the opposite poles of the cell. This process is facilitated by the shortening of microtubules which are attached to the kinetochores of the sister chromatids, pulling them apart.
If a drug prevented this shortening, the chromosomes would have difficulty separating and moving to the cell poles during anaphase.
The movement of chromosomes during anaphase in mitosis is primarily facilitated by the shortening of microtubules. During anaphase, the microtubules attached to the kinetochores of the chromosomes pull them towards opposite poles of the cell. If a drug prevents the shortening of microtubules, it would impair the movement of chromosomes and lead to abnormal cell division.
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36. Breezes are named
A- for the feature they flow towards.
B- for the person who first observed them.
C- for the country they flow in.
D- for the feature they flow from.
The correct answer is - D- for the feature they blow from.
The breezes have all sorts of names, most of which tend to be derived from the feature they flow from. Lot of winds are named after the side of the world that they come from, so there's easterlies, westerlies, northern winds, southern winds. Some are maned after a river, as they flow along side it, like Vardarec. Some may be named after a mountain, or just have a name similar to a mountain, like mountain wind, forest wind, gorski vetrec.
Some winds, on the other hand, have names that describe their force, especially that goes for the strong ones, like bura along the Croatian coast on the Adriatic Sea.
How does global warming affect photosynthesis
Global warming leads to higher temperatures which can cause plants to lose CO₂ faster and close their stomata to conserve water, impacting photosynthesis negatively. Drought conditions, increasing respiration rates, and less water for NADPH formation further compound these effects. Overall, climate change presents complex challenges to the photosynthesis process and ecosystem health.
Explanation:Global warming affects photosynthesis in multiple ways. With an average temperature increase of 3-5°C, as expected due to global warming, photosynthesis may be affected due to the balance of photosynthesis and respiration in plants. While initial growth enhancement is predicted due to plants acclimating to warmer temperatures, factors such as an increase in respiration rates, especially under conditions of drought and stress, may diminish this benefit.
Moreover, plants may lose CO₂ more rapidly as gases diffuse faster in higher temperatures. On hot, dry days, plants conserve water by closing their stomata, which also reduces CO₂ intake, potentially slowing the Calvin cycle and affecting the photosynthesis process negatively. Additionally, with less water available, the formation of NADPH, crucial for photosynthesis, may also be impeded.
The increased concentration of carbon dioxide due to the greenhouse effect and the reduction of forests, which plays a role in removing CO₂ from the atmosphere, also contribute to the complexity of the impact on photosynthesis in the face of global climate change. These changes in global climate carry mixed effects on plant growth and agriculture, influencing not only photosynthesis but also the overall health of ecosystems.
Which vertebrae would you expect to have the largest body, relative to the other regions? which vertebrae would you expect to have the largest body, relative to the other regions? lumbar cervical thoracic sacral?
The right answer is lumbar.
The vertebral column of humans is composed of several vertebra grouped according to their location. From the top there are the cervical vertebrae, the thoracic vertebrae, the lumbar vertebrae, and the welded vertebrae which are the secret and the coccyx.
The lumbar vertebrae, located in the middle of the spine are the widest and the most spaced between them.
Describe the chromosome number of the cells created at the end of mitosis. What is the correct term to describe this number?
Mitosis, although a continuous process, is conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
The final stage is telophase.
The nuclear membrane reforms around the chromosomes grouped at either pole of the cell, the chromosomes uncoil and become diffuse, and the spindle fibres disappear.
Similarly, in humans, there are 92 chromosomes present and 92 chromatids during anaphase. These numbers remain the same during telophase. It is only after the end of mitosis, when the dividing cells have fully separated and the membranes have reformed, that the normal chromosome number is restored to the cell.
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What happens if nondisjunction occurs?
Too many gametes are produced.
Mitosis cannot take place.
No gametes are produced.
A gamete receives too many or too few copies of a chromosome.
a gamete recieves too many or too few copies of a chromosome.
A nerve poison that blocked neurotransmitter receptors on the dendrites would __________. inactivate the enzyme that degrades the neurotransmitter cause continued stimulation of the membrane of the receiving neuron inhibit the regeneration of the neurotransmitter for use by the sending neuron prevent reception of a signal in a receiving neuron
The correct answer is: prevent reception of a signal in a receiving neuron
Neurotransmitters are signal molecules or chemical messengers which transmit signals across a chemical synapse. Neurotransmitters send the signal, from one neuron (nerve cell) to another neuron, from neuron to muscle cell (motor plate), or from neuron to gland cell.
Drugs that bind to neurotransmitter’s receptor can have two effects on its action:
• Antagonists-they bind to receptor and thus prevent a neurotransmitter from binding to it
• Agonists-they bind to receptor and mimic the normal neurotransmitter (have the same effect as neurotransmitter).
A nerve poison that blocks neurotransmitter receptors on dendrites would prevent the reception of a signal in a receiving neuron. This happens as the flow of ions across the neuron's membrane is disrupted, making the neuron less likely to fire an action potential.
Explanation:If a nerve poison blocked neurotransmitter receptors on the dendrites, it would essentially prevent reception of a signal in a receiving neuron. Neurotransmitters, released from the sending neuron, need to bind to specific receptors in order to send a signal to the receiving neuron. Blocking these receptors therefore disrupts this communication process.
Upon the blocking, the flow of ions across the neuron's membrane is interfered with. This makes the neuron less likely to fire an action potential. The affected neurotransmitter cannot properly stimulate the postsynaptic neuron, in this case, due to the presence of the poison. So, it's not about inactivating any enzyme or inhibiting the regeneration of the neurotransmitter. It is more about preventing the reception of a signal in a receiving neuron.
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A parasitic way of life can be best demonstrated by the feeding adaptations of the A) earthworm. B) leech. C) shark. D) spider.
B) Leech. Parasitism is when one organism benefits off another while that organism is harmed. Another example of parasitism is a flea on a dog or cat.
Answer:
B) leech
Explanation:
The feeding adaptations of leech best represents parasitic way of life. Leeches are invertebrate animals and the phylum to which they belong is Annelida and their subclass is Hirudinea. Leeches have an anticoagulant named as heparin which they inject in the body of the host on which they feed upon. Heparin does not let the blood of the host coagulate and in this way they keep sucking the blood of host organism. Leeches are parasitic because they get benefited out of the host without benefiting the host by any means.
Why do insectivorous plants trap insect while they also prepare carbohydrate by photosynthesis
But carnivorous plants often live in "awful", nutrient-poor places. In other words, very nutrient scarce environments where they're very boggy, so most of the nutrients have probably been leached away by water. As a result, the soil is so poor that many of those trace elements that keep plants growing normally, just aren't available in appreciable amounts. So the plants need to look to the air to obtain that nutrition and they do it by catching insects because if they catch an insect, insects have got lots of iron, they've got lots of proteins, they've got lots of other micronutrients in them that the plants have adapted and evolved to make use of, and to supplement the poor source of things that are coming in through the soil.
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Which of the following would not be a choice on a parallel key?
A)male or female
B)brown eyes or not
C)brown eyes
D)content or discontent
What interesting fact about human genes allows humans to be so much more complex than something like a fruit fly
Final answer:
Human genes enhance complexity through alternative splicing, wherein a single gene can produce multiple protein products, significantly expanding the human proteome compared to that of simpler organisms. Unique genes present in humans but missing in invertebrates also contribute to this complexity, as does genetic research on model organisms that share many core genes with humans.
Explanation:
An interesting fact about human genes that allows humans to be much more complex than organisms like fruit flies is the process known as alternative splicing. While humans have roughly 20,000 to 22,000 genes, which is not significantly higher than many simpler organisms, the complexity arises in how our cells can produce multiple proteins from a single gene. This means that the human proteome, the total number of different proteins, is much larger than that of the fruit fly or the roundworm, potentially up to 10 times larger due to the number of alternative splicing events.
Moreover, humans possess genes that are absent in invertebrates, which likely contribute to the added complexity and functions that distinguish vertebrates. These unique genes and the vast combination of genetic variations, contributed by both alternative splicing and regulatory mechanisms, give rise to the profound diversity observed in the human population. In addition, genetics research on simpler models like fruit flies is extraordinarily valuable for understanding human diseases, due to the commonality of core genes between these species.
List the five classes artropod with two examples of each and then explain if they can be eaten or not.
The five major classes of the artropods are:
- Insects;
Ex: ants; locusts;
Can be eaten. They contain lot of protein, and are easy to digest, especially if cooked.
- Crustaceans;
Ex: crabs; shrimps.
Can be eaten. They are a very popular dish around the world. the human body digests them without any problem, and they are very healthy.
- Centipedes;
Ex: scolopendra; stone centipedes;
Can not be eaten. They contain strong toxins and chemicals that the human body can not process.
- Millipedes;
Ex: julida; polydesmida;
Can not be eaten. As the centipedes, they too contain toxins and chemicals that are not good for the human body.
- Arachnids;
Ex: tarantula; wold spider;
Can be eaten. When cooked, they are easy to digest, and in general the human digestive system doesn't have problems with them.
The brachialis does not act at the shoulder and the coracobrachialis does not act at the elbow joint. Explain
Answer:
Coracobrachialis is the first muscle that gets innervation. it is involved in the flexing of shoulder and its adducts at the glenohumeral point. It does not cross elbow joint that's why it has no function there.
Brachialis is the essential versatile flexor of elbow joint. It originates at the upper arm almost mid of humerus, from the distal portion and inserts on ulna. that is why it can not have any kind of influence on shoulder.
The brachialis does not act on the shoulder because it is located deep to the biceps brachii and only provides power in flexing the forearm. Meanwhile, the Coracobrachialis is responsible for the flexion and adduction of the arm at the shoulder joint and doesn't extend to the elbow joint.
Explanation:The reason why the brachialis does not act at the shoulder and the coracobrachialis does not act at the elbow joint is because of their location and function in the musculoskeletal system. The brachialis provides additional power in flexing the forearm and is located deep to the biceps brachii, meaning it doesn't cross the shoulder and therefore doesn't have a functional impact on that joint. Similarly, the coracobrachialis is responsible for the flexion and adduction of the arm at the shoulder joint, but it doesn't extend to or have a direct effect on the elbow joint.
It's important to note that muscles can only contract, so they occur in pairs. For instance, in the arm, the biceps brachii is a flexor and helps close the limb, while the triceps is an extensor that opens the limb.
In this configuration, which is typical of skeletal muscles, bones, and joints, each muscle has a specific role and area of operation based on its attachment to the skeleton and the functionalities it provides.
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The chemicals involved in the transfer of impulses from one neuron to another are called _[blank]_​.
dendrites
neurotransmitters
neurons
axons
the answer is neurotransmitters
neurotransmitters cause the transfer of an impulse from one nerve fiber to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure.
How do cells maintain water balance through osmosis?
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Why do you think rheumatoid arthritis is often a degenerative disease?
Osteoarthritis is also known as degenerative joint disease. Rheumatoid arthritis on the other hand, is an autoimmune disease in which your own immune system attacks your own tissues, in this case, your joints. This causes chronic inflammation, painful swelling, and and can lead to joint deformity.
Answer:
Because the immune system considers the healthy tissue to be a foreign invader, every time the body regenerates the tissue, it will attack it again. Over time, there is greater tissue loss, which causes symptoms to worsen.
Explanation:
PLATO answer
Moon altitude of Archimedes
If someone add thousands of small fish to a lake, how would the number of big fish change
Answer:
The population of big fish would increase.
Explanation:
As small fish increase, more food for bigger fish will increase, so bigger fish will naturally navigate to the lake.
If a rifleman's gunsight is adjusted correctly but he has shaky arms, he might shoot bullets scattered widely around the bull's-eye target. draw a sketch of the target with the bullet holes. does this show variation (lack of precision) or bias
It shows lack of precision due to a physical obstacle like shaky arms.
Answer:
Lack of precision
Explanation:
Precision is a term used to describe a situation that is close to a correct measurement, but does not correctly measure that measurement. In addition, for a situation to be precise, it is necessary that this situation be repeated and that every repetition shows the same result.
If a situation is repeated and shows different results, it means that this situation is lacking in precision. An example of this can be seen in the question above where a sniper shoots towards a target, does not hit the target and his shots hit places with different distances. You can see a representation of this in the figure below.
Which type of rock forms due to the weight of the overlying rocks?
A. Igneous
B. Metamorphic
C. Sedimentary
Answer:
Option (C)
Explanation:
Sedimentary rocks are those rocks that are formed due to the compaction and lithification of sediments.
When the rocks are weathered by the agents such as wind, water and ice, the sediments or the particles are carried from that particular area to a different place. The sediments are then continuously deposited in a different place. As a result of which the sediments are accumulated over one another, forming layers. These sediments over a due course of time undergoes compaction and solidification due to the weight of the overlying rocks. This is how the sedimentary rocks are formed. Some of the examples of sedimentary rocks are sandstone, limestone, shale, and mudstone.
Thus, the correct answer is option (C).
Answer:
metamorphic rock
Explanation: